本研究所設定的研究對象係以房屋仲介業之從業人員為主,在研究過程中難 免受到內外部因素之限制,故尚有許多問題未能做更深入之探討,仍有待後續研 究者之努力;本研究提出之建議列舉如下,以供參考。
一、 研究對象
本研究主要是針對台灣地區直營、加盟以及自營型態之房屋仲介公司的從業 人員進行問卷調查,因此,研究結果僅限於在台灣營運之房屋仲介公司,故後續 研究者可將母群體逐步擴大至國外的房屋仲介公司,進行跨國比較;另外,未來 研究者也可嘗試針對不同經營型態之房屋仲介公司進行比較分析,藉以瞭解不同 類型的經營型態是否會產生不同之結果。
二、 研究構面
本研究所運用之構面是在探討房屋仲介業之倫理領導、知識分享、組織創新 對組織績效之影響,雖然這些因素經實證結果分析後具有關鍵影響作用,但後續 研究者可嘗試針對不同文獻的探討找尋是否仍有其他重要之構面及不同之衡量方 式,將其納入研究架構,進而使研究成果更具全面性。
三、 研究方法
資料的分析方法可分為量化與質化,而本研究係屬於鉅觀量化之研究,所得 之研究結果代表房屋仲介業整體性的認知,故僅能瞭解普遍性之趨勢,尚無法針 對個別之房屋仲介業者作解釋,因此,研究結果上之推論必須小心謹慎。另外,
本研究雖以問卷調查之量化方式進行研究,但仍有許多現象是無法以問卷固定的 填答方式取得,因此,建議未來研究者可配合深入訪談、觀察等方式進行研究,
以獲取更深入的資訊,進而呈現更真實之研究結果。
72
參考文獻
一、中文部分
于若蓉、劉育昇 (2004)。薪獎制度在工作團隊內的誘因效果:台灣房屋仲介業的 實證分析。經濟論文叢刊,32(4),395-416。
內政部不動產交易服務網,http://ehouse.land.moi.gov.tw/,搜尋日期:2012 年 3 月 14 日。
內政部地政司,2007,中華民國經紀業設立備查家數統計 96 年 12 月。
內政部地政司,2012,中華民國經紀業設立備查家數統計 101 年 2 月。
太平洋房屋,http://www.pacific.com.tw/www/,搜尋日期:2012 年 3 月 20 日。
王佳琪 (2008)。倫理領導與領導者-成員交換關係品質及組織公民行為間關係之研 究。未出版碩士,國立臺灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所,台北市。
古永嘉、楊雪蘭(譯) (2009)。企業研究方法 第十版。(原作者:Donald R. Cooper, Pamela S. Schindler)。臺北市:華泰文化(原著出版年:2008)。
永慶房產集團菁英招募網,http://mps.yungching.com.tw/about/about_3.asp,搜尋日 期:2012 年 3 月 20 日。
全國法規資料庫:http://law.moj.gov.tw/,搜尋日期:2011 年 9 月 16 日。
江澈 (2007)。私立高級中學校長競值領導、教師專業承諾、組織創新與組織效能
73
林純雯 (2002)。國中校長道德領導之研究。教育研究叢集,48(2),69-111。
邱義泰 (2011)。倫理領導、倫理氣候、組織承諾與組織績效關係之研究-以定期
74
陳藹宜(譯) (2010)。德性領導─達到個人卓越的得勝課程(原作者:Alexandre Havard)。
新北市:橄欖出版有限公司。
75
未出版碩士,國立嘉義大學教育學系研究所,嘉義市。
二、英文部分
Albers, J. A., & Brewer, S. (2003). Knowledge Management and the Innovation Process:
The Eco-innovation Model. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 4(6), 1-6.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multiplefactor leadership questionnaire: Manual and sampler set. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. NY: Free Press.
Betz, F. (1987). Managing technology-competing through new ventures-Innovation and corporate research: Prentice Hall.
Bock, G. W., & Kim, Y. G. (2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: and exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal, 15(2), 14-21.
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the role of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological force, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-112.
Bolat, T., & Yilmaz, O. (2009). The Relationship between Outsourcing and Organizational Performance: Is It Myth or Reality for the Hotel Sector?
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(1), 7-23.
Brian, P. H. (2001). Value development and learning organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5, 19-32.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: a social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117-134.
Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. London: SAGE Publications.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Certo. (2003). Modem management. New Jersey: Prentive Hall. Churchill (1982),“An Investigation into the Deteminant of Consumer Satisfaction” Journal of marketing Research, 491-504.
Chacke, G. K. (1988). Technology Management- Application to Corporate Markets and Military Missions. NY: Praeger.
Chang, S. C., & Lee, M. S. (2008). The linkage between knowledge accumulation capability and organizational innovation. Journal of Knowledge management,
76
12(1), 3-20.
Chen, T. Y., Chang, P. L., & Yeh, C. W. (2003). Square of correspondence between career needs and careerdevelopment programs for R&D personnel. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14, 189-211.
Choi, F. D. S., & Mueler. (1992). International Accounting. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Clapham, M. M. (2000). Employee Creativity: The Role of Leadership. The Academy of Management Executive, 14, 138-139.
Connelly, C. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2003). Predictors of Employees Perceptions of Knowledge Sharing Cultures. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 294-301.
Coppola, D. L. (1998). Moral leadership: A proposed theory illustrated by select Catholic secondary school principals. Retrieved November 04, 2011, from:
http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9839504.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests.
Psychometrika.
Daft, R. L. (1978). A dual-core model of organizational innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 193-210.
Dalton, D. R., Todor, W. D., Spendolini, M. J., Fielding, G. J., & Porter, L. W. (1980).
Organization structure and performance: a critical review. Academy of Management Review, 5(1), 49-64.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal of Business, 34(3), 555-590.
Damanpour, F., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001). The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations. The Journal of Management Studies, 38(1), 45-65.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Diakoulakis, I. E., Georgopoulos, N. B., Koulouriotis, D. E., & Emiris, D. M. (2004).
Towards a holistic knowledge management model. Journal of knowledge management, 8(1), 32-46.
Dixon, N. (2002). The neglected receiver of knowledge sharing. Ivey Business Journal, 35-40.
Du Plessis, M. (2007). The role of knowledge management in innovation. Journal of Knowledge management, 11(4), 20-29.
Edward, E. (2005). Creating high performance organizations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55-71.
77
English, J., & English, T. (1997). Creative management in schools. Aldershot, Hants, England;Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Arena.
Farr, J. L., & Ford, C. M. (1990). “Individual innovation”. In M. A West, & J. L Farr (Eds.), “Innovation and creativity at work: psychological and organizational strategies”. Chichester: Wiley.
Fiedler, F. E. (1976). A theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fraj-Andrés, E., Martinez-Salinas, E., & Matute-Vallejo, J. (2009). A multidimensional approach to the influence of environmental marketing and orientation on the firm’s organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), 263-286.
Germain, R., Cornelia, D., & William, C. (2001). The mediating role of operations knowledge in the relationship of context with performance. Journal of Operations Management, 19, 453-469.
Guinet, J., & Pilat, D. (1999). Promoting innovation - does it matter? Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer, 2(217/218), 63-65.
Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A Factorial Study of the Leader Behavior Descriptions, In R.M. Stogdill, & A.E. Coons (Eds.), Leader Behavior: Its Description and measurement. Columbus: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.
Hendriks, P. (1999). Why share knowledge? the influence of ICT on motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91-100.
Hersey, & Blanchard. (1982). Cycle Theory of Leadership. Training and Development Journal, 23, 26-34.
Hidding, G. J., & Shireen, M. C. (1998). Anatomy of a Learning Organization: Turning Knowledge into Capital as Anderson Consulting. Knowledge and Process Management, 5(1), 3-13.
Hitt, W. D. (1990). Ethics and leadership: Putting theory into practices. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus.
Hong, P., Doll, W., Nahm, A., & Li, X. (2004). Knowledge Sharing in Integrated Product Development. European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(2), 102-112.
House, R. J. (1971). Path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-338.
Hsu, I.-C. (2008). Knowledge sharing practices as a facilitating factor for improving organizational performance through human capital: A preliminary test. Expert Systems with Applications, 35(3), 1316-1326.
Hudson, J. (1997). Ethical Leadership: The Soul of Policy Making. Journal of School
78
Leadership, 7(5), 506-520.
Huse, M., Neubaum, D., & Gabrielsson, J. (2005). Corporate innovation and competitive environment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 313-333.
Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 337-359.
Jung, D. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in group. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185-195.
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard-Measures that Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71-79.
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System. Harvard Business Review, 77.
Keating, M., Martin, G. S., Resick, C. J., & Dickson, M. W. (2007). A Comparative Study of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership in Ireland and the United States.
[Article]. Irish Journal of Management, 28(1), 5-30.
Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and
measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, 375-403.
Khuntia, R., & Suar, D. (2004). A scale to assess ethical leadership of Indian private and public sector managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(1), 13-26.
King, N., & Anderson, N. (1990). Innovation in work groups. In M. A. West, & J. L.
Farr(Eds.) Innovation and creativity at work. NY: Wiley.
Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W. O. (2005). Market Orientation: A Meta-analytic Review and Assessment of Its Antecedents and Impact on Performance. Journal of Marketing, 69, 24-41.
Knight, K. E. (1967). A descriptive model of the intra-firm innovation process. Journal of Business, 40(4), 478-496.
Knott, A. M. (2003). Persistent heterogeneity and sustainable innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 687-705.
Kolthoff, E., Erakovich, R., & Lasthuizen, K. (2010). Comparative analysis of ethical leadership and ethical culture in local government The USA, The Netherlands, Montenegro and Serbia. [Article]. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 23(7), 596-612. doi: 10.1108/09513551011078879
Koontz, H., & O’Donell, C. (1974). Management: A System and Contingency Analysis of Managerial Functions (6thed). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Kropp, F., & Zolin, R. (2005). Technological entrepreneurship and small business innovation Business venture research programs. Academy of Marketing Sciences Review, 7, available at: www.amsreview.org/articles/kropp07-2005.pdf.
79
Laczniak, G. R., & Murphy, P. E. (1991). Fostering Ethical Marketing Decisions.
Journal of Business Ethics, 10(4), 259-271.
Lambert, L. (1995). The constructivist leader. New York: Teachers College Press.
Lee, H., & Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes and
Organizational Performance: An Integrative View and Empirical Examination.
Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 179-228.
Lee, J. N. (2001). The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success. Information & Management, 38(5), 323-335.
Liao, S. H., Chang, J. C., Cheng, S. C., & Kuo, C. M. (2004). Employee Relationship and Knowledge Sharing: A Case Study of a Taiwanese Finance and Securities Firm. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2, 24-34.
Likert, R. (1967). The Human Organization. New York: McGraw Hill.
Lim, D. (2000). Knowledge Management in Small Enterprises. The Electronoc Library, 18(6), 420-432.
Liua, Y., & Phillips, J. S. (2011). Examining the Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing in Facilitating Team Innovativeness from a Multilevel Perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 44-52.
Marinova, & Detelina. (2004). Actualizing innovation effort : The impact of market knowledge diffusion in a dynamic system of competition. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-20.
Marque´s, D. P., & Simo´n, F. J. G. (2006). The effect of knowledge management practices on firm performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(3), 143-156.
Marquish, D. G. (1982). The Anatomy of Successful. Cambridge: Innovation, Winthrop Publishers.
Martin, G. S., Resick, C. J., Keating, M. A., & Dickson, M. W. (2009). Ethical leadership across cultures: a comparative analysis of German and US
perspectives. [Article]. Business Ethics: A European Review, 18(2), 127-144.
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01553.x
Mayer, D., Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. (2010). Examining the Link Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Misconduct: The Mediating Role of Ethical Climate.
[Article]. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 7-16. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0794-0 Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. (2009). How
low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 1-13.
McDermott, R., & O’Dell, C. (2001). Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing
80
knowledge. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(1), 76.
Michailova, S., & Minbaeva, D. B. (2010). Organization values and konowledge
sharning in multinational corporations: The Danisco case. International Business Review.
Nonaka, & Takeuchi. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company. UK: Oxford University Press.
Owen, C. B., Ph. D. (2000). The Role of Narrative Ethics in the Formation of Religious and Moral Leadership in the Church. Vanderbilt University: AAT 9996214.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The Core Competence of The Corporation.
Harvard Business Review, 79-91.
Reid, F. (2003). Creating a knowledge sharing culture among diverse business units.
Employment Relations Today, 30(3), 43-49.
Renzl, B. (2008). Trust in Management and Knowledge Sharing: The Mediating Effects of Fear and Knowledge Documentation. The International Journal of
Management Science, 36(2), 206-220.
Resick, C., Martin, G., Keating, M., Dickson, M., Kwan, H., & Peng, C. (2011). What Ethical Leadership Means to Me: Asian, American, and European Perspectives.
[Article]. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 435-457. doi:
10.1007/s10551-010-0730-8
Richard, J. P., Devinney, T. M., Yip, G. S., & Johnson, G. (2009). Measuring
organizational performance: towards methodological best practice. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(3), 718-804.
Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structure, Design and Application(3rd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice-Hall.
Robbins, S. P. (1996). Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Robbins, S. P. (1998). Organizational behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2008). Management. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th). New York: The Free Press.
Ryu, S., Ho, S. H., & Han, I. (2003). Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals. Expert System with Applications, 25, 113-122.
Sadler, P. (2001). Leadership and organizational learning. In D. Meinolf, A. B. Antal &
J.Child, & I. Nonaka, Handbook of organizational Learning and Knowledge.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Salomo, S., Talke, K., & Strecker, N. (2008). Innovation Field Orientation and Its Effect on Innovativeness and Firm Performance. The Journal of Product
81
Innovation Management, 25(6), 560-576.
Sambamurthy, V., & Subrarnani, M. (2005). Special issue on information technologies and knowledge management. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 1-7.
Sarah, H., & Tricia, V. (2005). Determining the impact of an organization’s
performance management system. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 76-97.
Schein, E. (2010). Organisational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (1994). Consumer Behavior (5thed.): Prentice-Hall.
Schumpeter. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Springer US.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1932). The Theory of Economic Development: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Schwab, D.P. (2005). Research Methods for Organizational Studies, (2nd ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Senge, P. M. (1997). Sharing knowledge. Executive Excellence, 14(11), 17-18.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publish.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity:
Evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 703-714.
Shleifer, A. (2004). Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior? : Harvard University.
Soonhee, K., & Hyangsoo, L. (2006). The Impact of Organizational Context and Information Technology on Employee Knowledge-Sharing Capabilities. Public Administration Review, 66(3), 370-385.
Steyrer, J., Schiffinger, M., & Lang, R. (2008). Organizational commitment-a missing link between leadership behavior and organizational performance? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24(4), 364-374.
Stivers, B. P., & Joyce, T. (2000). Building a balanced performance management system. Sam AdvancedManagement Journal, 15(7), 22-29.
Subramanian, A., & Nilakanta, S. (1996). Organizational innovativeness: Exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of
innovations, and measures of organizational performance. Omega, 24(6), 631-647.
Sundbo, J. (2008). Customer-based innovation of knowledge e-services the importance of after-innovation. International Journal of Services Technology &
Management, 9(3), 218-233.
Tan, M. (1994). Establishing mutual understanding in systems design: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(4), 159-182.
82
Toor, S.-u.-R., & Ofori, G. (2009). Ethical Leadership: Examining the Relationships with Full Range Leadership Model, Employee Outcomes, and Organizational Culture. [Article]. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(4), 533-547. doi:
10.1007/s10551-009-0059-3
Trevion, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. (2003). A Qualitative Investigation of Perceived Executive Ethical Leadership: Perceptions From Inside and Outside the Executive Suite. Human Relations, 56(1), 5-37.
Van de ven, A. H. (1993). “Managing the process of organizational innovation”. In Huber G. P., & Glick W. H.“Organizational change and redesign: ideas and insights for improving performance”. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van den Hooff, B. J., & De Leeuw van Weenen, F. S. (2004). Committed to share:
Commitment and CMC use as antecedents of knowledge sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 11(1), 13-24.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814.
Verschoor, C. C. (1998). A Study of the Link between a Corporation's Financial
Performance and its Commitment of Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(13), 1509-1516.
Vesterinen, S., Isola, A., & Paasivaara, L. (2009). Leadership styles of Finnish nurse managers and factors influencing it. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(4), 503-509.
Wah, L. (1999). Making Knowledge Stick. Management Review, 88(5), 24-29.
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., & Christensen, A.
L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader–member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification.
[Article]. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 204-213. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.11.002
Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. (2004). The Development and Validation of the
Organizational Innovativeness Construct Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(4), 303-313.
Weiss, J. W. (1994). Business Ethics: A Managerial Stakeholder Approach. Belmont:
Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Wijnhoven, F. (1998). Knowledge Logistic in Business Contexts: Analyzing and
Diagnosing Knowledge Sharing by Logistics Concepts. Knowledge and Process Management, 5(3), 143-157.
Yukl, G. A. (1994). Leadership in organization.(3nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J:
83
Prertice-Hall.
Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organizations (5thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6thed.). Upper Saddle River NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Zárraga, C., & Bonache, J. (2003). Assessing the Team Environment for Knowledge Sharing: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7), 1227-1245.
Zarraga, C., & Garcia-Falcon, M. (2003). Factors Favoring Knowledge Management in Work Teams. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(2), 81-96.
Zhang, Z. (2000). Developing a Model of Quality Management Methods and Evaluating their Effects on Business Performance. Total Quality Management, 11(1), 129-137.
84
85
86