第五章 討論與建議
第三節 研究限制和未來方向
本研究以大學學生樣本作為宗教因應測量及宗教因應前置因子的初探，因 此存在著一些限制需要加以考量或待未來研究的進一步澄清。首先，關於樣本 的部份，因本研究之受試對象皆為自願參加者，所以可能存在潛在的抽樣誤差，
而影響變項的測量、變項間關係的解釋；再者，因樣本皆為大學學生，同時樣 本所自陳遭遇之高壓力情境大多與課業、未來方向及人際衝突有關，故研究結 果缺乏外在效度而尚難類推至其他的群體或其它種類之壓力源。建議未來可在 不同年齡、不同壓力情境經驗的群體作資料的收集，以了解RCOPE 量表在不 同對象的適用性。
第二，雖未能進一步地進行檢定，但根據研究結果可發現不同信仰類別的 受試者於宗教因應的反應程度上有所不同，特別以基督信仰的受試者所得之宗 教因應量表分數為最高。顯示此中文翻譯宗教因應量表中的項目，即使能適用 於不同國家之基督信仰者，但對於台灣其他非猶太-基督教體系之宗教信仰者之 宗教因應反應的敏感度可能不足。換句話說，因著缺少能有效反應本土宗教信 仰文化特色之題項，或原量表經中文翻譯後之部份詞句尚難精準描述台灣信仰 者之經驗，使得非基督信仰者之宗教因應使用的程度可能會被此中文翻譯量表 給低估。若往後進行宗教相關之研究，建議可額外增加台灣宗教信仰特有之因 應方法之題目，如：「向神祈求特定的益處或物質」、「求問神以安排接下來的計 畫時程」…等。
第三，本研究程序採用自陳式量表來收集資訊，受試者於作答整份量表時，
需分別回憶過去一年來的普遍經驗與某一特定高壓力的情境。此回溯性的主觀 報告雖然便利、省時，但受試者不可避免地可能於回憶過程出現遺忘或錯記等
現象，亦容易將普遍性的經驗與特定壓力情境之經驗兩者混之，進而導致宗教 因應風格與特定情境的宗教因應間的相關被高估。故在研究程序上，未來可以 考慮於不同時間點來蒐集兩者資料，或是針對特定情境提供數個簡單問題來幫 助受試者作細節的回憶，增加問卷填寫的正確性。
第四，由於本研究採橫斷式研究，故無法作因果關係之推論。當推論個人 之虔誠程度、宗教主觀重要性與宗教因應風格可能影響其選擇宗教因應使用程 度時，亦不能忽略宗教因應策略的使用形塑個人因素（對宗教信仰的虔誠、因 應的風格）的可能性。舉例來說，於某一特定壓力情境下尋求靈性資源協助的 成功經驗，會增加個體於日後面對相類似壓力情境再次尋求靈性資源的機率，
進而形成壓力因應反應之傾向。因此，尚須縱貫研究設計對方向性作進一步的 了解澄清。
最後，關於受試者於特定情境下之宗教因應的測量，由於是讓受試者自行 回憶近一年來的最大壓力情境，筆者無法掌握、控制每個人填答時所依據的壓 力情境階段。然而，在持續交織互動的壓力因應歷程中，認知評估、資源與因 應等變項間也因著互動而隨時在改變。因此，壓力情境的不同階段，變項間的 彼此的關係也會出現不同。若要能探究個體選擇宗教因應的前置因子，則建議 未來研究可考慮去控制讓受試者僅回憶壓力情境初期的階段。
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附錄一 受試者同意書
參與者簽名：_____________ 聯絡方式：__________________日期：_____年
____月____日
參與者年齡未滿 20 歲者，請家長或監護人簽名。
參與者家長/監護人簽名：___________ 聯絡方式：___________日期：_____
年____月____日
再次感謝您。
實驗/主試者：簡靖維 國立臺灣大學心理學系碩班研究生 聯絡地址：國立台灣大學心理系南館 115 室 聯絡電話/手機：0963-137138 指導老師：吳英璋 國立臺灣大學心理學系教授 聯絡地址：國立台灣大學心理系南館 115 室 聯絡電話/手機：02-23634746 研究者簽名：__________ 日期：_____年____月____日
附錄二 本研究之正式問卷
23.祈禱或冥想。
III.
下列題目的描述是關於人如何應付生活中負面事件的方式。顯然，每個人25. 認為有些事超出 上帝/神明/祖先/至高者 的控制。 0 1 2 3
第二部份、
情發生在我身上。
48. 指望神（或老天爺）給予一個新的生活方向。 0 1 2 3
49. 對神職人員感到不滿。 0 1 2 3
50. 從 上帝/神明/祖先/至高者 那裡尋找新的生命目標。 0 1 2 3
51. 從我所處的宗教團體中尋找支持。 0 1 2 3
第三部份、
個人基本資料填寫。
【註】：部份題項請您依照近一年的狀況作答。
I. 系級：___________
II. 性別：1. □男 2. □女 III. 年齡：______
IV. 宗教信仰：
1. □無 2. □相信有神但沒有特定宗教 3. □佛教 4. □道教 5. □ 基督教 6. □天主教 7. □回教 8. □一貫道 9. □民間信仰 10. □
1. □無 2. □相信有神但沒有特定宗教 3. □佛教 4. □道教 5. □ 基督教 6. □天主教 7. □回教 8. □一貫道 9. □民間信仰 10. □