第四章 鼻音徵性
5.3 議題探討—臺閩語音節結構的緊密性
臺閩語外部受臺灣國語影響，內部文白系統混淆，還受漳泉次方言混用的影 響，語言干擾口誤提供語言演變的途徑及方向，我們提出兩項觀察：（一）官方 國語的干擾比次方言內部干擾強烈，（二）聲、韻、調等音韻單位皆具個別獨立 性，音節成分之間結構緊密性不同。
語碼混雜口誤提供音韻單位具個別獨立性的證明，外來影響可單獨替換臺閩 語音節的聲母、韻母或聲調成分，其中又以韻母替換（N=145）最為普遍，來自 國語的語言干擾（N=83）、漳泉次方言混用（N=60）及文白混淆（N=2）；聲
調替換（N=38）次之，來自國語的語言干擾（N=33）及文白混淆（N=5），聲 母替換最少，僅國語的語言干擾（N=10），排比為韻母＞聲調＞聲母，如表二 十七所示。如果口誤得以反映語言轉變的情形，則臺閩語音節各單位的結構轉變 速度並不相同：韻母較容易轉變，最不穩定，聲母則較難改變。然而，聲調在臺 閩語並非最穩定成分，這情形與鄧盛有（2003）對「四海話」的觀察不同。
表二十七 音韻單位替換口誤數量統計
替換單位 口誤數 百分比
聲調 38 19.69 %
韻母 145 75.13 %
聲母 10 5.18 %
總數 193 100 %
語碼混雜口誤還有聲母韻母一併替換的口誤，卻未見「聲母聲調」或「韻母 聲調」一併替換的情形。聲母、韻母與聲調是音節的三個成分，其中韻母與聲母 因同屬音段層次關係緊密。至於聲調（tone）歸屬的層次，Bao（1999）提出聲 調與音段的連併關係，認為聲調歸於R’節點底下，與聲母及韻母同為音節層次，
Duanmu（2000）也直指韻核音段帶有音拍（mora），是漢語的聲調承載單位
（tone-bearing unit）。（131）是 Bao 所主張的音節結構，其中「韻母與聲調」
劃歸同一節點下，很可能因這一層關係，導致外來影響不易侵入原音節結構，所 以未見相關的語碼混雜的口誤。「韻母與聲調」的緊密程度有待日後累積更多口 誤材料以茲檢驗。
（131）
5.4 結論
本章藉語碼轉換與語碼混雜的口誤，觀察語言接觸下的語言演變，包括臺灣 國語的語言干擾，漳泉方音互擾以及讀音系統的文白混淆，並探討受外來影響的 臺閩語的音節內部結構的不穩定性，韻母替換頻率高、較不穩定，聲調次之，而 聲母最低。此外「聲母與韻母」因結構較緊密，而有一併替換的混雜口誤，至於
「韻母與聲調」緊密程度則需累積更多口誤再進行審慎分析。
第六章 結論
口誤研究始於印歐語言的研究，以心理分析的觀點探討語言活動的心理過程 和機制，並以心理活動與語言行為的對應檢驗語言現象與機制運作，進而印證理 論觀點。口誤反映心理活動的進程與語言活動的差異，為本研究所探討的底層結 構提供實質的語言材料。
本文取材於臺閩語的音段錯誤，2021 筆音韻口誤呈現的系統特質，與英語
（Stemberger 1989, Berg 1987, Well 1999）及華語（Wan 1999）的研究發現相近：
（一）音韻層次的錯誤多於其他層次；（二）輔音的錯誤多於元音；（三）替換 型態的錯誤遠多於其他；（四）語境口誤多於非語境口誤；（五）預期口誤多於 保留口誤。
透過口誤的檢驗與分析，有助探討相關的音韻議題：
（一）塞擦音底層結構：塞擦音底層結構歷來有三種觀點，Sagey（1986）提出 有徵性順序論，認為塞擦音底層是[-cont]與[+cont]兩徵性的順序組成；Lombardi
（1990）則認為兩徵性是無序排列；Clements（1998）以「摩擦性塞音」詮釋塞 擦音的音韻結構為帶摩擦性徵性的塞音。藉檢驗送氣口誤與聲母替換口誤，塞擦 音的語音特質體現在[+strident]徵性、而塞擦音的音韻特質在塞音；塞擦音的底層 表式以非線性結構呈現如下：
Root
[-cont]
[+strident]
（二）鼻音底層：鼻音的音韻限制牽動著鼻音分佈與鼻音傳遞的方向性，聲核的
鼻音和諧與核尾的隔閡藩籬，導致韻核鼻音與韻尾鼻音間的不對稱。鼻音口誤不 受制音韻限制，舉證鼻音傳遞的雙向性，並呼應歷時觀點，聲核間與核尾間的隔 閡因語言演變之故，一消失一存留，導致鼻音在韻核與韻尾的差異。共時臺閩語 鼻音音節內向左延展、跨音節向右延展，濁音聲母因聲核間隔閡消失而失去音位 的辨異性，韻核鼻音與韻尾鼻音則為不同的時期的的音韻過程的產物。
（三）語言干擾：280 筆口誤反映臺閩語的外部干擾、內部混雜與文白混淆的語 言現象。藉語碼轉換與語碼混雜的口誤，觀察語言接觸下的語言演變，臺閩語的 音節成分受干擾影響，韻母最容易被替換，而最穩定的是聲母；「聲母與韻母」
因音節結構的緊密，也出現一併替換的口誤，然「韻母與聲調」的緊密程度尚需 更多口誤累積以茲檢驗探討。
因缺少相關口誤的實證，語言干擾口誤所探討的「韻母與聲調」的結構緊密 程度，尚需要累積更多相關口誤以檢驗相關理論。另外尚未成形的討論，如成音 節鼻音的底層結構，也因相關口誤稀少也不夠典型，不足以辯證臺閩語的成音節 鼻音的底層結構是否佔據聲母與韻核（Yip 1982, Bao 1988）或是韻核與韻尾（Lin 1989, Hsu 2005）。對於這些未完成的探討，且待後續研究。
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