• 沒有找到結果。

經過了長達六年時間的準備與廣納各方意見,受到長久以來所關注的美國民事訴訟 程序法,主要關於電子化儲存資訊之證據開示程序(E-Discovery)的修法,於 2006 年十二 月一日正式實施生效。新法可以說是直搗電子化儲存資訊之證據開示程序(E-Discovery) 問題的核心。事實上,新法中所規範的許多內容,在現今訴訟中,早已是司空見慣的問 題。

新法於 2006 年十二月一日生效之後,隔年,為了使該法之編號能夠更結構化,美 國民事訴訟程序法在法條之編排上又做了另一次之修改,並於 2007 年十二月一日正式 生效。為免混淆,本章之將沿用 2006 年新法頒布時所使用之編號為主,並於註釋中佐 以新修正之編號加以說明。由於法條全文相當冗長,為免混淆,本章僅將法條修正之重 要部分及架構加以說明,完整版本之 2006 年民事訴訟程序法修正條文,包括對於解釋 條文非常重要的 Committee Notes 全文,請參考美國司法院網站。

與電子化儲存資訊之證據開示程序(E-Discovery)相關條文之法條編號修改對照表如 下84

條 文 內 容 2006 年條文 現行條文 Contents of Pretrial Scheduling Order 16(b)(5) 16(b)(3)(B)

Initial Disclosures of ESI 26(a)(1)(B) 26(a)(1)(A)(ii) Accessibility of ESI 26(b)(2)(B) 26(b)(2)(B)

Discovery Limitations – Nature and Extent 26(b)(2)(C) 26(b)(2)(C) Claiming Work Product Privilege 26(b)(5)(A) 26(b)(5)(A)(i)-(ii) Conference of the Parties – ESI Discovery Plan 26(f)(3) 26(f)(3)(C) Production of ESI 34(a)(1) 34(a)(1)(A) Party Requesting to Specify Form of ESI

Production 34(b) 34(b)(1)(C)

Responding to Request for ESI 34(b) 34(b)(2)(D) Producing ESI 34(b) 34(b)(2)(E)(i)-(iii) Sanctions – Motion to Compel Disclosure 37(a)(2)(A) 37(a)(3)(A) Sanctions – Motion to Compel Discovery

Response 37(a)(2)(B) 37(a)(3)(B) Sanctions – Payment of Expenses 37(a)(4) 37(a)(5) Sanctions – Safe Harbor 37(f) 37(e)

84 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure –Numbering Scheme Reference Guide, available at

<http://www.krollontrack.com/library/frcpupdater_krollontrack2008.pdf> (last visited Dec. 7, 2009)

Subpoena – Contents 45(a)(1)(C) 45(a)(1)(A)(iii) Subpoena – Form of Production of ESI 45(a) 45(a)(1)(C)

Subpoena – Objections 45(c)(2)(B) 45(c)(2)(B)(i)-(ii) Subpoena – Production of ESI 45(d)(1) 45(d)(1)(A)-(D)

第一項 「電子化儲存資訊」(electronically stored information)的新觀念及承認存在系統 中的資料

本次修法最重要的改變,首推為將「電子化儲存資訊」的概念,從一般傳統認知的

「文件」(document)中獨立出來,而在法條中賦與新的精神。修正法條使用了「資料」

(information) 一詞,使之成為比較廣泛的定義,取代過去使用「文件」時,似為係專指 紙本、書面化之情況。在 Fed. R. CIV. P. 3485,規範有關「提供文件、電子化儲存資訊及 事物,以及進入對造土地以便勘驗或其他目的」中,便明文加入了「電子化儲存資訊」,

這意味著聯邦民事訴訟程序法正式進入了數位資訊化時代。除此之外,新法也大幅度的 承認「系統」(system)的概念。在法條或 Committee Notes 中常被提到的有「資訊系統」

(information systems86)、「電子資訊系統」(electronic information systems87)、或是「電子 儲存系統」(electronic storage systems88)等名詞。加入這樣的文字改變,將會使得未來在 解釋相關意義或法條的運用時,更能因應資訊系統未來的發展,而非僅拘泥於對「資訊」

一詞範圍的解釋。

對於給予電子化儲存資訊獨立的法律意義,這樣的建議在當時並非廣泛地被接受。

最普遍的反對意見認為,如果刻意要把電子化儲存資訊從「文件」的定義中切割出來,

即意味著在證據開示程序中請求提供資料時,必須特別、明確地在「文件」)之外,再 加上電子化儲存資訊,如此只會造成更多的混淆,而不似立法目的所期望般的,如此的 修改可以減少證據開示程序的爭議89。評論者的意見並非完全不可採,然而,資料以電 子化方式儲存已經取代過去以紙本為主之儲存方式,成為一種主要的趨勢,甚至有人預 言,依 Fed. R. CIV. P. 34 所為的證據開示,在不久的未來可能會成為證據開示的主流,

全部證據都將會以電子化儲存資訊的方式來提供90。且因其具有的特性,所衍生的問題,

亦與過去紙本儲存時代截然不同。因此,諮詢委員會認為,應早日將電子化儲存資訊與 傳統書面為主的儲存方式加以區分,期待新法可以靈活地對未來數位媒介之趨勢發展與

85 FED.R.CIV.P.34.:Production of Documents, “Electronically Stored Information”, and Things and Entry Upon Land for Inspection and Other Purposes

86 Advisory Committee Note toFED.R.CIV.P. 26(f). 亦提到 parties’ “information systems”, and the need for counsel to be familiar with “information systems”.

87 FED.R.CIV.P. 37(f). 提到:the good-faith operation of an “electronic information system”。

88 Committee Note toFED.R.CIV.P. 26(b)(2). 提到“electronic storage systems”。

89 See comment of Rudoph Garcia of the Philadelphia Bar Ass’n (04-CV-031).

90 Transcript of testimony of Greg McCurdy, on behalf of Microsoft Crop. (04-CV-001). p.5. “I’m really here to tell you that if it’s not already the case, it soon will be the case that virtually all discovery is electronic. The days of paper created documents are over.

變動提供更多的彈性,也可以有效減少可能造成的更多的問題及紛爭。

91 FED.R.CIV.P. 34.: Production of Documents, Electronically Stored Information, and Things and Entry Upon Land for Inspection and Other Purposes

92 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(a). Scope. Any party may serve on any other party a request (1) to produce and permit the party making the request, or someone acting on the requestor's behalf, to inspect, and copy, test, or sample any designated documents or electronically stored information—(including writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, sound recordings, images phonorecords, and other data or data compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained …

93 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(a)(1).,即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(a)(1)(A).

94 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(b). Procedure,即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(b)(1)(C).: .. …The request may specify the form or forms in which electronically stored information is to be produced…

* * * * *

即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(b)(2)(B).: The response shall state, with respect to each item or category, that inspection and related activities will be permitted as requested, unless the request is objected to, including an objection to the requested form or forms for producing electronically stored information, in which event stating the reasons for the objection shall be stated. If objection is made to part of an item or category, the part shall be specified and inspection permitted of the remaining parts. If objection is made to the requested form or forms for producing electronically stored information—or if no form was specified in the request—the responding party must state the form or forms it intends to use.…

* * * * *

即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 34(b)(2)(E)(i).~(iii).: Unless the parties otherwise agree, or the court otherwise orders:

(i) Aa party who produces documents for inspection shall produce them as they are kept in the usual course of business or shall organize and label them to correspond with the categories in the request.;

(ii) if a request does not specify the form or forms for producing electronically stored information, a responding party must produce the information in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a form or forms that are reasonably usable; and

(iii) a party need not produce the same electronically stored information in more than one form.

除非雙方另有協議,或法院有其他命令,否則:

(i) 提供文件予以檢查之一方,得以提供其依通常之商業習慣所保存之形式或 者必須將文件加以組織和標記,以使能與在證據蒐集清單中的類別相對應;

(ii) 如果於請求上沒有特別指定電子化儲存資訊所應提供之形式時,提供資料 方必須提供其一般被保存的形式,或是得以被合理使用之形式;

(iii)任一方不需要對同一項電子化儲存資訊提供一種以上之形式。

Fed. R. CIV. P. 34(a)之修正,主要為確認電子化儲存資訊於證據開示程序中,與書面 文件具有同等之重要性。另外,為免紛爭,當一造依 Fed. R. CIV. P. 34 之規定,要求提 供「文件」時,若未特別敍明,應指包含電子化儲存資訊在內,除非進行中的證據開示 明顯地區分了「電子化儲存資訊」和「文件」間的不同。

另為因應電子化儲存資訊動態資料形式的特性,Fed. R. CIV. P. 34(b)加入一項全新的 程序,以規定電子化儲存資訊所應提供之形式。Fed. R. CIV. P. 34(b)規定,一方得以其依 通常之商業習慣所保存之文件形式提供予資料要求方。然而,有些電子化儲存資訊其通 常被維護的形式,可能對任何一方來說,都不是可以被合理取用的形式。例如:某些「舊 式」資料(legacy data),只能由老式、已被替代的系統來讀取。於此種情況下,要求資料 之一方是否可以要求提供方將這樣資訊轉換成得以被使用的形式,甚至於是否應該要提 供這些細節,則由 Fed. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(2)(B)做詳盡規範。另外在 Fed. R. CIV. P. 26(f)(3) 也修正為要求二造在證據開示前的會議,能先行協議電子化儲存資訊提供的形式95

第二項 書面質詢程序配合電子化儲存資訊之修正

一直以來,Fed. R. CIV. P. 33 皆允許以指明商業紀錄內容所在的方式來回答書面質 詢,在本次的修正中,則明文加入了電子化儲存資訊亦為商業記錄之一種,可成為書面 質詢時回覆之標的。

Fed. R. CIV. P. 33 主要因應電子化儲存資訊的修改內容如下:

法條 33:對兩造的質詢96

(d) 選擇提供商業紀錄97:對書面質詢的回覆可以從商業紀錄中產生或查明,商 業紀錄包括電子化儲存資訊。…產生或查明這些回覆的負擔義務在資料要

95 FED.R.CIV.P.34. Advisory Committee's Note to 2006 Amendments.

96 FED.R.CIV.P. 33.: Interrogatories to Parties:

97 FED.R.CIV.P. 33. (d) Option to Produce Business Records. Where the answer to an interrogatory may be derived or ascertained from the business records, including electronically stored information…and the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer is substantially the same for the party serving the interrogatory as for the party served, it is a sufficient answer to such interrogatory to specify the records from which the answer may be derived…

求方和提供方是一樣的,在紀錄中指出回覆之所在即為有效的回答方式…

Fed. R. CIV. P. 33(d)被修正為與 Fed. R. CIV. P. 34(a)一致,承認電子化儲存資訊重要 性。因此,「電子化儲存資訊」一詞的定義,在 Fed. R. CIV. P. 33(d)及 Fed. R. CIV. P. 34(a) 中,有著同樣廣義的解釋。

Fed. R. CIV. P. 33 (d)允許在當獲得答案的負擔,對兩造大致相同時,應答方得以提 供文件或電子化儲存資訊,並指明回覆所在之方式,做為答覆質詢的替代方案。Fed. R.

CIV. P. 33 (d)說明,當一方決定透過提供電子化儲存資訊來回應書面質詢時,必須保證質 詢方得以和提供方一樣,可以立即找出和辨識這些對質詢回覆資訊之所在。並且,應答 方必須給質詢方合理的機會來審查、稽核或勘驗這些資訊98

第三項 早期注意及揭露中與電子化證據開示程序相關之問題

有關電子化儲存資訊之證據開示程序(E-Discovery)最重要的修正之一,即是在案件 發生的早期,由二造來共同協商電子證據開示之相關事務。「當事人間之會議」由 Fed. R.

CIV. P. 26(f)來規範;「必要揭露事項」則明定於 Fed. R. CIV. P. 26(a);時程與計劃安排則 於 Fed. R. CIV. P. 16(b)中規定。

Fed. R. CIV. P. 26(f)主要因應電子化儲存資訊的修改內容如下:

法條 26:規範證據開示程序之一般條文;揭露義務99

(f) 兩造間的會議;計劃證據開示程序100…在可能之範圍內儘早舉行,且最遲應 在計劃會議舉行或在依 Rule16(b)所下達之計劃命令到期前 21 天。在考慮主 張及抗辯事由之性質及基礎,以及即刻合解或為案件找到解決方案之前提 下,共同協商以安排依 Rule 26(a)(1)所要求之揭露,來討論任何有關保存可 開示文件之相關問題,並產生一個內含兩造有關下列事項觀點的預定證據開

98 FED.R.CIV.P. 33.Advisory Committee's Note to 2006 Amendments.

99 FED.R.CIV.P. 26.: General Provisions Governing Discovery; Duty of Disclosure

100 (f),即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 26(f)(1).~(2).: Conference of Parties; Planning for Discovery…. as soon as practicable and in any event at least 21 days before a scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b), confer to consider the nature and basis of their claims and defenses and the possibilities for a prompt settlement or resolution of the case, to make or arrange for the disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1), to discuss any issues relating to preserving discoverable information, and to develop a proposed discovery plan that indicates the parties' views and proposals concerning:

* * * * *

(3),即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P. 26(f)(3)(C).: any issues relating to disclosure or discovery of electronically stored information, including the form or forms in which it should be produced;

(4) ,即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P.26(f)(3)(D).: any issues relating to claims of privilege or of protection as trial-preparation material, including--if the parties agree on a procedure to assert such claims after production--whether to ask the court to include their agreement in an order;

(4) ,即為現行之 FED.R.CIV.P.26(f)(3)(D).: any issues relating to claims of privilege or of protection as trial-preparation material, including--if the parties agree on a procedure to assert such claims after production--whether to ask the court to include their agreement in an order;