低成就學童的心理特徵與原因之探討

ճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟЖ౩੫኉ᇄনӰϞ௤ଆ!

ݓ!࡚!ҁ!

ᇃѕѿఀىσᏰЖ౩ᇄᒚ୦Ᏸف!ఀ௲!

Ȫᄢ! ौȫ!

! ! ڀԖፐ཰Ꮲಞୢᚒޑեԋ൩Ꮲูόѝ೷ԋঁΓޑᓸΚǵৎߏޑྠඊǴΨ৒ܰ ᏤठՉࣁୢᚒǴቹៜঁΓ҂ٰޑғࢲ፾ᔈǴΨ೷ԋޗ཮ୢᚒǴځЈ౛੝ቻޑΑှ ϷচӢޑ௖૸ό৒۹ຎǶҁЎନΑញܴեԋ൩ޑۓကǵᜪࠠϷບᘐБݤǴख़ᗺӧ ϟಏեԋ൩Ꮲูޑᇡޕǵ௃གǵکՉࣁ฻Бय़ޑЈ౛੝ቻǴϷϩவޗ཮ǵᏢਠǵ ৎ৥ǵঁΓ฻Ӣન௖૸ځౢғޑচӢǶ ᜢᗖຒǺեԋ൩Ꮲูǵၗᓬեԋ൩

ࠉِ!

! ! ϛ୽Ρޟᢎ܈Ȉȶఖυԙᓸȃఖτԙ ቃȷȂȶ࿲ૡࣱήࠢȂ୲Ԥ᠞ਪଽȷȂоम ୽ϱЀᏰкဎ౾՗Ȅ೨ӻЮҔӰႆܻ१ຜυ τޟᏰཾԙᕼȂฒלϛഅԙᏰ็ޟ፞ཾᔆ ΨȄनۅ㈵Ȟ1996ȟෆ፡ࢥ 365 ՝୽ωଽԑ ઻Ᏸ็ޟྮ඘Ȃ๖ݎтঈΙमࡾюശкौޟ ྮ඘࢐ȈȶᐊЖՌϏޟᏰཾԙᕼϚ૖ᅖٗЮ ҔޟौؑՄྮ඘ȷȄڋᆋᖒ࿗ 2003 ԑෆ፡ ࢥᇃѕȃॷ෫ȃΰ੕ڋ็ཱིԑޟ᜹ఖȂ๖ݎ ڍ۬έӴޟڋ็ΙमޟࡾюȂཱིԑޟ಑Ι᜹ ఖ࢐ђ፞໌؏ȄӵΙএ࡙ྃ१ຜ፞ཾޟޥོ ᕗცϛȂΙএ፞ཾճӛޟᏰҡȂӵߝ෈ਙ׷ ޟޑᄘήȂయฒԙ൷ཐȃՌឈ૖Ψ৯ȃѶў Ռ߬ЖȂൊѶՌ൵ЖȂלԙ॒७ޟՌר྅ ܈Ȅ೻ٲᏰཾᎌᔖϚيޟᏰҡȂོኇ៪ڏҡ ࣀᎌᔖȃΡਿี৤ȄࣥՍԤٲᏰཾճӛޟᏰ ҡȂӵுϚڗЮҔޟཏདྷȃఀৱޟᜰᛄȃӣ Ᏸޟ൵१ȃᇄӣᏔޟЄፗ้௑ݷήȂלԙଆ ვЮҔȃৱߝȃӣᏰȂശࡣଠᏰȃᙙড়Ȃᡐ ԙ୰ᚠᏰҡȄᏰҡޟᏰಬ֨ᘙᇄ୑৯՗࣏Ԥ ᡗ๿ޟࣺᜰԆӵȂЍԑқဌடড়଻ᚊ๼ෆᇳ ႆȈȶԙᕼϚԁȃଠᏰȃଠড়࢐Ѝԑқဌޟ έഋԢȷȄ࢈Ᏸਮۣ१ຜᏰ็፞ཾ୰ᚠܚᏲ मޟ՗࣏౴லᏰҡޟনӰޟ௤ଆЅ୰ᚠޟ ሄᏲȂЎڏ࢐ᄇܻᏰཾԙ൷Ґႀڗڏ૖ΨЫ ྥޟճԙ൷ᏰҡȄ୽ωޟሄᏲࣀଢ଼џϷ࣏ҡ ࣀሄᏲᇄᏰಬሄᏲڍσ᜸ȂᄂሬሄᏲ໶Ҭ ΰȂխн੫տ१ຜ՗࣏୑৯ڋ็ޟሄᏲȂᠦ ܻճԙ൷ڋ็ޟЖ౩୰ᚠڷᏰಬሄᏲٮҐ ுڗᔖԤޟ१ຜȂҏМᔣ௤ଆճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟ Ж౩ᇄ՗࣏୰ᚠЅڏনӰȂඪټԤᜰΡρᄇ тঈޟΟ၌ᇄሄᏲȄ

൦ȃճԙ൷ޟۡဎЅю౪౥!

! ! դᒝȶճԙ൷ȷȞunderachievementȟȂ џ૖ӰϚӣᏰޱܚ௴ޟࣨۡϚӣȂᏲमڏۡ ဎԤտȄԤٲᏰޱસᆞ௃ღᡝϛߒ౪ޟȶԙ ൷ճȷپࣨۡȂڏۡဎȶճԙ൷ȷ࢐ࡾԙᕼ ܻۨӒੲശճޟΙٲȶԙ൷ճȷޟᏰҡȂԃ नҗதȞ1999ȟۡဎȶ୽ᇭМճԙ൷Ᏸҡȷ ࣏έԩࢲՃ୽ᇭМԙᕼۨӒੲശ৯ޟԻϷ ϞΠΪϤޟᏰҡȇӵߙΰઍȃࢹᆆᗸȞ1996ȟ ܚጡȶ୽ᇭМԙ൷กᡛȷޟுϷӵԻϷ้઻ 30 оήޱȄݓదฤȃ༁ڃৎȞ2000ȟࣨۡ ճԙ൷Ᏸҡ࣏၎ҡӨᏰ෈ᖂԙᕼޟҁ֯Ȃӵ ၎ੲᖂΡኵ௶וࡣȂڏҁ֯ԙᕼӵࡣ७ԻϷ ϞΪϤޟᏰҡȄ ! ! ծҬࠉఀىࣨΙૡᆎܚᒝޟȶճԙ൷ȷ ࢐ࡾȶஊᖑ݂ՄϚஊҢђޟᏰҡȷȂڏᏰཾ ԙᕼߒ౪Ыྥ݂ᡗճܻڏᏰಬ૖Ψܚџо ߒ౪ޱȞ؃␷֥Ȃ1997ȟȄDavis ڷ Rimm Ȟ1989ȟۡဎճԙ൷࣏ڋ็ޟᏰਮߒ౪ڷт ޟᄂሬ૖ΨޟΙٲࡾ኿ȂԃȈසΨกᡛϷ ኵȃԙ൷กᡛϷኵȃഺഅΨกᡛϷኵȃܖᢎ ᄆၥਟ้Ϟ໢ޟҭࣽȄ஻ЪЖ౩Ᏸ᜝ڐۡဎ ճԙ൷࢐এΡӵᏰཾܖώհΰޟᄂሬߒ౪ Ґ૖ႀڗڏ૖ΨܚЅޟᔖԤӴ؏ޟ౪ຫȄٽ ԃȈ࢚ҡස୦ 120 оΰȂࡸᏰಬ૖ΨՄِȂ ӵੲ઻ϛᔖ឴ΰॸȂณڏԙᕼߒ౪ճӛȂᖂ ࢐ۨӒੲϛήޟӪԩȄ჋ԪᆍᏰҡ૖Ψᇄԙ ᕼϚࣺ଩ӫޟ౪ຫȂ։឴Ᏸཾޟճԙ൷Ȅߒ ౪ճԙ൷՗࣏ޟএΡȂ։ᆎ࣏ȶճԙ൷ޱȷ ȞunderachieverȟȞ஻ࢌᑹȂ1989ȟȄ୽ϱ ೨ӻԤᜰޟМᝦȞᗂЫࠒȃ྆ۅஆȂ1992ȇ ؃␷֥Ȃ1997ȟһࣨۡճԙ൷࢐ݿࡾԙ൷ճ ܻڏ૖ΨޟᏰҡȄӰԪȂճԙ൷ٮϚ้ӣԙ ൷ճȂҏМޟճԙ൷Ᏸ็։ۡဎᏰཾΰޟᄂ ሬߒ౪Ґ૖ႀڗڏ૖ΨܚЅޟᔖԤЫྥޟ ᏰҡȂ೻ٲᏰҡζ೨ζ࢐ԙ൷ճޟᏰҡȂծ ζԤճԙ൷ޟᏰҡڏҐ҆࢐ੲΰԙ൷ճޟ ᏰҡȂٽԃၥᓺճԙ൷ҡڏԙᕼҐ҆࢐ੲΰ ޟԙ൷ശճޟᏰҡȄ ! ! ӵճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟю౪౥П७Ȃ؃␷֥ Ȟ1997ȟࡾю୽ϛճԙ൷Ᏸҡޟю౪౥ӵڍ ԙѾѡȂظҡШτҡӻȄഌҡҝȞ1973ȟं ـ୽ϛճԙ൷Ᏸҡޟю౪౥࣏ 22.61%Ȃଽ ԙ൷Ᏸҡޟю౪౥࣏ 24.13%Ȅଽԙ൷ޟԻ ϷШτҡӻܻظҡȂճԙ൷ޟԻϷШظҡӻ ܻτҡȄ֔၉ઉȞ1980ȟंـ୽ϛճԙ൷Ᏸ ҡϚӣᏰऋޟю౪౥Ȃ़ᇭऋശଽȂլ 31.03%ȇኵᏰऋԩϞȂլ 29.31%ȇ୽ᇭऋ ശЍȂլ 24.71%ȄՄଽԙ൷Ᏸҡޟю౪౥Ȃ ़ᇭऋശଽȂլ 41.95%ȇ୽МऋԩϞȂլ 35.63%ȇኵᏰऋശЍȂլ 33.91%Ȅݓ࡚ҁ Ȟ2004ȟޟंـоӱᘪϷݙݲᑢᒵճԙ൷Ᏸ ҡȂᡗҰᇃѕѿ୽ωϲԑ઻Ᏸҡ୽ᇭȃኵ Ᏸȃ़ᇭ้ऋճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟШ౥֯घ࣏ 25%Ȅ

ຯȃճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟຨᘞПݲ!

! ! ࿋ࣨۡճԙ൷࢐ࡾԙ൷ճܻڏ૖ΨȂ٥ ቄौԃդ݂ጂޟຨᘞю೻᜸ޟᏰҡڹȉഌ ҡҝȞ1973ȟӱ៫ճԙ൷ޟຟۡПԒԤȈ ΙȃоԻϷኵຟۡ! ! ! Ԫݲ࢐оසΨᇄᏰཾԙ൷ޟࣺᄇԻϷ

้઻࣏ٷᐃȂԃ࢚ҡޟසΨԻϷ้઻࢐ӵΞ ΪоΰȂՄڏᏰཾԙ൷ޟԻϷ้઻ࠓӵϤΪ оήȂࠌ࣏ճԙ൷ҡȇࣺІޟȂष၎ҡޟᏰ ཾԙ൷ޟԻϷ้઻ζӵΞΪоΰȂࠌ࣏ԙ൷ ҡȄԤٲंـࠌϚٷᐃᏰཾԙ൷ޟԻϷ้ ઻ȂՄоҁ֯ኵܖ኿ྥ৯࣏ٷᐃȂԃසΨޟ ԻϷ้઻ӵΞΪоΰȂՄᏰཾԙᕼࠓӵҁ֯ ኵоήܖӵҁ֯ኵоήΙএ኿ྥ৯ޱ࣏ճ ԙ൷ҡȇІϞȂᏰཾԙᕼӵҁ֯ኵоΰܖӵ ҁ֯ኵоΰΙএ኿ྥ৯ޱ࣏ԙ൷ҡȄԪݲᙏ ܾ߯՗Ȃ୲༉૖ߒҰএΡӵღᡝϛޟӴ՝Ȃ ٮҐ૖݂ጂࡾюএΡԙ൷࢐֏ႀڗᇄڏ૖ Ψࣺᆎޟแ࡙Ȅ Πȃо኿ྥϷኵຟۡ! ! ! ٱӑ஠සΨᇄᏰཾԙ൷ڍ໶Ϸኵ඲ᆗ ԙ኿ྥϷኵȂณࡣШၶ೻ڍᆍϷኵޟ৯ຽȄ γᏰཾԙ൷ޟ T ϷኵӵසΨޟ T Ϸኵ 15 Ϸ оΰޱȂѓࢂ 15 ϷȂ࣏ԙ൷ҡȇԃݎӵ 15 ϷоήޱȂѓࢂ 15 ϷȂ࣏ճԙ൷ҡȄԪݲ һ༉૖ࡾюএΡӵღᡝϛޟӴ՝Ȅ έȃоԙ൷୦ኵຟۡ! ! ! ԙ൷୦ኵ࢐සΨڷᏰཾޟШٽȂџоߒ ҰᏰҡޟֆΨแ࡙ȂڏϴԒ࣏ఀى୦ኵଶо සΨ୦ኵॸоΙԻȂܖఀىԑឭଶоЖ౩ԑ ឭॸоΙԻȄԃݎᏰҡޟఀى୦ኵσܻසΨ ୦ኵȂ߯фߒߨலֆΨȂߒҰт࢐ԙ൷ҡȇ ІϞȂࠌߒҰтޟֆΨϚஊȂ࢐ճԙ൷ҡȄ Ιૡԙ൷୦ኵӵΙԻоΰȂ։фߒԙ൷ҡȇ ΙԻоήȂ։ߒҰճԙ൷ȂԪݲޟીᘈϫ ӻȂϐ࡞Ѝ௴ҢȄ ѲȃоଟᘪПݲຟۡ! ! ! Ԫݲ࢐оසΨ࣏Ռᡐ໶ȂᏰཾԙ൷࣏ٷ ᡐ໶Ȃ։оසΨႱกᏰཾԙ൷Ȃณࡣоᄂሬ ԙ൷ᇄႱกԙ൷Ϟ໢ޟ৯ຽแ࡙հؚ࣏ۡ ଽȃճԙ൷ޟ኿ྥȄٽԃȈ࢚ҡޟᄂሬᏰཾ ԙᕼ࣏ 80 ϷȂҥؑுޟଟᘪПแԒᆗюႱ กԙ൷Ϸኵ࣏ 88 ϷȂΙૡंـޱࣨۡᄂሬ ԙ൷຺ႆႱกԙ൷Ιএ኿ྥᇲȞܖјএȟ࣏ ଽԙ൷ȇІϞȂᄂሬԙ൷ճܻႱกԙ൷Ιএ ኿ྥᇲȞܖјএȟ࣏ճԙ൷ȄԪПԒശ૖ಒ ӫଽȃճԙ൷ޟཎဎȂ࢈Ԫݲ࢐Шၶ౩དޟ ຟۡПԒȄ୲षϐጂޣ࢚ٲӰશᇄԙ൷Ԥᡗ ๿ᜰ߽ਢȂႱกᏰཾԙ൷ശ౩དޟᒲݲ࢐ց ҢፒଟᘪПแԒႱกȂٽԃȈषϐጂ߬ස Ψȃ᠞ਪПݲȃᎧ᠞૖Ψȃଢ଼ᐠ้ӰશᇄᏰ ཾԙ൷ԤᜰȂ։џցҢ೻ٲӰશᇄᏰཾԙ൷ ܚؑுޟଟᘪПแԒႱกᏰཾԙ൷Ȅ

୤ȃճԙ൷Ᏸҡޟ᜸࠮!

! ! Ᏸޱঈෆ൷ճԙ൷౪ຫୈϚӣޟᘪ᜸ Ȟ؃␷֥Ȃ1997ȇդ़ۉȃЩ୽ཱྀȃ஻ශ൭ȃ ںМ෣Ȃ2001ȟȂհޱᆣӫᘪ᜸ԃήȈ Ιȃ኷ਢܒճԙ൷ڷߝ෈ܒճԙ൷! ! ! ճԙ൷Ᏸҡޟ᜸࠮џٷਢ໢ߝ฻Ϸ࣏ ኷ਢܒȞܖ௑ცܒȟճԙ൷ڷߝ෈ܒȞܖಬ ᄛܒȟճԙ൷Ȃࠉޱޟճԙ൷ਢ໢ѫ࢐ีҡ ӵ฻኷ޟඁএТܖΙᏰ෈ȂσӻᇄএΡޟ१ σ኷ਢޟܖ௑ცޟᡐӰԤᜰȂԃ१σ੽੾ȃ ড়Ρ੾࢈ȃཨড়ᙽᏰ้ȂনӰৠܾᄆឈȂΙ ҍࠉक़ޟӠᐠ࡙ႆȂ՗࣏։࡮ඈғலȂ࢈Ԫ

᜸ճԙ൷឴ሆ࡙࠮ȇࡣޱࠌڏճԙ൷౪ຫџ ૖ϐငԑಣТȂζ೨ࡻ៉έԑϤၷȂܖ؁ߝ ޟਢ໢Ȃҥܻϐငਲ਼౏အھȂনӰζϚܾี ౪Ȃ࢈ڏճԙ൷՗࣏һৠܾ࣏σড়ܚ܇౱Ȃ Ԫ᜸ճԙ൷឴ᝒ१࠮Ȅ Πȃලႇܒճԙ൷ᇄ੫ۡܒճԙ൷! ! ! џٷճԙ൷ऋҬޟӻᄀୢϷ࣏ලႇܒ ճԙ൷ᇄ੫ۡܒճԙ൷Ȃࠉޱ࢐ܚԤᇄස૖ ԤᜰޟᏰಬऋҬ֯ᡗ౪ճԙ൷౪ຫȂࡣޱࠌ ࢐ѫԤ੫ۡޟ࢚ΙऋҬᡗ౪ճԙ൷౪ຫȄ έȃၥᓺճԙ൷ᇄΙૡճԙ൷! ! ! ԪѴȂάџࡸසΨଽȃճ௑לϷ࣏ၥᓺ ճԙ൷ᇄΙૡճԙ൷Ȅၥᓺճԙ൷࢐සΨ 130 оΰޟၥᓺҡȂ፞ཾߒ౪ࠓڷၥᓺޟස ΨϚས଩ȄΙૡճԙ൷άϷ࣏ଽසΨճԙ ൷Ȃ։ϛΰසΨȞIQ घӵ 110-130 Ϟ໢ȟȂ ծ፞ཾߒ౪ࠓڷϛΰޟසΨϚས଩ȇϛසΨ ճԙ൷Ȃ։ϛ้සΨȞIQ घӵ 90-110 Ϟ ໢ȟȂծ፞ཾߒ౪ࠓڷϛ้ޟසΨϚས଩Ȅ ՍܻճසΨԙ൷ճȂ։ϛήසΨȞIQ घӵ 70-85 Ϟ໢ȟȂ፞ཾߒ౪ڷϛή้ޟසΨས ଩ȂᡗҰԙ൷ճޟᏰಬ౪ຫȂԪ᜸ᏰҡΙૡ ᆎ࣏ȶᏰಬᒶጥȷȄ

ဓȃճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟЖ౩੫኉!

! ! оή࢐ఀৱܚජक़ޟճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟ՗ ࣏੫኉Ȉ ! ! ȶ࣏ؠቸհཾײ౩ҥȇᄇٱ௑ીмᑹ ፸ȃೝଢ଼ȃٷᒦȷȇȶϚᇄտΡࣺ೎ȂϚୈ հཾȂ൉᠍ᖿરၗȷȇȶདྷᖿၗȃϚ᠙፞ȃ ੏າਢ໢ȷȇȶϚԙዣȃԊᓗȃଝᕻȃᑹ፸ ฻኷ȷȄ೻ٲ࢐Ιٲџَޟ୰ᚠ՗࣏੫኉Ȅ ճԙ൷Ᏸҡ࢐Ιএϱӵ৯౴ࣺ࿋σޟ౴፴ ܒတᡝȂтঈޟᏰಬሄᏲПਰ҆໸ٷএտޟ ੫኉ڷሯؑёоॎგȄ ! ! Ᏸޱঈ௃౩፣ΰϷտᘪઽճԙ൷Ᏸҡ ޟ՗࣏੫኉ȄMercer ᇄ MercerȞ1998ȟࡾ юȂڎԤᏰಬ୰ᚠޟᏰ็Ȟѓࢂճԙ൷ȃᏰ ಬራᛤȃᏰಬᒶጥޟᏰ็ȟȂڏᏰಬ੫኉џ Ϸ࣏ᇯޣޟȃ௑ཐޟȃڷ՗࣏ޟέП७ȄȞ1ȟ ᇯޣޟ੫኉Ȉᇯޣޟڷࡣ೩ᇯޣޟીмȃᏰ ཾԙ൷ճဣȃ଄ᏹΨϚيȃϚடݧЅႆଢ଼ȃ ޣឈ౴ல้ȄȞ2ȟ௑ཐޟ੫኉Ȉીмޥོ ޟ׬ѽȃ॒७ޟՌר྅܈ȃᏰಬଢ଼ᐠճဣȃ ௑ᆱճဣȄȞ3ȟ՗࣏ޟ੫኉Ȉીмᎌᔖޟ ՗࣏ȃકᚽܒ՗࣏ȃଝᕻܒ՗࣏Ȅ ! ! Davis ڷ RimmȞ1989ȟٷճԙ൷ޟন Ӱڷ੿ޑȂ஠ճԙ൷Ϸ࣏έᆍкौ੫኉Ȃؐ Ιᆍкौ੫኉ϞήάѓࢂΙٲԩौ੫኉Ȉ ! ! ಑Ιᆍкौ੫኉࣏ճՌ൵Ȉ࢐ܚԤճԙ ൷୰ᚠޟਲ਼ҏȂ࣏ճԙ൷ޱശலَڷശලႇ ޟ੫኉Ȅԩौ੫኉࣏ȈȞ1ȟϚࣺ߬ՌϏڎ രᄂሬޟ૖ΨׇԙЮҔܖՂৱ෈ఖтঈׇ ԙޟӈ୛ȄȞ2ȟߒ౪ഄ஼ȃІתȃڷՌר ٩ፏȂԃϴ໠ޟ׳ຟᏰਮޟࠢ፴Ѕఀৱޟϗ ૖ȂࡇᆎՌϏᄇᏰਮؠЫྥޟกᡛܖӵੲΰ ޟԙᕼȂਲ਼ҏϚӵнܖϚৣўາΨȂоᆰ៖ ፞ཾѶఁޟճՌ൵ȄȞ3ȟӵΙএӈ୛ΰѶ ఁȂོᘪӰܻી૖ΨȇषԙђȂࠌོᘪӰܻ ԁၼ੉ȄԪᆍᘪӰಬᄛ஠Ᏺमఀىԙ൷ΰޟ ಬுฒօཐȂՄᇯ࣏ֆΨᇄ๖ݎฒᜰȂ࢈ತ ஠ܹణӈդᏰಬޟკၐȄ

! ! ಑Πᆍкौ੫኉࣏ଠᗗ՗࣏ȈճՌ൵Ᏺ मճԙ൷ޱӵড়ܖӵਮޟଠᗗ՗࣏Ȃԩौ੫ ኉࣏ȈȞ1ȟࡾюᏰਮ፞แޟ፝ӻϚ࿋Ϟ೎Ȃ ᇯ࣏ՌϏؠԤ౩ҥᏰಬฒҢޟఀ؅Ȃܻ࢐ଠ ᗗпюֆΨȂиџ૖໌Ι؏ࡇᆎՌϏѫौԤ ЖᏰಬȂџоୈு࡞ԁȄ೻ᆍଠᗗ՗࣏Ȃ߳ ៖ճԙ൷ޱջܻܛᇯՌϏીм߬Жڷ૖Ψ ܚளپޟৼាȄтঈоϚᏰಬհ࣏Ѷఁޟ౩ ҥȂоᆰࡻڏՌרቋ঄ཐȄȞ2ȟѪѴΙᆍ ࣺխޟՌר٩ፏޟଠᗗ՗࣏࢐ӵᄇܻএΡ ޟ૖ΨଽճրᘞШၶؠԤࡄ૏ܒޟਮѴࣀ ଢ଼Ȃߒ౪஼੨ޟᑹ፸ȂܖࣥՍތڥሴᏲӴ ՝ȄஅҏΰȂоӵਮѴП७ޟԙђپᔔ၄Ᏸ ਮ፞ཾΰޟѶఁȄȞ3ȟྃᆒІת᠌ࡄȂ੫ տ࢐ᄇᏰਮ࿋׋ȂтঈዥϛܻөᏰਮඪю׽ ໌ޟ࡚ដȄี౪ᏰਮޟીᘈȂࡾ೰Ᏸਮ࿋ ׋Ȃџ߳៖ճԙ൷ޱଠᗗᏰಬޟ೰ӈȄȞ4ȟ ߒ౪ׇछкဎȂоՌר߳៖Ȅճԙ൷ޱᇯ࣏ ᏰಬҬ኿ॏுЊճȂᗶณџо६ճѶఁޟࠃ ᓎȂծζߒҰՌϏޟแ࡙Њ৯ܖᄇՌϏીм ߬ЖȇषᏰಬҬ኿ॏுڷӣᏔΙमȂоՌϏ ႆўޟᏰಬငᡛȂάᐊЖѶఁޟࠃᓎȂߒ౪ ճ૖ΨȂԤཬՌ൵ЖȂܚотঈװᏰಬҬ኿ ॏுྃଽȂ࣏σӻኵΡ֯ႀϚڗޟცࣨȂߖ нׇछкဎȄӰׇछкဎ࢐ฒݲႀԙޟȂܚ оϚ፣ՌϏܖтΡ֯ϚᄇএΡޟԙђܲࡻ ෈ఖȂܻ࢐ճԙ൷ޱ൷࣏ՌϏ৯ޟߒ౪ȃճ ޟ૖ΨײڗᙤοȄࣺᄇޟȂᏰཾΰԤԙ൷ޟ ڋ็೩ۡᄂሬџႀޟᏰಬҬ኿ȂиषѶఁȂ ོຜѶఁ࢐ڎԤᑖྃܒЅ࡚೩ܒޟђ૖ȂѶ ఁғџࡾюএΡᏰಬޟϚٗϞ೎ȂବᄇԪી Ѷ׽໌ȂᏰಬϗོ໌؏Ȅ ! ! ԪѴȂάџ஠ճԙ൷ޱޟଠᗗ՗࣏ٷ໷ ௃ܖߨ໷௃ȃٷᒦܖЛ଩ȂלԙѲᆍϚӣճ ԙ൷ޱЅڏӨᆍ୰ᚠ՗࣏Ȅ၏ԃߒ 1Ȅ ߒ 1Ȉճԙ൷ޱޟ੫ܒЅڏ୰ᚠ՗࣏ ٷ! ! ! ! ᒦ Л! ! ! ! ଩ ໷! ௃ ٷᒦޟ໷௃ޱȈׇछкဎޱȃџንޟȃ ೝଢ଼ޟ Л଩ޟ໷௃ޱȈޥོܒޟȃᇳરޟȃ ᏰـޟȃЕΡݧཎޟ ߨ໷௃ ٷᒦޟߨ໷௃ޱȈვॾޟȃቛיޟȃ ݸൊޟȃᐭࡥޟ Л଩ޟߨ໷௃ޱȈᐇᖃޟȃഺཎޟȃ Іתޟȃႆ࡙ޟȃኸΨޟ

Ȟও׽Ռ Davis & Rimm, 1989, P. 311ȟ ! ! ΰߒϛȂ໷௃ޟճԙ൷ޱϚ፣࢐ٷᒦܖ Л଩ޟ੫ܒȂџ૖Ᏺम؁σޟճԙ൷Ȃծڏ ୰ᚠ՗࣏ၶϚ݂ᡗȇՄߨ໷௃ޟճԙ൷ޱϚ ፣࢐ٷᒦܖЛ଩ޟ੫ܒȂ֯ϐᡗ౪ᝒ१ޟ୰ ᚠ՗࣏Ȅΰߒϛޟڐ࠮ޟӪᆎԃೝଢ଼ޟȃІ תޟȂ࢐Ңپ஼፡೻ٲճԙ൷ޱޟкौ੫ ܒȂԤٲճԙ൷ڋ็џ૖ᡗ౪Ιಢޟ੿ޑȂ ՄԤٲճԙ൷ޱࠌџ૖ӣਢᡗҰٷᒦڷЛ

଩ޟ੫ܒȄ ! ! ಑έᆍкौ੫኉࣏ߒ౪୰ᚠ՗࣏Ȉҥܻ ࠉڍএ੫኉ՄᏲमޟΙٲ୰ᚠ՗࣏ߒ౪ ԤȈીмԤᜰᏰਮޟ׬ѽȃᏰಬಬᄛϚيȃ ᏰಬϚடݧȃড়৳ڷᏰਮޟकࡡ୰ᚠȄ ! ! ୽ϱጾڐᙰȞ1999ȟࠌᘪઽճԙ൷ޱџ ૖ڎԤήӖ੫኉Ȉޥོี৤ϚԙዣȃԤ؁ӻ ௑ᆱ୰ᚠȃԤ؁ӻІޥོ՗࣏ȃЅၶճޟޥ ོՌר྅܈Ȅݓదฤᇄ༁ڃৎȞ2000ȟᘪઽ ճԙ൷ޱޟ੫኉ԃήȈȞ1ȟԙᕼޟϚ౩ད ৠܾഅԙ੉ᎶЅᑹ፸ճဣȄȞ2ȟՌר྅܈ ճȃՌڠȃીмՌ߬ȃଠᗗ᠞ਪȄȞ3ȟી м݂ጂޟҬ኿ڷቋ঄ȄȞ4ȟڧϚΟտΡޟ ሆຜȂலՌࡪՌნȄȞ5ȟᇄЮҔޟᜰ߽Ϛ ԙዣȄȞ6ȟငலݸൊȃ௑ᆱճဣȄȞ7ȟல ຶճՌϏȂᄇՌϏЅтΡીмࢾᄆ૖ΨȄȞ8ȟ ฐኌȃྮនȂमኇ៪᠞ਪॎგȄȞ9ȟІת ᠌ࡄȂ๖ҺڎԤІޥོᄘ࡙ޟӣᏔȄȞ10ȟ ॒ܲճȂીм݂ጂޟᙛཾҬ኿ȄȞ11ȟฒօ ཐȂᄇՌϏޟ՗࣏ߒ౪Ϛ॒೰ӈȄȞ12ȟᏰ ಬಬᄛФٹȂીмᏰಬ׬ѽȄȞ13ȟฒݲׇ ԙೣۡޟώհȄ ! ! ԪѴȂ੫տବᄇճԙ൷ᏰҡޟᏰಬଢ଼ᐠ ᇄᏰಬ๊౱ޟΙٲंـȂᡗҰԃήޟ๖፣Ȅ ӵᘪӰ੫኉ΰȂճԙ൷ᏰҡᄇᏰཾԙђོᘪ ӰܻѴӵϚᛧۡޟӰશȂԃԁၼ੉ȇᄇᏰཾ ѶఁོᘪӰܻϱӵᛧۡޟӰશȂԃճ૖ΨȂ ᏲमלԙֆΨᇄԙ൷ฒᜰޟ߬܈ȂӰՄלԙ ᏰಬޟȶಬுฒօཐȷȄӵԙђޟႱ෈ΰȂ Ιૡଽԙ൷Ᏸ็ᄇՌϏޟᏰཾ౰ҡଽ෈ ఖȇՄճԙ൷Ᏸ็ོᄇՌϏޟᏰཾ౰ҡճ෈ ఖȄӵՌרਝ૖ΰȂଽԙ൷ᏰҡޟՌרਝ૖ ֯ଽܻճԙ൷ᏰҡȄ ! ! ӵᏰಬ๊౱П७Ȃ೨ӻंـൢ֙ᡗҰȂ ճԙ൷ᏰҡӵၼҢᇯޣ๊౱ȃ՗ଢ଼௡ڙȃၥ ྛᆓ౩ȃࡣ೩ᇯޣ้ӨᆍᏰಬ๊౱ΰԤી ഞȄBrownȞ1987ȟޟंـᡗҰȂճԙ൷Ᏸ ҡᇄΙૡᏰҡӵࡣ೩ᇯޣΰڎԤήӖޟ৯ ౴ȈȞ1ȟճԙ൷ᏰҡၶЍ୰୰ᚠȂڏџ૖ ޟনӰ࢐Ϛޣ୰ᚠӵ঺၇ȂܖϚޣԃդี ୰ȄȞ2ȟճԙ൷ᏰҡၶϚོԤਝޟ௡ڙኇ ៪ՌϏᏰಬޟӨᆍौશȄȞ3ȟճԙ൷Ᏸҡ ܁܁ѫོ௃ٱᅳ࿥ޣᜋޟ଄ᏹȂϚོ௃ٱՌ ר೩ۡᏰಬҬ኿ȃՌרᅿ௡Ᏸಬ໌࡙ȃՌר ຟեᏰಬԙਝȃՌרওғᏰಬԙݎޟՌר፡ ᐌޟଽቹԩࡦՃȄȞ4ȟճԙ൷ᏰҡޟᏰಬ ΙૡીмԙΡޟڞօڷᐭᓾȂࣥՍڧڗЮҔ ޟ೰രȃӣᏰޟቛરȂᏲमᏰಬޟଢ଼ᐠճ ဣȄݓ࡚ҁȞ2004ȟޟंـһᡗҰ୽ωଽԑ ઻ճԙ൷ᏰҡᇄΙૡᏰҡࣺၶȈȞ1ȟڏᏰ ಬଢ଼ᐠޟՌרਝ૖ȃϱӵҬ኿ȃ᠞ਪቋ঄ȃ Ᏸಬฐኌ้֯ၶϚ౩དȄȞ2ȟڏᏰಬޟ՗ ଢ଼௡ڙޟ௑ཐ௡ڙȃ௑ც௡ڙȃਢ໢ᆓ౩ȃ ؑօтΡȃֆΨ஀ࡻ้֯ၶϚ౩དȄȞ3ȟ ڏᇯޣ๊౱ޟፒᇫ๊౱ȃᆠጝ๊౱ȃಢᙑ๊ ౱้֯ၶϚ౩དȄȞ4ȟڏࡣ೩ᇯޣ๊౱ޟ ॎห๊౱ȃᅿ௡๊౱ȃຟե๊౱ȃওғ๊౱ ้֯ၶϚ౩དȄ ! ! ԪѴȂݓదฤᇄ༁ڃৎȞ2000ȟෆоኈ ݂୦டޟ 288 Ӫଽȃճԙ൷ޟᏰҡ࣏ᄇຫȂ ШၶԂঈӵΙٲᏰಬ՗࣏ΰޟ৯౴Ȃंـ๖ ݎᡗҰȈȞ1ȟଽԙ൷Ᏸҡӵ᠞ਪଢ଼ᐠΰޟ ՌרौؑЅ࣏ҐپޟЀᏰୈྥരΰଽܻճ ԙ൷ҡȂճԙ൷ҡၶڧѴӵӰશȞܐೝ࿋ȟ

ޟኇ៪ȇȞ2ȟճԙ൷ᏰҡޟᏰಬၶܾڧ௑ ᆱӰશޟኇ៪ȇȞ3ȟճԙ൷ᏰҡޟᏰಬᄘ ࡙ၶ༊өᔖпޟᄘ࡙Ȃଽԙ൷ҡࠌၶ૖ᡝᇯ ᠞ਪޟቋ঄ȂٮၶܾೝᐭีᏰಬޟଢ଼ᐠȇȞ4ȟ ճԙ൷ҡᄇҐپၶฒҬ኿ᇄ᜹ශȇȞ5ȟճ ԙ൷ҡၶலᘪӰᏰಬޟԙఁܻၼ੉ȂՄଽԙ ൷ҡࠌᘪӰԙఁܻֆΨܚमȇȞ6ȟճԙ൷ ҡၶીм᠞ਪਢ໢ޟԊ௶Ѕғጂޟ᠞ਪП ݲȇȞ7ȟճԙ൷ҡӵᏰಬਢႄڗ֨ᜲȂၶ Ѝкଢ଼൶ؑՂৱܖӣᏰޟڞօȂζၶৠܾܹ ణȄ ! ! ᖂϞȂ๋ޱᘪઽճԙ൷ᏰҡޟЖ౩੫኉ ࣏έএП७ȈȞ1ȟᇯޣП७ȈᏰಬಬᄛϚ ٹȃીмᇯޣЅࡣ೩ᇯޣޟᏰಬ๊౱ȃޣឈ ౴லȃϚடݧ้ȄȞ2ȟ௑ཐП७ȈճՌ൵ȃ ճՌר྅܈ȃીмՌרቋ঄ȃᏰಬޟฒօ ཐȃᄇᏰಬՌኸՌణȃીмᏰಬҬ኿Ѕቋ ঄ȃᏰಬฐኌ้ȄȞ3ȟ՗࣏П७ȈՌר٩ ፏȃଠᗗᏰಬȃೝଢ଼ᏰಬȃᏰಬฒΨȃฒݲ ׇԙ፞ཾȃІת᠌ࡄȃႆଢ଼՗࣏ȃ՗࣏ଝᕻȃ ႂक՗࣏ȃଠ፞ᙙড়ȃҺЄϚ࿋ȃᒑυፐएȃ ᒑৱፐए้Ȅ֯঄ுԤᜰΡষޟᜰݧᇄᏲ ғȂ֏ࠌৠܾᏲम܁ࡣޟᏰਮȃড়৳ȃᙛཾȃ Ѕޥ้ོП७ޟϚᎌᔖȄ

ӂȃճԙ൷ޟনӰ!

! ! ኇ៪Ᏸ็ճԙ൷ޟӰશџϷ࣏ড়৳ޥ ငӴ՝ȃড়৳੉ݥȃЍኵҕఊޟМϽϚӣȃ ᏰਮฒਝޟఀᏰȃᏰҡএΡޟᏰಬПݲܖଢ଼ ᐠӰશ้Ȅឃ఼ԈȞ1987ȟෆඪЅኇ៪ٳ၂ ၥᓺճԙ൷ҡᏰཾԙ൷ޟӰશϛȂ಑Ι࢐এ ΡӰશȂլ 67%ȇ಑Π࢐ড়৳ӰશȂլ 30%ȇ ಑έ࢐ఀৱӰશȂլ 3%Ȅ ! ! Mandel ڷ MarcusȞ1988ȟ஠ճԙ൷ޟ ԙӰϷ࣏Ѳএкौ᜸࠮Ȉ኷ਢܒޟȃҗδܒ ޟȃϱӵޟȃЅѴӵޟ้Ȃٮоϣଢ଼ޟלԒ ߒҰήӖԙӰȈȞ1ȟѴӵޟ኷ਢܒӰશȂ ԃȈЮҔҡ੾ȃఀৱ֙୅ȇȞ2ȟѴӵޟҗ δܒӰશȂԃȈড়৳ક࿥ȃড়ΡԫιȇȞ3ȟ ϱӵޟ኷ਢܒӰશȂԃȈҡ੾ȃᕊᎴϚيȇ Ȟ4ȟϱӵޟҗδܒӰશȂԃȈᏰಬራᛤȃ ીмଢ଼ᐠ้Ȟ؃␷֥Ȃ1997ȟȄ ! ! Davis ڷ RimmȞ1989ȟඪюճԙ൷ޟ নӰԤȈ IJįġড়৳ӰશȈѓࢂԤড়৳၌ಢȞЮҔԫιܖ ᚔஔЕଔȟȇЮҔႆ࡙߳៖ȃܹӈȃ᠌ࡄȇ ЮҔᆓఀϚΙमȇЮҔޟఀىᢎ܈ϚΙ मȇυτϚᇯӣЮҔȇЮҔϚيҰጒճԙ ൷ȇЮҔᄇఀىޟᢎ܈୑৯Ȃԃ᠞ਪฒҢ ፣ȂϚ१ຜఀى้Ȅ ijįġᏰਮӰશȈѓࢂȞ1ȟӵఀࡉޟ੉ݥП७Ȃ ڎԤήӖ੫኉ޟఀࡉᕗც஠ᏲमᏰҡޟ ճԙ൷՗࣏Ȉીмᄇএտڋ็ޟ൵१ȃᐨ ࠔޟᝯތ੉ݥȃ஼፡Ѵӵޟຟեȃయฒኆ ܒڷቊϽȃၓσݧཎᒿᇲڷѶఁȃΙএׇ Ӓ௡ڙޟఀৱȃΙএؠԤႍ፬ޟ፞แȄȞ2ȟ ӵఀৱ॒өޟ෈ఖП७Ȃٷ Rosenthal ڷ Jacobson ӵ 1968 ԑܚюގޟȶఀࡉϛޟ Ш଻ᓸȷȞPygmalion in the Classroomȟ ޟᢎ܈Ȃఀৱޟ෈ఖ૖ᄇڋ็ޟՌר྅܈ ڷఀࡉԙ൷ڎᔛቑܒޟኇ៪Ȃճԙ൷ޟڋ ็ȂтঈޟՌר྅܈ҏ൷ၶ৯Ȃఀৱܚ༈ ႀޟ॒ө෈ఖ஠ོՌ՗ᕕுᔖᡛȄȞ3ȟ ӵฒઉޟ፞แП७Ȃ࿋Ᏸਮޟ፞แᡗ౪ી

мࢅᏽȃฒઉȃฒಮȂᏰҡЎڏ࢐ᖑ݂ޟ ճԙ൷ҡȂ஠џ૖ӵᏰਮޟ፞แΰߒ౪ճ ԙ൷Ȃծࠓ௃፞Ѵޟࣀଢ଼࿋ϛўഺഅтঈ ܚᇯ࣏Ԥઉޟ፞แȄ ! ! RimmȞ1987ȟоȶএΡֆΨޟԤฒȷ ڷȶܚᕕԙݎޟԁᚽȷϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ᇳ݂ճԙ ൷ޟԙӰȈȞ1ȟȶֆΨՄԤԙݎȷȈԪᆍ ౪ຫོלԙᏰಬᎌᔖيԁޟȶԙ൷ޱȷȄᏰ ҡֆΨпюȂᕕுᙴᆈԙݎޟӱൢȂܻ࢐Ο ၌ֆΨᇄ๖ݎޟᜰ߽ȂᏰுֆΨޟيԁᏰಬ ᄘ࡙ȄтঈܚᒵޟᏰಬҬ኿ᜲ࡙ᎌϛȂӵᏰ ಬϛһ૖ٴڧώհޟዅ፸ȄԪᆍᏰಬငᡛޟ Ᏸҡ᜹ཎࡻ៉ֆΨȂиዅܻ௥ڧώհࢅᏽȄ Ȟ2ȟȶֆΨࠓฒӱൢȷȈԪᆍ౪ຫོלԙ ȶճԙ൷ޱȷȂনӰ࢐Ԥᎌ࿋ޟֆΨȂծм ᎌ࿋ޟᏰಬҬ኿Ȅ࿋Ᏸ็ᄇᏰಬޟቋ঄ᢎڧ ڗЮҔȃޥོȃܖӣᏔޟІසࡦདޟኇ៪Ȃ Մ೩ۡȶЊճޟᏰಬҬ኿ȷȄԃᇯ࣏ᖑ݂Ϛ ԃפዅܖڧ᠍ߔ१ौȇЖසޟԙ൷Ϛԃछᇼ ܖၼଢ଼ൟΰറюپுڧ१ຜȇԤٲড়ߝៀᒯ ڋ็ȶᏰಬ፞ҏޟԫޣᜋϚԃᐣጛҡࣀޟல ᜋپு१ौȷȂ೻ٲЮҔσ഍ҏ٘Ґڧଽ้ ఀىȂஅܻϚΟ၌ޣᜋޟቋ঄ȂܖᄇܻՌϏ ޟԤ३ޟޣᜋڷԙ൷ܚߒ౪ޟՌר٩ፏȂᄇ ڋ็༈ႀ೻ٲІසޟ߬਀ȂՄኇ៪ڋ็ޟԙ ൷ଢ଼ᐠȄषҬ኿೩ுЊճȂᏰ็஠ϛᘞᎌ࿋ ޟֆΨȄ࿋Ᏸ็ӵЮҔޟ෈ఖ຺юՌϏޟ૖ ΨЅଽ࡙ᝯތޟᏰਮᕗცȂՄ೩ۡȶЊଽޟ ᏰಬҬ኿ȷȂٺڋ็ӔࡩቄֆΨڷᖑ݂ζฒ ݲႀԙԪଽҬ኿Ȃܻ࢐ڋ็ᛄᅸӈդޟֆΨ пюζႀϚڗଽҬ኿ȂᏲमтঈ஠ՌኸՌ ణȄȞ3ȟȶϚֆΨՄԤԙݎȷȈԪᆍ౪ຫ ོלԙȶճԙ൷ޱȷȂনӰ࢐Ᏸಬࣀଢ଼Њᙏ ൐ȂҐڎٗஊޟࢅᏽܒȂоमᏰҡҐпюֆ ΨȂ։ሆܾޟԙђȄ࿋Ᏸಬޟ኿ྥЊճȃЊ ܾȂؠԤࢅᏽܒȂϚծᏰҡᏰϚڗޣᜋȂи ོཐڗᏰಬޟฒಮȂҐ૖உᎴञܒȃࢅᏽȃ ༕ᏭޟيԁᏰಬಬᄛȄȞ4ȟȶϚֆΨζฒ ԙݎȷȈԪᆍ౪ຫོלԙശᝒ१ޟȶճԙ൷ ޱȷȄԪᆍ๖׋࢐ҥ಑Πڷ಑έᆍճԙ൷ߝ ෈ಣᑖȂלԙΟᄚܒޟճԙ൷Ȃζ࢐ശᜲሄ Ᏺޟճԙ൷՗࣏ȞDavis & Rimm, 1989ȟȄ ! ! ୽ϱդ़ۉȃЩ୽ཱྀȃ஻ශ൭ȃںМ෣ ้Ȟ2001ȟࡾюȂճԙ൷ᏰҡӵᏰಬᐣแ౰ ҡ֨ᜲޟনӰȈȞ1ȟݧཎΨҐ૖໱ϛȞ2ȟ ཱིଉ਀Ґ૖ᇄᙟငᡛ೿๖Ȟ3ȟФી᠞ਪ׬ ѽȞ4ȟҐ૖ᕕுᎌ࿋ޟЛࡻȞ5ȟ౰ҡϚ࿋ ޟՌרਝ૖Ȟ6ȟҐ૖௃Ᏸಬϛ౰ҡᇯޣ๊ ౱Ȟ7ȟਙ׷ৠעΨၶճȄMcCoach ᇄ Siegle Ȟ2003ȟඪюϤএճԙ൷ޟႱกӰυ࣏ȈᏰ ཾޟՌרޣឈȃᄇᏰਮޟᄘ࡙ȃᄇఀৱޟᄘ ࡙ ȃ ଢ଼ ᐠ ܖ Ռ ר ፡ ᐌ Ȟmotivation/self-regulationȟȃҬ኿ቋ঄Ȅ ! ! ᖂϞȂճԙ൷ޟ౰ҡϚѴнήӖনӰȈ Ȟ1ȟޥོӰશȈԃቋ঄ᡝفȃఀىࢇ๊ȃ ܒտݢຜȃᆍఊݢຜ้ȄȞ2ȟᏰਮӰશȈ ԃᏰਮ՗ࢇȃఀᏰ೩രȃఀ؅ఀݲȃৱҡᜰ ߽ȃӣᏔᜰ้߽ȄȞ3ȟড়৳ӰશȈԃড়৳ ޥငӴ՝ȃড়৳੉ݥȃЮҔᆓఀᄘ࡙ȃড়৳ ၌ಢ้ȄȞ4ȟএΡӰશȈԃᏰಬራᛤȃᏰ ಬଢ଼ᐠȃᏰಬПݲȃՌרᆓ౩ȃΡਿ୰ᚠ้Ȅ ڏᏰಬሄᏲһሯ௃оΰޟ೻ٲӰશў௤ ଆȂΟ၌নӰࡣӔᄇ੿ή᛾Ȃ೎ПϭΣȂП ࣏ΰ๊Ȅ

୤ՃМᝦ!

դ़ۉȃЩ୽ཱྀȃ஻ශ൭ȃںМ෣Ȟ2001ȟȄ ᏰಬሄᏲȄЖ౩юގޥȄ ؃җ֥Ȟ1997ȟȄᏰಬሄᏲ—ᏰಬЖ౩Ᏸޟ ᔖҢȄЖ౩юގޥȄ ߙΰઍȃࢹᆆᗸȞ1996ȟȄ୽ᇭМճԙ൷Ᏸ ҡᎧ᠞ߒ౪ϞଡᙹंـȞ˵ȟȈ୽ҕω Ᏸ୽ᇭМճԙ൷Ᏸ็ᑢᒵώڎفӖี ৤ϞंـȄ୽ऋོடᚠंـॎგԙݎൢ ֙ȄNSC84-2421-H-017-00-F5Ȅ ݓదฤȃ༁ڃৎȞ2000ȟȄடऋᏰҡᏰಬճ ԙ൷ޟԙӰЅᏰಬ֨ცϞंـ—оኈ ݂ ୦ ட ࣏ ٽ Ȅ ኈ ݂ Ᏸ ൢ Ȃ 16 ෈ Ȃ 373-396Ȅ ݓ࡚ҁȞ2004ȟȄճԙ൷Ᏸ็ޟՌר፡ᐌᏰ ಬϞࣺᜰंـȄᇃѕѿȈϤࠒюގޥȄ ֔၉ઉȞ1980ȟȄ୽ϛଽȃճԙ൷Ᏸҡড়৳ धශЅЖ౩੫፴ϞШၶंـȄ୽ҳଽ໰ ৱጒᏰ଱ఀىᏰفЅఀىंـܚȂఀى Ᏸѐ಑Π෈Ȃ161-198Ȅ नҗதȞ1999ȟȄ୽ᇭМճԙ൷Ᏸҡࡣ೩ᇯ ޣ૖ΨϞंـȄᏰ็Ꭷ᠞֨ᜲޟᠦۡᇄ ຨᘞंଆོȄ नۅ㈵Ȟ1996ȟȄ୽ωሄᏲ՗ࢇᇄᄂ୛Ȅᇃ ѕѿȈϤࠒюގޥȄ ഌҡҝȞ1973ȟȄ୽ϛճԙ൷ᏰҡЖ၇੫፴ ϞϷݙंـȄ୽ҳᇃᢊৱσఀىंـܚ ໱ѐȂ15Ȃ451-532Ȅ ஻ࢌᑹȞ1989ȟȄ஻ЪЖ౩Ᏸ᜝ڐȄᇃѕѿȈ ݍ๼ਪ׋Ȅ ጾڐᙰȞ1999ȟȄճԙ൷ၥᓺҡޟড়৳ኇ៪Ȅ ၥᓺఀى۟ѐȂ಑ 72 ෈Ȃ1-9Ȅ ᗂЫࠒȃ྆ۅஆȞ1992ȟȄճԙ൷Ᏸҡޟຨ ᘞᇄ၄௿ఀᏰȄԙߝᇄᏰಬȞέȟȂᇃ ᢊࣸఀىᢈӟ՗Ȅ ឃ఼ԈȞ1987ȟȄЮҔޟΡਿᄇၥᓺυτޟ ኇ៪Ȅၥᓺఀى۟ѐȂ22Ȃ20-22Ȅ Brown, A. L. (1987). Metacognition, executive

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