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朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞㙐ⷓ屯➡做ᷕ⽫∗㔁㌰ġ㓞䧧㖍㛇烉2017 ⸜ 10 㚰 24 㖍炻㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉2017 ⸜ 12 㚰 30 㖍ˤ *㛔㔯⇅䧧㚦㕤 2016 ⸜ 6 㚰 6 㖍䘤堐㕤朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞冱彎ᷳˬ㳣⊾㔁⬠⬠埻䞼 妶㚫˭ˤ⎎⢾炻㛔㔯ḇデ嫅ℑỵ⋧⎵⮑㞍Ṣ㍸ὃ⮞屜䘬ᾖ㓡シ夳ˤἄ侭忂妲㕡⺷炻 yphu@pu.edu.twġ
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ύЎᄔा!
!!! 㛔㔯ᷫḮ妋⚳ᷕ䓇㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺㬟䦳ᷳ埴≽䞼䨞炻䞼䨞䚖䘬⊭⏓↮㜸⚳ ᷕ䓇㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺䘬⮎㕥㬟䦳冯⚘⠫炻Ḯ妋⬠䓇⮵冒⼳⬠佺䘬⍵ㅱ冯⚆棳炻ẍ ⍲↮㜸㬠䲵⚳ᷕ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺䘬慵溆ˤ䞼䨞⮵尉䁢⎘ᷕⶪᶨ䥩䩳ᷕ⬠⚳ᶨ 䓇ℑ䎕ℙ 34 ⎵⬠䓇炻㭷忙ᶨ㫉㊯⮶ᾳ⇍⬠䓇冒⼳⬠佺䫾䔍冯䲨抬炻忚埴ℑ⬠ 㛇ˤ䞼䨞䳸㝄䘤䎦炻⚳ᷕ䓇德忶㩊㟠㭷㖍姀抬炻⼿ẍ奢⮇冒䘬䓇㳣㧉⺷炻⽆ ˬ䘤䎦˭ˣˬ䞍忻˭䫱㔯⫿ᷕ炻栗䣢⬠䓇⽆忶⼨ˬ塓≽⏲䞍˭⊾䁢ˬᷣ≽奢⮇˭炻 忁㗗ᶨ⣏忚㬍ˤᶵ忶炻忶䦳ᷕṎ䘤䎦⬠䓇⮵㕤冒⼳⬠佺姀抬冯➟埴炻⽭枰天⮶ ⷓ䜋Ὣ炻⣂㔠⬠䓇ㇵ㚫➟埴ˤ䞼䨞侭⺢嬘⽆⚳ᷕ䎦⟜㔁ⷓἮ㍐≽炻冒⼳⬠佺㓰 㝄⮯庫Ἓ炻᷎ᶼ⎬⬠䥹柀➇ㅱ㚱ᶵ⎴䘬⬠佺㕡㱽ˤ㛔䞼䨞㍸ὃ℟橼䘬䫾䔍⺢嬘炻 㛇傥㚱㓰⸓≑ᷕ⬠䓇⺢䩳冒⼳⬠佺䘬佺ㄋˤ 斄挝娆烉冒⼳⬠佺炻⚳ᷕ䓇A Study of the Implementation of Self-Regulated
Learning in Junior High School
Yih-Pei Hu
Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Education & Center for Teacher Education, Providence University
Abstract
This action research aimed at the implementation of self-regulated learning ȐSRLȑ strategies in a private junior high school with thirty-four 7th
grade students in Taichung, Taiwan. The purposes were to analyze the implementation of SRL and difficulties, understand students’ responses and feedback, and conclude the principles of developing SRL. The findings showed that students were able to self-realized time management in their daily life, rather been told. This is a big step of improvement. However, students showed passive attitude on self-regulated activities until the class mentor designated as their homework. Teachers were recommended to actively participate in offering more personalized, differentiated and specific guidance in developing students’ SRL skills in different subject matters and daily living experiences. Specific strategies were also concluded for future SRL development in junior high schools.
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冢䀋㔁⬠䎦⟜ᷕ炻䳽⣏⣂㔠㔁ⷓ䘮䚉⽫䪕≃♲䚠㌰炻䓂军ᶵ㕟⛘㈦㚜 ⣂䞍嬀冯屯妲炻㊩临ˬ嫃˭䴎⬠䓇倥ˤ⎗や䘬㗗炻忁䧖塓≽ˣ⠓泐䘬㔁⬠㕡⺷ 䴻塓娔䕭姙ᷭḮˤZimmermanˣBonner 冯 Kovach ㍸⍲⛐⬠佺䘬㬟䦳ᷕ炻⤪ 㝄⬠䓇⥳䳪ᶵ傥冒䩳冒嵛炻恋湤炻ṾᾹ䘬⬠佺≽㨇⼰⾓⯙㚫῎⿈ˣ徨㷃炷㜿⽫ 勡嬗炻2000炸ˤ䃞侴炻劍侩ⷓ傥⣈⁛怆⬠䓇ᶨ䧖叿慵⬠䓇梲ㆸ冒⼳埴䁢䘬₡ῤ 奨炻恋湤⮯傥㚱㓰⛘⡆忚冒ㆹ≽㨇⍲⬠佺䘬㓰傥炷⺽冒㜿⺢⸛炻2005炸ˤ冒⼳ 㗗㊯ᾳṢ㟡㒂䴻槿⇘⍲奨⮇⇘䘬䳸㝄炻婧㔜冒䘬埴䁢烊㔁ⷓ奺刚㗗⍣⸓≑ ⬠䓇䧵㤝㈽ℍ冒ㆹ⬠佺䘬㬟䦳炷Bandura, 1986ˣ1997炸ˤ2009 ⸜⚳晃⬠䓇傥≃姽慷妰䔓炷Programme for International Student Assessment, PISA炸䳸㝄栗䣢⬠ 䓇℟㚱冒⼳⬠佺炷Self-Regulated Learning, SRL炸⥳䳪冯 PISA 教嬨姽慷䘬庫Ἓ
堐䎦㚱斄炻㬌斄倗⿏⛐冢䀋⯌䁢栗叿 炷冢䀋 PISA ⚳⭞䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炻2011炸ˤ⬠ 㟉ㅱ娚⸓≑⬠䓇⬠㚫⤪ỽ⬠佺炻➡梲ṾᾹ妋㰢⓷柴䘬シ栀炻溻⊝⬠䓇⮯拗婌 ㋓㉀夾䁢⬠佺䘬⣹㨇炻嬻⬠䓇デ⍿⇘⬠佺䘬槭≃≽㨇炻ἧᷳ栀シ≒≃冯⯽䎦 㭭≃炷冢䀋 PISA 䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炻2014炸ˤ 䞼䨞侭㕤 2009 ⸜崟炻⛐ⷓ➡婚䦳ᷕ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺䫾䔍炻天㯪ⷓ屯➡做⬠ 䓇炷ẍᶳ䯉䧙ⷓ屯䓇炸姀抬㭷㖍㗪攻↮惵炻㭷㚰䴙妰ˣ↮㜸冯⍵䚩冒㗪攻䭉 䎮㓰傥ˤ䫔ᶨ㫉㚰姀抬ᷕ炻⌛⎗䚳⇘⬠䓇⮵㖍ⷠ䓇㳣埴䁢佺ㄋ䘬枻ぇ冯奢⮇ˣ 䩳⌛㍸↢妋㰢⓷柴䘬䫾䔍᷎ᾖ㬋ˤ㕤㗗炻㍍ᶳἮ㭷⬠⸜㊩临㬌䫾䔍炷傉ㅞ呻炻 2013ˣ2017炸ˤ⤛ᶲ⚳ᷕ⼴炻䞼䨞侭⍿怨⎹ℐ㟉㔁ⷓ↮ṓ㔁做⮰㤕䞍傥ˤ㺼 嫃⬴䔊炻⮶ⷓ䩳⌛怨婳䞼䨞侭⮯㺼嫃↮ṓᷳ䎮⾝炻ⷞ忚䎕䳂炻⋼≑㈽ℍ㔁⬠ 㳣≽ˤ䞼䨞侭䩳⌛䞼㒔⣂⃫ᷣ柴炻⊭⏓⽫㘢⚾㔁⬠ˣἄ㔯㑘⮓㊯⮶ˣ⎗㯿⬠昊 炾⛯ᶨ㔁做⸛⎘䯉ṳ䫱ˤ℞ᷕ炻䈡⇍㔁⮶冒⼳⬠佺䫾䔍㊩临役ᶨ⬠㛇炻㛇㛓⎹ 㟉㕡⭞攟↮ṓ⬑⫸Ᾱ冒⼳⬠佺㔁⬠䉨㱩⍲䎮⾝炻⭞攟㛇㛃傥㊩临⋼≑炻⚈㬌
䫔Ḵ⬠㛇两临ˤ 䞼䨞侭夾㬌暋⼿䘬冐⸲㔁⬠㨇㚫炻㛔叿埴≽䞼䨞䱦䤆炻ᶵ㕟⛘▿娎ˣ⮎ ἄˣ⍵䚩冯ᾖ妪炻娎叿㈦↢㵝梲⬑⫸冒⼳⬠佺䓇㳣佺ㄋ䘬㕡⺷ˤℑ⬠㛇ᶳἮ炻 デ妠朆ⷠ㶙炰㚱㫋╄⬱ㄘˣḇ㚱㋓㉀㱖╒炻㚜⣂䘬㗗䔹べˤ姙⣂䞼䨞悥㛇㛃德 忶冒⼳⬠佺➡梲⬠䓇嬨㚠佺ㄋ炻⡆忚⬠㤕ㆸ⯙ˤ忋侩ⷓ⭞攟倥⇘冒⼳⬠佺炻 悥檀冰ᶵ炻㛇㛃⬑⫸婚㤕ㆸ䷦⚈㬌㓡┬ˤ䃞侴炻冒⼳⬠佺ᶨ⭂㗗⬠㤕⮶⎹╶烎 忁㗗䞼䨞侭䘬䔹⓷ˤ㬌⢾炻㔯䌣ᷕ䘬冒⼳⬠佺䫾䔍炻ἳ⤪炻ˬ嬨㚠㗪炻ㆹ㚫娎 叿⺬㶭㤂怬㰺㚱䛇㬋䎮妋䘬㤪⾝˭炷冢䀋 PISA ⚳⭞䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炻2011炸ˣˬㆹ㚫 晐㗪㩊㞍冒⬠佺㕡㱽㗗⏎㚱㓰᷎≈ẍ㓡忚˭ˣˬㆹⷠ㚫㩊妶ㆹ⣙㓿䘬⍇⚈侴ἧ ᶳᶨ㫉䘬拗婌㷃⮹˭炷㠩暚曆ˣ昛剠䍲炻2013炸炻℞⮎忁䧖㍷徘朆ⷠ䰈䴙炻侴ᶼ
䫾䔍⚈Ṣ侴䔘ˤ㚜⎗や䘬㗗炻姙⣂⬠䓇㟡㛔ᶵ゛ⓠ㚠炷Berger & Karabenick, 2016炸ˤ 䞼䨞侭⽆ᶨ⸜忶䦳ᷕ柀ぇᶨṃ㑵ἄ㈨ⶏ㕡㱽炻ẍ⍲㍐≽㊯⮶䘬⍇⇯炻 㶙⇣橼ぇ佺ㄋ䘬梲ㆸ暨天㗪攻炻㚜䘤䎦㍐≽㚨慵天䘬斄挝㗗䎦⟜侩ⷓˤ⚈㬌炻 䞼䨞侭↮㜸㔜䎮ℑ⬠㛇䘬屯㕁ˣ䴻槿ˣ⽫⼿冯䚩⿅炻㛇㛃傥⮵⛐借㔁ⷓ炻⯌℞ 㗗ⷓ屯䓇炻⛐➡梲⚳ᷕ䓇冒⼳⬠佺ᶲ傥㚱≑䙲ˤ㛔䞼䨞ᷳ䚖䘬烉 炷ᶨ炸ġ↮㜸㍐≽⚳ᷕ䓇冒⼳⬠佺䘬⮎㕥㬟䦳冯⚘⠫ˤ 炷Ḵ炸ġḮ妋⬠䓇⮵冒⼳⬠佺䘬⍵ㅱ冯⚆棳ˤ 炷ᶱ炸ġ䚩⿅冯↮㜸㬠䲵⚳ᷕ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺䘬慵溆炻㍸ὃ㔁ⷓ冯ⷓ屯䓇⍫侫ˤ
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ມǵЎ!
⬠侭䎕㜄㉱炷Albert Bandura炸娵䁢冒⼳ᷫ㗗㊯Ṣ栆℟㚱冒ㆹ⺽⮶䘬傥≃炻 ṢᾹ㚫德忶冒幓䘬䴻槿冯奨⮇Ἦ婧㔜冒䘬埴䁢ˤ䞼䨞嫱⮎炻⬠佺䘬冒ㆹ≽㨇ᶨ攳⥳忂ⷠ㗗Ἦ冒䇞㭵奒䘬㛇⼭炻Ữ㗗炻㚨䳪怬㗗天月冒䎦㚱䘬⬠㤕㯜㸾ˣ 冒⮵冒傥≃䘬ᾉ⽫炻ẍ⍲ᾳṢ䘬䚖㧁姕⭂Ἦ㰢⭂ˤ㔁ⷓ⛐Ὣ忚冒⼳⬠佺ᶲ ㈖㺼䘬ᷣ天奺刚炻㗗⍣⸓≑⬠䓇䁢ṾᾹ冒ㆹ䘬⬠佺㬟䦳屈屔炷Bandura, 1986ˣ 1997炸ˤ⬠佺㗗ᾳṢ䌐䈡䘬䴻槿炻暨天⬠䓇䧵㤝䘬ˣ㶭㤂䘬䞍忻冒⛐ 䓂湤炻 ᷎ℐ⽫䘬⍫冯ˤ㚧⬠䓇⬴ㆸṾ冒娚 䘬ḳᶵ⎓⬠佺烊䓙⬠䓇冒⬴ㆸ䘬ḳㇵ 㗗⬠佺炷㜿⽫勡嬗炻2000炸ˤ ⬠侭 Schunk ㍸↢冒⼳⬠佺ᶱᾳ㬍樇烉冒ㆹ奨⮇ˣ冒ㆹ⇌㕟炻ẍ⍲冒ㆹ⍵ ㅱ炷昛▱䘯䫱嬗炻2003炸ˤZimmerman 娵䁢㔁⮶⬠䓇䅇䶜冒⼳⬠佺䘬㬟䦳⊭⏓ ⚃㬍樇䘬⽒䑘㬟䦳烉冒ㆹ姽₡冯䚋㍏ˣ姕⭂䚖㧁冯䫾䔍妰䔓ˣ䫾䔍⮎埴冯䚋㍏ˣ 䫾䔍⮎埴冯䚋㍏ˣ䫾䔍䳸㝄䘬䚋㍏ˤ姽Ộ䳸㝄⼴炻ℵ慵㕘⚆⇘䫔ᶨ㬍樇ˤ军㕤 㔁ⷓ⛐⺽⮶䎕䳂⮎埴㬌⽒䑘冒⼳忶䦳炻㍸ὃ⬠䓇⚃䧖ᾳ⇍䘬㓗㊩炻⊭⏓䣢䭬ˣ 溻⊝ˣả⊁↮㜸冯䫾䔍↮㜸炻ẍ⍲䳸㝄䘬㩊㟠冯㓡列炷㜿⽫勡嬗炻2000炸ˤ Zimmerman炷2002炸㍸↢冒⼳⬠佺ᶱ昶㭝䘬⽒䑘⚾烉䫔ᶨ炻妰䔓昶㭝烉↮㜸ả ⊁冯冒ㆹ≽㨇ᾉ⾝ˣ䫔Ḵ炻➟埴昶㭝烉冒ㆹ㍏⇞冯冒ㆹ奨⮇烊䫔ᶱ炻冒ㆹ⍵䚩 昶㭝烉冒ㆹ姽₡冯冒ㆹ⍵ㅱˤ冒⼳⬠佺侭⽭枰ᶵ㕟⛘德忶冒ㆹ䚋㍏⬠佺䘬䳸㝄炻 䴻ⷠ嬲㎃冯ᾖ妪䫾䔍炻Ἦ⚈ㅱ⎬䧖⮎晃䉨㱩ˤ㬌⽒䑘㬟䦳䘬冒⼳埴䁢炻⊭⏓Ḯ 冒ㆹ⮶⎹炻⇑䓐忶䦳ᷕ䓊䓇䘬⎬⺷妲〗炻≈ẍ↮㜸ˣ慸㶭冯⇌㕟炻ἧ⼿ᶵ㕟ᾖ 㬋䘬埴䁢冯䫾䔍炻傥㛅叿㬋⎹䘬䘤⯽㕡⎹⇵忚ˤ 姙⣂䞼䨞㍸↢䛦⣂⬠佺䫾䔍炻⊭㊔ Zimmerman炷1989炸㒔⭂ 15 ᾳ⬠佺䫾 䔍炻⊭⏓炷1炸冒ㆹ姽Ộˣ炷2炸䳬䷼冯廱嬲ˣ炷3炸䚖㧁姕⭂冯妰䔓ˣ炷4炸吸普 屯妲ˣ炷5炸䲨抬冯䚋㍏ˣ炷6炸䑘⠫⺢伖ˣ炷7炸冒ㆹ䋶㆚ˣ炷8炸䶜佺冯姀ㅞˣ炷9炸 ⮳㯪⎴₽㓗㎜ˣ炷10炸⮳㯪侩ⷓ㓗㎜ˣ炷11炸⮳㯪⣏Ṣ㓗㎜ˣ炷12炸㩊夾䫮姀䲨 抬ˣ炷13炸㩊夾侫娎䲨抬ˣ炷14炸㩊夾㚠㛔䲨抬ˣ炷15炸℞Ṿˤ⬠侭 Purdie Hattie 㕤 1996 ⸜㍸↢ 14 ᾳ䫾䔍炻⊭⏓冒ㆹ姽慷ˣ䳬䷼ˣ廱嬲炷transformation炸ˣ 姕䩳䚖㧁ˣ妰䔓ˣ⮳㈦屯㸸ˣ冒ㆹ⡆⻟炷self-reinforcement炸ˣ⮳㈦䣦㚫㓗㊩ˣ
ᾖ妪ˣ姀ㅞˣ䑘⠫姕⭂ˣ慵墯䶜佺ˣἄ䫮姀ˣ冒ㆹ䭉䎮炷廱⺽冒 Leblanc et.al,
2000炸ˤPISA ㍸⍲ᷳ冒⼳⬠佺㍏⇞䫾䔍炻ἳ⤪炻嬨㚠㗪炻⬠䓇㗗⏎㚫⃰⺬㶭
㤂ㆹ䛇㬋天⬠佺䘬㗗䓂湤烊㚫䡢娵ㆹ㗗⏎䎮妋嬨忶䘬ℏ⭡烊㚫娎叿⺬㶭㤂怬㰺 㚱䛇㬋䎮妋䘬㤪⾝烊㚫䡢⭂姀ỷ婚䦳㚨慵天䘬婾溆ˣ㚱ᶵ䎮妋䘬⛘㕡炻㚫㈦柵 ⢾䘬屯㕁Ἦ慸㶭炷冢䀋 PISA ⚳⭞䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炻2011炸ˤ䞼䨞㍸⍲姙⣂冒⼳⬠佺 䫾䔍悥忶㕤⺋㲃䰈䴙炻⬠䓇仢᷷⮵冒妰䔓䫾䔍䘬奢䞍炷Berger & Karabenick, 2016炸炻暨天㚜℟橼㖶䘥䘬㈨ⶏ炷Anthony, Clayton, & Zusho , 2013; Berger & Karabenick, 2016烊Cahill , 2008炸ˤ⚈㬌炻侩ⷓ䘬ṳℍ冯涡㝞炷scaffolding炸朆 ⷠ慵天炻侴ᶼ天⛐冒䃞䑘⠫ᷕ䘬䛇⮎ả⊁炻䫎⎰⬠䓇䘬╄⤥暨㯪炻㍸ὃ怑↯ 䘬㊯⺽炷Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013; Tavakolizadeh1 & Qavam, 2011炸ˤ
姙⣂䞼䨞⮯冒⼳⬠佺忋䳸⬠㤕⬠佺忚埴㍊䨞炷㜿ㄏˣ湫渿懜炻2007烊⼸ 㕘忠ˣ湫渿懜炻1999烊昛▱ㆸ炻2002烊嵁䎖㘜ˣἁ㮹⮏炻2012烊㠩暚曆ˣ昛剠 䍲炻2013烊Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013; Berger & Karabenick, 2016; Leblanc et.al,
2000炸ˤ䃞侴㚱䞼䨞栗䣢侩ⷓ⛐湹㜧ᶲ剙姙⣂㗪攻ⷞ柀妶婾䫾䔍炻⺽⮶⬠䓇⮓
ᶳ䫾䔍炻⬠䓇䘦↮䘦䞍忻侩ⷓ⛐᷶ἄ㤕㗗⏎⬴ㆸˤ䳸㝄栗䣢炻72%⬠䓇堐䣢⛐ ⭞㚱⎰怑嬨㚠䘬䑘⠫炻92%⬠䓇堐䣢⛐⭞嬨㚠㚫䌚⭞Ṣ䘬㽨⊝ᷳᶳ炻⬴ℐ思䄏 怠⭂䫾䔍⍣➟埴䘬⬠䓇⌣Ỽ 20%炻80%⬠䓇➟埴悐↮䫾䔍ㆾ⬴ℐ㰺➟埴ˤ
⬠䓇㚨ⷠ䘬⚆䫼㗗ˬ⾀姀˭ˤ⬠侭堐䣢⯙䬿䞍忻䫾䔍ˣḇ㒔⭂妰䔓炻ᶵẋ堐ᶨ
⭂ 㚫 炻 ⬠ 䓇 仢 ᷷ ⬴ ㆸ ἄ 㤕 䘬 ㈧ 媦 炷 lack of the commitment to the implementation炸ˣ仢᷷≽㨇㗗ⷠ夳䘬ね⼊炷Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013炸ˤ⚈㬌炻 ⬠侭娵䁢慵溆怬㗗⛐⬠佺≽㨇炰⚈㬌炻⺢嬘䶜佺䫾䔍⍲⮵䳸㝄㓰㝄䘬⚆棳炻 㗗㍸⋯≽㨇怟䦣冯䵕㊩傥≃⼰慵天䘬⚈䳈炷昛▱䘯䫱嬗炻2003炸ˤ
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㡌ǵࣴزБݤ!
㛔䞼䨞晾ᶨ攳⥳䁢シ⢾䘬冐⸲㔁⬠㨇㚫炻Ữ䞼䨞侭㛔叿埴≽䞼䨞䱦䤆炻 ⽆㔜ᾳ夷∫冯⮎嶸㬟䦳ᷕ炻ᶵ㕟⍵⿅冯ᾖ㬋ˤ ᶨˣġ䞼䨞⮵尉烉⎘ᷕⶪᶨ䥩䩳ᷕ⬠⚳ᶨ⬠䓇ℑ䎕1 炻↮⇍䁢 19 15 ⎵⬠䓇炻 ℙ妰 34 ⎵⬠䓇ˤ Ḵˣġ䞼䨞㛇䦳烉102 ⬠⸜⹎䫔 2 ⬠㛇㛇ᷕ崟炻8 ␐ˤẍ⍲ 103 ⬠⸜⹎䫔 1 ⬠㛇 11 ␐2炻䷥妰ᶨ⸜ˤ⚈㬌炻⬠䓇⽆⚳ᶨᶳ㨓嶐军⚳Ḵᶲˤ䁢㕡ὧ彐嬀㗪攻 枮⸷炻⛐㬌↮⇍䧙ᷳ䫔ᶨ⬠㛇ˣ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇ˤ ᶱˣġ䞼䨞㬍樇烉冒㛇ᷕ攳⥳㔁⮶冒⼳⬠佺炻㭷忙Ḽ䘮⇘㟉㊯⮶ˤ⍇⇯ᶲ炻⇅ 㛇ᶱ忙⎰䎕㌰婚炻ṳ䳡冒⼳⬠佺㤪⾝烊㍍ᶳἮ炻㰺㚱⎰䎕㌰婚炻ℐ⣑ ⛸捖昼⡩⮶ⷓ⭌炻⬠䓇㕤ᶳ婚㗪攻ㆾ⋰ẹ㗪攻炻ᶨ⮵ᶨˣㆾᶨ⮵⣂⛘㊯ ⮶⬠䓇冒⼳⬠佺䘬姀抬ˤ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇㊩临ᾳ⇍㊯⮶ˤ ⚃ˣġ䞼䨞ⶍ℟烉䞼䨞侭ẍ埴≽䚩⿅㛕姀䁢ᷣ炻ℏ⭡姀抬⊭⏓㭷忙Ḽ 炷⛐㟉炸 䔞⣑ᶲ婚䘬ℏ⭡㔁㛸冯䉨㱩ˣ冯⬠䓇⮵婯ℏ⭡冯埴䁢⍵ㅱˣ冯⮶ⷓḺ≽ ⚆棳䘬䉨㱩ˣ⎴⬠Ᾱ婚攻䘬㳣≽埴䁢䫱䫱ˤ䓙㕤㭷忙ᶨ⣑⇘㟉炻ẍ炻 ⸛㖍ḇ㚫㟡㒂冒⬑⫸廱徘⬠㟉⮶ⷓ䎕ᶲ⎴⬠䘬⮵娙炻Ḯ妋⬠䓇⍵ㅱ炻 ≈ẍ姀抬ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻怬⊭⏓⬠䓇㑘⮓䘬冒⼳⬠佺姀抬堐ˣ⬠䓇Ḽ㚰ấ ℕ㚰ấ⛐⭞攟倗䴉䯧ᶲ䘬⽫⼿ˣ⮶ⷓ⭂㛇䴎⭞攟䘬⬠㟉䓇㳣ˣ⭞攟䘬 ⚆棳ˣ冒䶐㔁㛸䫱ˤ Ḽˣġ䞼䨞屯㕁䘬ᾉ⮎⹎烉䞼䨞侭⊌⤖㑘⮓埴≽䚩⿅㛕姀炻㭷忙⇘㟉冯⬠䓇䘬⮵ 娙ˣ冯⮶ⷓ妶婾ᾳ⇍⬠䓇ˣ姀抬⤛䘬廱徘㭷⣑ᶲ婚䉨㱩⍲⎴⬠Ᾱ䘬堐䎦ˣ ẍ⍲冯⭞攟ᶵ⭂㛇⹏婯ˣLINE ㆾ暣娙䘬妶婾䫱⣂⃫屯㕁炻Ṍ⍱㩊槿妲〗1 㕘⬠㟉䫔ᶨ⯮⚳ᷕ悐㬌ℑ䎕ˤ 2 ⚈惵⎰⬠㟉㭝侫冯㟉⢾㔁⬠炻㙓 㔠␐ˤ
䘬䛇⮎⿏炻ẍ㍸⋯䞼䨞ⶍ℟ᷳᾉ⮎⹎ˤ屯㕁↮㜸昌ㅱ㔯䌣䳸㝄冯㝞㥳ᷳ ⢾炻㚜⣂㗗䞼䨞侭ᾳṢ䘬↮㜸冯夳妋ˤ㍐≽㝞㥳⇯㍉⍾ Zimmerman ㍸ ᷳ⽒䑘⚃㬍樇炻⊭⏓烉冒ㆹ姽₡冯䚋㍏ˣ姕⭂䚖㧁冯䫾䔍妰䔓ˣ姕⭂䚖㧁 冯䫾䔍妰∫ˣ䫾䔍䳸㝄䘬䚋㍏ˤ ℕˣġ䞼䨞侭幓↮冯䞼䨞ΐ䎮烉䞼䨞侭ᷫ⮶ⷓᷣ≽怨婳ᷳ㔁做⮰⭞炻⚈㬌⮶ⷓᷣ ≽㋒↢婚➪㗪攻᷎䧵㤝天㯪⬠䓇惵⎰ˤᶲ婚㗪炻⮶ⷓℐ䦳⛸捖炻奨⮇⬠䓇 堐䎦炻⋼≑䭉䎮䦑⸷ˤᶳ婚ᶨ⮵ᶨ(ㆾᶨ⮵⣂)ᾳ⇍㊯⮶㗪炻⮶ⷓᶵ⛐⟜烊 Ữ⚈⛐⮶ⷓ⭌忚埴庼⮶炻⮶ⷓ⾁忚⾁↢ˤ䎕䳂⬠䓇晾䞍忻䞼䨞侭㗗⣏⬠㔁 ㌰炻Ữℍ䎕⋼≑䘬ˬッ⽫⩥⩥˭幓↮炻⮹Ḯ溆嶅暊ˣ⣂Ḯṃ奒↯デ炻⣂㔠 ⎴⬠栀シ冯䞼䨞侭⣂婒ṃ娙ˤ⮵⭞攟侴妨炻䞼䨞侭㗗ˬッ⯳⍲䁷˭䘬䅙⽫ ⭞攟炻ṾᾹ⣂堐デ】冯偗⭂炻䥩ᶳḇ㚫俲⍲⬑⫸䉨㱩炻媖娊䞼䨞侭䘬シ夳 冯⺢嬘ˤ䯉妨ᷳ炻䞼䨞侭崟⇅忚ℍ㔁⭌㗗⍿⮶ⷓ怨婳ˣ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇㊩临㗗ㅱ ⭞攟㛇㛃ˣ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇⼴䳸㜇㗗冯侩ⷓ(⭞攟)⓮慷⼴䘬㰢⭂ˤ⼭䞼䨞侭㰢 ⭂⮯ℑ⬠㛇屯㕁≈ẍ↮㜸㔜䎮㗪炻㚱⽝娊侩ⷓˣ⬠䓇⭞攟⎴シἧ䓐屯㕁炻 ὃ⬠埻䞼䨞冯婾㔯䘤堐ᷳ䓐炻㛇傥㍐⺋冒⼳⬠佺䎮⾝ˤ
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စǵ่݀ᆶፕ!
⛐㬌ẍ䞼䨞䚖䘬䁢ᷣ天栆⇍炻⊭⏓⮎㕥㬟䦳炷⏓䞼䨞侭ⷞ柀ᷳ㊯⮶⍇⇯炸ˣ ⮎㕥⚘⠫ˣ⚆棳冯⬠佺ㆸ㓰炻ẍ⍲䚩⿅㍐≽⺢嬘炻↮⇍≈ẍ婾徘ˤᶨˣ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺ᷳ⮎㕥㬟䦳烉
忁佌⚳ᷕ䓇⇅㫉㍍妠冒⼳⬠佺㤪⾝炻⚈㬌⽭枰⃰ṳ䳡冒⼳⬠佺㤪⾝炻ℵ⺽ ⮶⚳ᷕ䓇➟埴炻㚨⼴䷥䳸⬠佺ˤ炷ᶨ炸⇅㛇┇䘤烉⛐天㯪⬠䓇攳⥳姀抬㭷㖍䓇㳣ᷳ⇵炻椾⃰德忶㳣≽炻忳䓐冒 䶐㔁㛸炻嬻⬠䓇↮䳬妶婾炻奢⮇㔁㛸ᷕ㟰ἳᷣ奺䘬䓇㳣佺⿏炻ἳ⤪⿏⇍ˣ⸜漉ˣ ⶍἄ炾⬠㤕ˣ䓇㳣佺ㄋ䫱⺽崟≽㨇ˤ㛇㛃德忶”㍊㕡⺷⮇奢ṾṢ䓇㳣㕡⺷炻⺽ 䘤⤥⣯⽫炻⺽⮶⿅侫㭷ᾳṢ䓇㳣佺ㄋᶵ⎴ˤġ ⤪⎴ Zimmerman炷2000炸㍸愺⛐䫔ᶨ㬍樇ˬ冒ㆹ姽₡冯䚋㍏˭ᷕ炻⬠䓇 暨天娛䳘姀抬㭷ᶨẞḳ炻⤪㬌⎗奢⮇冒㗪攻↮惵冯䭉䎮炻䝕妋冒㗗⏎㴒屣 㗪攻⛐冯⬠佺䃉斄䘬ḳ䈑ᶲˤ䞼䨞侭䘤ᶳ㭷㖍䓇㳣姀抬堐炻婳⎴⬠Ᾱ⃰埴姀抬 ᶨ㗇㛇㭷㖍䘬㗪攻↮惵ˤ䈡⇍㍸愺⎴⬠婈⮎姀抬炻↯⊧ˬ伶⊾˭姀抬炻⏎⇯⯙ 䃉㱽㬋䡢⛘↮㜸冒䘬䓇㳣✳ンˤ 㚱Ḯ冒ㆹ䲨抬⼴炻婚➪ᶲ⃰⺽⮶⬠䓇㟡㒂姀抬≈ẍ↮栆ˣ䳗妰㗪㔠䫱ˤ ㍍ᶳἮ↮䳬妶婾炻⼤㬌↮ṓᾳṢ䘬䓇㳣㧉⺷冯✳ンˤℵℐ䎕℔攳↮ṓ冒⽆Ṿ Ṣ䓇㳣✳ンᷕ䘬㓞䨓冯⬠佺炻㛇㛃傥忼⇘℠䭬㤟㧉䘬㓰㝄ˤ㚨⼴炻䘤ᶳ冒⼳⬠ 佺姀抬堐炻⮓ᶳ冒㍍ᶳἮᶨ忙㛇㛃忼ㆸ䘬℟橼䚖㧁炻㬋⺷攳⥳➟埴炷ᾳṢ⊾炸 冒⼳⬠佺䘬㬟䦳ˤ 炷Ḵ炸㛇ᷕᾳ⇍㊯⮶烉德忶冒⼳⬠佺堐炻㭷忙Ḽᶳ婚㗪攻炻忚埴ᶨ⮵ᶨㆾᶨ⮵ ⣂3 ㊯⮶ˤ䞼䨞侭㾷奥⬠䓇䘬姀抬炻᷎娊⓷➟埴䘬㓰㝄炻ℵ㟡㒂➟埴ㆸ㓰炻⺽ ⮶⬠䓇⿅侫㊩临ㆾᾖ㬋䚖㧁冯䫾䔍ˤ㭷㫉媖娊㊯⮶⬴䔊炻䞼䨞侭㚫⛐⬠䓇䘬冒 ⼳⬠佺堐ᶲ炻≈姣≱⊝䘬娙ˤ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇炻⮶ⷓ䓐䎕屣䁢㭷Ṣ岤伖ᶨ屯㕁⋋炻㭷 ᾳ⬠䓇冒⼳⬠佺堐悥㚫㓦⛐ᾳṢ屯㕁⋋ˤ昼忙夳朊㗪炻⬠䓇ⷞ叿冒䘬屯㕁⋋炻 ㊧↢冒⼳⬠佺姀抬堐炻冯䞼䨞侭↮ṓ娚␐➟埴䘬䉨㱩ˤ 炷ᶱ炸㛇㛓䷥䳸婚䦳烉䫔ᶨˣḴ⬠㛇㛓䘮ⷞ柀⬠䓇⚆栏⬠㛇婚䦳冯⬠佺炻᷎䴎 Ḱ≱⊝ˤ
3 34 ⎵⬠䓇炻㗪攻ᶵ⣈㗪炻㚫㍉⍾ᶨ⮵⣂㕡⺷忚埴ˤ⼴㛇炻冒栀⍫冯ᾳ⇍㊯⮶䘬⬠䓇 ᶵ⣂炻䘮⎗ᶨ⮵ᶨ忚埴ˤ
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Ḵˣ冒⼳⬠佺䘬㊯⮶䫾䔍
⬠䓇䫔ᶨ忙䘬㗪攻姀抬炻㚱䘬⼰Ṽ䳘ˣ㚱䘬⼰䯉䔍ˣ㚱䘬䚳⼿↢䓇㳣䘬夷 ⼳⿏炷pattern炸ˣ㚱䘬䚳ᶵ↢ˤ⬠䓇⎗ẍ奢⮇冒䘬佺ㄋ炻Ḯ妋冒䘬䓇㳣㧉 ⺷炻⊭⏓冒⚢⭂䘬㗪攻⬱㌺ˤ㔯䌣㍸⍲姽Ộ埴䁢㗗天㲐シ岒ˣ慷ˣ㭼䌯 ⍇⥳⿏炷昛▱䘯䫱嬗炻2003炸炻⽆⬠䓇⇅㛇䘬㭷㖍䓇㳣姀抬㖍⼴㭷忙䘬冒⼳ ⬠佺姀抬堐Ἦ䚳炻晾ᾳ⇍ⶖ䔘⣏炻ỮṎ䘤䎦ᶨṃ㘖念䎦尉ˤ䞼䨞侭冯⬠䓇ᶨᶨ ⮵婯㗪炻⽆⬠䓇姀抬ᷕ⺽⮶ṾᾹ⿅侫℟橼ˣ⎗埴ˣṎ㑵ἄ䘬埴䁢䚖㧁炻ḇㅱ 㔯䌣媪䘬涡㝞炷Tavakolizadeh1 & Qavam, 2011炸ㆸ㝄⮶⎹䘬℟橼䚖㧁 炷specific aims to outcomes炸炷Berger & Karabenick, 2016炸炻ẍᶳ⍇⇯㗗䞼䨞侭 冒埴↮㜸冯㬠䲵ᷳ涡㝞⺽⮶烉 炷ᶨ炸㚱斄冒⼳姀抬㕡朊 1.㩊夾㗪攻⬱㌺䘬⎰䎮⿏烉⛐⺽柀⬠䓇妰䬿冒⎬枭㳣≽䳗妰㗪攻㗪炻⬠䓇⣂ ⎗⮇奢冒䘬䉨㱩ˤ䞼䨞侭䘤䎦炻ᶵ⮹⬠䓇便屣攟㗪攻⛐╖ᶨ枭䚖ᶲ炻ἳ⤪炻 䚳暣夾ˣ䍑 3Cˣ㲿㽉ˣ教嬨炷⎗傥㗗妨ね⮷婒炸䫱⣂忼 2 ⮷㗪ˤ䞼䨞侭ᶵ㈡ ⇌⬠䓇䘬䎦㱩炻▿娎ⷞ叿⬠䓇忚ᶨ㬍↮㜸烉攟㗪攻㈽ℍ╖ᶨ㳣≽㗗⏎忈ㆸ℞ Ṿḳ⊁䘬㌺㒈冯⼙枧烎ἳ⤪ㇻ暣≽ 2 ⮷㗪炻ẍ农ἄ㤕⮓ᶵ⬴ˣ䜉䛈㗪攻ᶵ嵛䫱ˤ 䞼䨞侭䘤䎦炻忂ⷠ⬠䓇ṾᾹ冒ḇ奢⼿剙 2 ⮷㗪㲿㽉ㆾ䍑 3C 㚱溆暊嬄炻⬠䓇 悥傥㍍⍿忻䎮炻㈧娵㬌埴䁢㚫忈ㆸᶵ⤥䘬⼴㝄ˤ⛐㬌⺽⮶䘬慵溆烉ᶵ㗗ᶵ傥䍑ˣ ᶵ㗗ᶵ傥䚳炻侴㗗㗪攻攟䞕䘬⎰䎮⿏⍲℞⼴临⼙枧ˤ 2.旵Ỷ便屣攟㗪攻㕤╖ᶨ枭䚖䘬䫾䔍烉䓙㕤⬠䓇悥䚠䔞ˬ冒奢˭攟㗪攻䘬便屣 ね㱩炻䔞䞼䨞侭娊⓷⬠䓇⎗⏎㋒↢⋲⮷㗪炻⮯ᷳ䓐㕤℞Ṿḳ⊁烎忂ⷠ⬠䓇悥⼰ 㦪シ⤪㬌 ˤ⛐㬌忳䓐䘬䫾䔍㗗徸㬍旵Ỷ㗪攻炻侴朆⬴ℐ⇒昌娚枭䚖ˤ⚈䁢㖊 㗗䓇㳣佺ㄋ炻ᶨᶳ⫸天⮯䍑 3C ℑ⮷㗪旵军⋲⮷㗪炻⣒⣏䘬㓡嬲炻⬠䓇䃉㱽 怑ㅱ烊㋒↢⮹悐↮㗪攻炻⮵⬠䓇Ἦ婒庽侴㖻冱炻⭡㖻忼ㆸ炻⬠䓇シ栀ḇ庫檀ˤ⌛ἧ㚱⬠䓇帵帵㫚娎⛘堐䣢天⬴ℐ㓡嬲炻䞼䨞侭悥㚫⇣シ⬱㑓⬑⫸㓦ㄊ儛㬍炻 ᶵ⽭ᶨᶳ⫸妪⣒檀䘬䚖㧁炻⼿㐸ᶵᷭˤ䞼䨞侭䘤䎦忁䧖徸㬍㓡嬲䘬䫾䔍炻⬠ 䓇⭡㖻 ⇘冯䌚⼿ㆸ⯙デˤ⣂↢Ἦ䘬⋲⮷㗪␊烎冯⬠䓇妶婾⎗䓐⛐冒㚨⻙䘬 ⬠䥹ㆾ傥≃ᶲ炻᷎㒔⭂℟橼䘬䫾䔍ˤ 3.⋼⋼≑㒔⭂㖻➟埴冯䚋㍏䘬℟橼䚖㧁䫾䔍烉ᶨ攳⥳炻⣏⣂㔠⬠䓇⮓䘬䚖㧁朆ⷠ 䰈䴙炻ἳ⤪炻ˬ⮹䚳暣夾˭ˣˬ⣂嬨㚠˭ˣˬ天⣂ἄ㔠⬠˭ˣˬ⣂側⚳㔯˭䫱ˤ忁䧖 䰈䴙䚖㧁ᶵ㖻䚋㍏ˣḇᶵ㖻姽Ộㆸ㓰ˤ⚈㬌炻㊯⮶⬠䓇㓡⮓ㆸ℟橼䚖㧁炻ἳ⤪炻 ˬἄ㔠⬠柴䚖军⮹ 30 ↮揀˭烊ˬ㭷⣑側⚳㔯婆娆 5 ᾳ˭烊ˬ㭷⣑側劙㔯╖⫿军⮹ 5 ᾳ˭ˣˬ教嬨婚⢾㚠䯵 30 ↮揀˭䫱䫱ˤ昌Ḯ婳⬠䓇姽ỘᾳṢ佺⿏冯䑘⠫䈡⿏炻 侫慷℟橼⎗埴䘬䫾䔍烊ḇ溻⊝ṾᾹ▿娎䚳䚳炻劍ᶵㆸ≇炻ᶳ⚆ℵ㚜㎃㕡⺷⯙⤥ˤ 炷Ḵ炸㚱斄婚㤕⬠佺烉⚳ᷕ䓇ᶳ婚⣂忚墄佺䎕炻墄佺⣑㔠ᶵ䫱炻䥹䚖Ṏᶵ⎴ˤ 忙㛓㗪炻㚱ṃ⬠䓇ḇ㚫ᶲ墄佺䎕炻侴ᶼ⎗傥㗗ℐ⣑ˤ⬴ℐ㛒墄佺䘬⬠䓇Ṣ㔠䓂 ⮹ˤ 1.⬴ㆸ㭷㖍ἄ㤕䘬➢㛔ン⹎烉⎬䥹侩ⷓ㭷㖍Ṍẋ⚆⭞ἄ㤕炻⛐㬌⥹ᶼᶵ婾ἄ㤕 ấ慷⎰䎮冯⏎炻㛇姙⬠䓇梲ㆸ㭷⣑⬴ㆸṌẋἄ㤕䘬➢㛔ン⹎ˤ劍⬠䓇⬴ㆸἄ㤕炻 ⇯⺽⮶⬠䓇⡆≈墯佺冯枸佺䘬㗪攻炻ㆾ⮯∑检㗪攻⬱㌺冒䘬冰嵋炻ἳ⤪教嬨ˣ 䔓䔓ˣㇵ喅䫱ˤ劍䃉㱽⬴ㆸἄ㤕炻⇯⿅侫㗪攻↮惵⓷柴ㆾ℞Ṿ⍇⚈ˤ 2.⬠佺⮵⸚㒦ḳ䈑䘬嗽䎮烉⎴⬠㍸⍲ 3C ⼙枧嬨㚠ㆸ㓰炻⚈㬌⺽⮶⬠䓇娚⤪ỽ 妋㰢ˤ⎴⬠冒㍸↢⎗Ṍ䴎⭞Ṣㆾ斄㨇䘬妋㰢㕡⺷炻ᶨ⎴⬠⮯⸛㜧暣儎Ṍ䓙㭵 奒挾⛐堋㩫ˣ⎎ᶨ⎴⬠⮯ㇳ㨇Ṍ䓙⥲⥲ᾅ䭉烊⬑⫸Ᾱ冒≽ˬ丛㡘˭炻⭞Ṣ悥朆 ⷠ攳⽫惵⎰ˤ㚱⎴⬠嬨㚠天倥枛㦪炻Ữ枛㦪忶⣏倚炻⍿⼙枧烊⍰㚱⎴⬠婒攻 嘲垚⼰⣂炻朆ⷠ⸚㒦烊…ˤ⬠䓇Ᾱ⓷柴Ḽ剙ℓ攨炻ᶵ忶炻ṵẍ⍿ 3C ⼙枧侭㚨 ⣂4ˤ 3.↮㜸婚㤕㗪攻冯ㆸ㓰䘬斄倗⿏烉⋼≑↮㜸⎬婚㤕㗪攻↮惵䘬䳗妰㗪攻ˣ柣䌯
ĵ ġ 忁ḇ㗗⣏⬠ⷓ屯䓇䘬柕嘇㭢ㇳˤġ
冯攟䞕炻ℵ⽆⬠佺ㆸ㓰炷娚䥹䚖ㆸ䷦炸Ἦ㩊夾㗪攻冯ㆸ㓰䘬⎰䎮⿏ˤ⤪㝄ᶵ⎰ 䎮炻⇯⍵䚩冒䘬⬠佺䫾䔍炻⽆㓡┬⬠佺䫾䔍冯佺ㄋἮ叿ㇳ徸㬍㓡┬ˤ䃞侴炻 ⎬䥹㗪攻䘬↮惵⣂⮉ᶵ⎴炻㚱ṃ䥹䚖嬨㚠㗪攻攟炻暨天ᶨ溻ἄ㯋烊㚱ṃ䥹䚖㗪 攻⎗ẍ↮㔋ˤἳ⤪炻㔠⬠䶜佺暨天㗪攻庫攟炻ᶵ⭄㕟㕟临临烊側劙㔯╖⫿⌣⎗ ㈦暞䠶㗪攻ˤ⋼≑⎴⬠↮㜸冒䉨㱩炻⒒䥹暨天攟ᶨṃ㗪攻ˣ⒒ṃ䥹䚖㭼庫⻟ 枭ˣ⒒䥹㚨⻙炻娎叿㈦↢⎗ẍ圵ℍἄ〗䘬㗪㭝冯㗪攻攟䞕ˤ 4.⬠⬠䥹䘬℟橼⬠佺䫾䔍烉䔞⬠㤕ㆸ⯙堐䎦冯㈽ℍ㗪攻ᶵ䫎㗪炻䞼䨞侭娎叿Ḯ妋 ℞嬨㚠㕡㱽炻慸㶭⎗傥䘬⓷柴ˤ㭷䥹䚖䈡⿏ᶵ⎴炻⬠佺䫾䔍ḇᶵ⎴ˤ⚈㚦㔁⮶ ⬠䓇Ᾱ丒墥⽫㘢⚾⍲ṳ䳡⛯ᶨ⸛⎘炻⚈㬌炻溻⊝⬠䓇⮯ᷳ䲵ℍ䚖㧁姕⭂冯䚋㍏ˤ ẍᶳ䈡⇍↮㜸⸦ᾳ㟰ἳ烉 ˰㟰ἳᶨ˱⽫㘢⚾䲵ℍ冒⼳⬠佺婚㤕ᷕ烉㚱ᶨ⬠䓇㊧↢⽫㘢⚾炻⣂ẍ⍇㔯⎍⫸ ㆾ㭝句䚜㍍層ᶲㆾ⮓ᶲ炻䃉㱽㉮妋ㆸ⣂ᾳ㤪⾝冯慵溆炻㕤㗗䞼䨞侭剙㗪攻ⷞ叿 Ṿᶨᶨ⿅侫冯⮓ᶳ炻溻⊝Ṿ㭷⣑ᶨ㭝句5炷䲬 10 ↮揀炸ˤ ⎎ᶨ⎴⬠㊧↢娵䛇ˬ㈬⮓˭侩ⷓ⛐婚➪湹㜧ᶲ䘬⽫㘢⚾䫮姀㛔ˤ䔞䞼䨞侭 娊⓷烉ˬ㈬⮓ṾṢ冒丒墥䘬ⶖ䔘ỽ⛐烎˭⤡婒烉ˬᶵ㗗䴻忶冒⿅侫忶䘬㜙 大ˤ˭⬑⫸怷廗㶭㘘炻傥↮彐ⶖ䔘ˤ㕤㗗婳⤡㓦ℍ冒⼳⬠佺枭䚖炻⤡⮓ᶳḮˤ ˰㟰ἳḴ˱教嬨傥≃䘬➡梲烉惵⎰⬠䓇⚳㔯侫娎ㆸ䷦炻↉㗗教嬨㷔槿ㆸ䷦ᶵἛ 侭炻⚳㔯侩ⷓ゛↢ℑᾳ㕡⺷炻嬻⬠䓇怠㑯䲵ℍ㭷㖍冒⼳≇婚ˤᶨ㗗㭷⣑教嬨⟙ 䳁㕘倆ᶨ䭯烊ᶨ㗗岤屟教嬨㷔槿㛔炻㭷⣑ᶨ䭯炻㭷䭯㔯䪈⋲枩炻⢾≈䲬 5 娎柴炻ᶨ枩侴ˤ⣏⣂㔠䘬⎴⬠悥怠㑯岤屟教嬨㷔槿㛔6 炻䞼䨞侭⚈㬌枮⊊婳 ⬠䓇⮓⛐冒⼳⬠佺䲨抬ᷕ炻姀⼿㭷⣑娚 䘬ḳねˤỮ㚱ᶨ⤛⬑怠㑯岤屟教嬨㛔 ᷳ⼴炻婒Ḯᶨ⎍娙烉ˬㆹ㚱⮓⓲炻⎗㗗㭷㫉悥拗ᶨ⣏➮炻悥ᶵ゛ℵ⮓Ḯˤ˭䞼 䨞侭シ嬀⇘㬌⬠䓇䦳⹎炻䩳⌛嬲㚜䫾䔍ˤ婳娚⎴⬠䫔ᶨ⣑教嬨᷎⮓娎柴炻㟠⮵
Ķ ġ 䔞⣑㘂ᶲ䈡⇍ㇻ暣娙䴎⭞攟妋慳㬌ḳ炻婳Ṿ⣂溻⊝⬑⫸ġ ķġ 䞼䨞侭㭼庫ⶴ㛃⬠䓇怠㑯教嬨⟙䪈㕘倆炻㖶䣢≈㘿䣢炻⬠䓇悥㰺⍵ㅱ烊ㆾ姙教嬨㛔 㭼庫冯侫娎ㆸ䷦〗〗䚠斄ˤ℞⮎炻ṾᾹḇ⛐᷶侫娎ㆸ䷦炰ġ
䫼㟰炻⤪㬌⯙⤥炻䔞䃞⎗傥 5 柴ᷕ䫼拗 4 柴ˤ䫔Ḵ⣑⎴ᶨ䭯㔯䪈炻⃰䚳冒拗 婌䘬柴䚖⍲℞㬋䡢䫼㟰炻彼⚆㔯ᷕ㈦⮳䚠⮵ㅱ䘬⎍⫸ˣ䚠Ụ娆ㆾ䚠⍵娆炻ℵ㈲ 娚⎍ㆾ㭝句慵嬨ᶨ㫉ˤ䫔ᶱ⣑ℵ慵㕘䚳⎴ᶨ䭯㔯䪈炻忁⚆⃰䚳㔯䪈炻怖ỷ⃰⇵ ⮓䘬䫼㟰炻ℵ ᶨ㫉柴䚖炻㭼庫㗗⏎忚㬍ˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻⇍Ṣ⎗傥㭷⣑ᶨ䭯炻ㆾ ᶨ␐ᶱ䭯炻㬌ỵ⎴⬠ᶨ␐ᶨ䭯ㆾᶨ␐ℑ䭯⌛⎗ˤ℞Ṿ炻劍㔯妨㔯教嬨㷔槿ⶖ侭炻 ⎗㭷⣑ ᶨ䭯ᶾ婒㕘婆教嬨㷔槿烊劍拗⇍⫿⣂侭炻⇯㭷⣑⮯拗⫿⮓⛐䫮姀㛔ᶲ ᶨ念炻␐㛓墯佺ᶨ㫉ˤ ˰㟰ἳḴ˱劙㔯ᶵἛ䘬䦳⹎烉ᶨ⎴⬠ᶲ劙㔯婚悥ᶵ㈬⮓湹㜧炻䞼䨞侭奢⼿⼰⣯ ⿒ˤᶳ婚㗪攻炻崘⇘Ṿ幓怲炻庽倚⓷烉ˬ○○炻Ἀ劙㔯⤥╶烎˭Ṿ䪹Ḯ䪹炻⚆婒烉 ˬ怬ᶵ拗⓲炰˭䞼䨞侭两临⓷烉ˬἈ26ᾳ⫿㭵側⼿䅇╶烎˭Ṿ朎僮⛘䪹叿㎾㎾ 柕…ˤ⼴Ἦ䈡⇍婳Ṿ⛐冒⼳⬠佺枭䚖ᶲ姀抬㭷⣑天側 26 ᾳ⫿㭵炻Ṿ᷾᷾⛘⮓ ᶲ炻㰺㚱ảỽᶵ〭炻怬⓷烉ˬ⫿㭵⏤烎炰˭ˬ⮵炰˭⼴Ἦ⏲䞍劙㔯侩ⷓ炻侩ⷓ朆 ⷠ樂姅炰䞼䨞侭⺢嬘侩ⷓ䴎娚䓇ᶵ⎴䘬忚⹎炻㭷⣑側⫿㭵側╖⫿炻⮰⽫ㇻ⤥ ➢䢶炻ᶵ暨嶇叿ℐ䎕忚⹎ˤ昼忙ℵ冯娚䓇婯㗪炻Ṿ婒Ṿ㚫 26 ᾳ⫿㭵炻Ṿẍ䁢 䔞㗪⓷䘬㗗╖⫿ˤ㕤㗗䞼䨞侭䔞⟜婳Ṿ側婎⫿㭵炻晾䃞㚱溆⌉⌉䘬ˣᶵ䓂㳩㙊炻 Ữ怬㗗⬴ㆸḮˤ䞼䨞侭⓷烉ˬἈ側ᶵ⇘26ᾳ╖⫿烎˭Ṿ⍰朎僮⛘溆溆柕ˤ㕤㗗 ẍ⼴⯙⽆╖⫿側婎叿ㇳ炻䳗䧵╖⫿慷炻᷎婳劙㔯侩ⷓ⸓⾁㒔⭂怑䔞䘬╖⫿冯㔠 慷ˤ 䞼䨞侭㶙⇣柀ぇ炻⬑⫸暨天ᾳ⇍⊾䘬㊯⮶ˣᾳ⇍⊾䘬涡㝞炻暨天ᶨ⮵ᶨ Ṽ䳘㊯⮶ˬ㈨ⶏ㬟䦳˭炻䡢ᾅṾ䛇䘬 know how炻䃞⼴ℵ䜋Ὣᶵ㕟䶜佺炻⏎⇯
㚱ṃ⬑⫸㰺冰嵋炻䲼䱡⎒㗗⚈䁢don’t know how炸ˤ⬑⫸ᶨ⭂天⬠䫾䔍炷Cahill,
2008炸炻侴ᶼ䫾䔍㗗ᾳṢ⊾ˣ℟橼⊾ˤ㍍ᶳἮ慵溆⯙㗗侩ⷓ天⎖☨ṾᾹ 炻ḇ
天䚋㍏ṾᾹ㚱䃉㊩临䶜佺炻㚜➡梲ṾᾹ䚋㍏冒⬠佺䘬佺ㄋˤ 炷
炷ᶱ炸㚱斄ẹ攺⧃㦪㕡朊烉冯⬠䓇⮵婯ᷕ䘤䎦炻⚳ᷕ䓇冒ᷣ㗪攻ᶵ⣂炻䘥⣑ ℐ塓⬠㟉婚䦳⠓㺧烊㘂ᶲ⚆⭞⍲忙㛓`㖍怬塓墄佺䎕ˣ⎬䥹ἄ㤕ˣㇵ喅䎕䫱⸦
᷶⠓㺧ˤṾᾹ⮹㚱䨢攺ˣ冒ᷣ䘬㗪攻炻劍䛇䘬㚱䨢㨼炻⬠䓇ḇ⣂䍑 3Cˣ䚳暣 夾Ἦ㓦檮冯ㇻ䘤㗪攻ˤ⚈㬌㔁⮶⬠䓇ẍᶳ⍇⇯烉 1.ẹẹ攺⧃㦪䘬慵天⿏烉㚱ṃ⎴⬠剙 2 ⮷㗪㲿㽉ˣ䘤⏮ˣ3Cˣㇻ暣≽䫱炻䞼䨞侭 䚉≃⎴䎮⬑⫸䘬暨㯪炻⬑⫸ᶵ嬻デ⍿忻⽟㊯屔ˤ⚈䁢墄佺䳸㜇⚆⇘⭞⎗傥ḇḅ 溆⣂Ḯ炻䍑 3C炻忁㗗ẹ〗炻䃉⎗⍂朆ˤ劍䍑忶ᷭ炻⇯ℵ㫉㍸愺攟㗪攻㕤╖ᶨ ḳ⊁⎗傥忈ㆸ䘬⼴㝄炻ἳ⤪炻䜉奢㗪攻ᶵ嵛ˣ⼙枧夾≃䫱炻天ㅪ⼿㈱㑯炰 2.婚㤕冯⧃㦪䘬䨧㍺惵⎰烉3Cˣㇻ暣≽ˣ倥枛㦪䫱㓦檮㳣≽Ṏ⎗䨧㍺㕤䥹䚖 婚㤕攻ˤἳ⤪炻 ⬴㔠⬠炻䍑 3C ⋲⮷㗪烊 ⬴劙㔯炻⍣㲿㽉䫱ˤ⍇⇯ᶲ炻⬠ 䓇ᶵㅱ攟㗪攻 婚㤕炻ᷕ攻劍ᶵẹ〗炻⮰㲐≃ᶳ旵烊ẹ〗䘬㳣≽炻⊭⏓⧃㦪ˣ 䚳暣夾ˣ㲿㽉ˣ䶜䏜䫱䘮⎗炻Ữ⺢嬘䞕㙓⧃㦪㗪攻⤪ 10-30 ↮揀⌛⎗炻䔞䃞炻 ṵ枰夾⬠䓇ᾳ⇍䉨㱩侴妪ˤ䷥ᷳ炻⺽⮶⬠䓇冒ㆹ姽Ộ幓橼ˣ⽫䎮ˣ㘢傥ᶲ䘬䎦 㱩炻ᷣ≽㍉⍾℟橼⎗埴䘬㕡㱽娎娎䚳炻㚱㓰⯙两临娚㕡㱽烊㰺㓰⯙ℵ㓡℞Ṿ妋 㰢㕡㱽ˤ 炷⚃炸㚱斄⣂⃫⬠佺冯⣂⃫暨㯪㕡朊烉⬠㟉昌Ḯ㭷忙ℑ䭨橼做婚炻㓦⬠⼴⍰ ⣂⼨墄佺䎕嵹炻䓟⎴⬠Ᾱ⣂堐䣢忳≽慷ᶵ嵛ˤṾᾹ忂ⷠᶳ婚⯙⼨䯫䎫⟜堅炻䚜 军ᶲ婚揀倚枧⼴ㇵㄊ㬍忚㔁⭌ˤ 1.⑩㟤冯Ṣ晃䘬暨㯪挃拲烉㚱ṃ⬠䓇婚㤕ᶲ㰺㚱䓂湤䈡⇍⓷柴炻Ữ⛐⑩㟤ᶲ ㆾṢ晃ᶲ㚱⎗ẍ忚㬍䘬䨢攻ˤ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇炻⣏⬠㕘䓇攳⬠炻暣夾㕘倆⟙⮶㝸⣏⬠ 㟉攟≱⊝㕘䓇ˬ㭷忙 ᶨẞ⭛⾽⌣⽭枰天 䘬ḳ˭ˤ䞼䨞侭⮯ᷳ䲵ℍ冒⼳⬠佺 枭䚖炻⬠䓇䘬⍵ㅱ⊭㊔⾽湹ˣ⾽ᶲ⎘婒娙ˣ⾽侩ⷓ伝ˣ⾽坹圪ˣ⾽㔠⬠䫱䫱炻 朆ⷠ㚱嵋炻䞼䨞侭ⷞ叿ṾᾹ↮㜸⭛⾽䘬⍇⚈炻ẍ⍲⿅侫㭷忙⎗挃拲䘬㕡㱽ˤ 2.圵ℍ䓇㳣䘬⎗傥⿏冯⎗埴⿏烉曺⮹⸜Ḯ炻゛攟檀ˣ゛㷃偍ˤ䴻忶娊⓷⬑⫸䘬 㓦⬠㗪攻⬱㌺ˣ䣦⋨ね⠫ˣ⭞Ṣ䉨㱩ˣ㘂梸㗪攻ˣ忙㛓⬱㌺䫱炻⺽柀⬑⫸゛↢ 㕡ὧˣ℟橼ˣ⭡㖻 ⇘䘬㳣≽冯㗪㭝ˤἳ⤪炻䣦⋨㚱䯫䎫㝞ˣ䇠䇠ḇ╄㬉ㇻ䯫 䎫ˣ⭞攨⎋⎗ẍ嶛丑ˣ䃉㱽嶛丑䘬⯙⍇⛘嶛檀…䫱䫱ˤ㚱ṃ⎗ẍ㭷⣑ 炻ἳ⤪
䯉╖䘬嶛丑炻㗪攻ᶵ攟烊ㆾ↮㔋䶜佺炻啱ẍ䲻妋婚㤕䘬⡻≃烊㭷⣑㈦䇠䇠ㇻ䯫 䎫⋲⮷㗪炷⬑⫸婒䇠䇠ḇ暨天㷃偍炸烊㚱ṃ⎗ẍ㭷忙㛓 炻ἳ⤪⚢⭂㚳⺽Ờ ㇻ䯫䎫 2 ⮷㗪ˤ 3.ℤℤ栏⣂⃫⬠佺䘬⎗傥⿏冯⎗埴⿏烉㚱斄ㇵ喅炻ἳ⤪⻰护䏜ˤ㭷忙ᶲ婚ᶨ㫉炻 Ữ⚈婚㤕慵侴⸛㖍勺⺊䶜佺ˤ㕤㗗⺢嬘⬠䓇⎗㍉↮㔋䶜佺炻㭷⣑䶜佺军⮹ 10-30 ↮揀炻䷥㭼㰺䶜佺Ἦ⼿⤥ṃˤ℞⬫⤪啑㕗桐ˣ嵮㊛忻䫱䘮⎗ẍ㬌栆㍐ˤ 4.ẹ攺ḇ⼿ℤ栏⣂⃫烉㚱䘬⎴⬠╄㬉教嬨炻忁㗗⤥ḳˤỮ㗗炻㚱⬠䓇嬨冒䃞 䥹㈨栆㚠䯵ˣ㚱Ṣ╄㬉嬨妨ね⮷婒ˤ⚈㬌⺽⮶⬠䓇教嬨⣂⃫栆⇍7 ℏ⭡炻ẍ⡆ 忚冒䘬㘢傥䘤⯽ˤ㚦㚱⬠䓇⛐⽫⼿ᶲ⮓婒烉 ˬ冒⼳⬠佺忚⹎烉冒⽆ᶲ㫉○㔁㌰嬻ㆹᾹ姕䩳䚖㧁⼴炻ㆹὧ㚱䄏叿堐ᶲ䘬妰䔓炻 ⇘Ṳ⣑⬴ㆸḮ㚱䚖㧁ˤㆹ⎴⬠ℙㇻḮḼ㫉䯫䎫炻崭忶䚖㧁⚃㫉ˤㆹḇ䚳 Ḯ䥹⸣⮷婒ẍ⢾䘬婚⢾㚠⚃㛔炻崭忶枸⭂妰䔓䘬ℑ㛔㚠ˤ忁䥖㊄ㆹ䘬忚⹎⼰⾓炻 ⶴ㛃ᶳ忙傥两临ᾅ㊩ˤ˭ 㭷ᾳ⬠䓇悥㗗䌐䈡䘬炻䃉㱽墯墥ṾṢ㧉⺷烉㭷ᾳ⬠䓇㘢傥ˣ⭞⹕ˣ䓇㳣ˣ ㇵ喅䘮ᶵ⎴炻ḇ䃉㱽墯墥ṾṢ䓇㳣㧉⺷ˤ䃞侴炻㭷ᾳṢ⮵㕤䓇㳣冯婚㤕䘬➢㛔 ン⹎冯㈨ⶏ炻⇯⎗⬠佺℠䭬ˤ⺽⮶⬠䓇⣂⃫䘤⯽炻ᶵ⎗忶㕤╖ᶨ炻⻟婧幓⽫ ℐ䘬䓇㳣炻忁㗗䞼䨞侭≒≃⺽⮶⬠䓇⺢䩳䘬㤪⾝ˤ
ᶱˣ⮎㕥㬟䦳ᷕ䘬⚘⠫
⛐忶䦳ᷕ炻⬠䓇䘬⍵ㅱ叿⮎嬻䞼䨞侭怕忯ᶨṃ⚘⠫炻⸦䴻⿅䳊冯↮㜸炻 䘤䎦㚱姙⣂ḳ䈑ᷫ⚈䞼䨞侭幓↮侴⍿⇘㋓㉀ˤ䞼䨞侭䔊䪇㗗ˬ⢾Ṣ˭炻ᶵ㗗⮶ ⷓㆾ侩ⷓ炻⛐䚋㍏ἄ㤕⬱㌺ᶲ㰺㚱⻟⇞≃烊䞼䨞侭ḇᶵ㗗䇞㭵炻ẍ⮵㕤⸛㖍 䓇㳣ᶲ䘬⬱㌺ḇ䃉㱽奨⮇冯Ḯ妋ˤ⚘⠫⤪ᶳ烉ĸ ġ 䈡⇍㍸愺⬠䓇䚉慷怈暊湹刚ˣ䀘刚湫刚⮷婒ˤġ
炷 炷ᶨ炸媖娊㗪攻ᶵ嵛烉䞼䨞侭ᶵὧ俥婌⬠䓇ᶲ婚炻ᾳ⇍㊯⮶傥⇑䓐㖑ᾖˣ ⋰ẹᶳ婚㗪攻炻⚈㬌媖娊㗪攻ᶵ嵛ˤ 炷Ḵ炸⣏⣂㔠⬠䓇⮵㕤朆⬠㟉夷⭂婚㤕ᷳ柵⢾ἄ㤕炻ン⹎栗⼿シ冰整䍲烉ᶨ 攳⥳䘬ℑ忙炻⣂㔠⬠䓇ᶵ⣒䎮㚫姀抬ᶨḳ炻姀抬シ栀仢仢炻⽭枰月⮶ⷓ夷⭂冯 ⁔Ὣ炻⣏⣂㔠⬠䓇ㇵ≱⻟ ˤ䔊䪇炻ṾᾹ夾䞼䨞侭䁢⎴⬠⭞攟炻⯙䬿妨ᷳ㚱䎮炻 ḇᶵ⣒䎮㚫ˬἄ㤕˭炻忁㗗柵⢾䘬ⶍἄ炻ᶵἄḇ㰺斄Ὢˤ 炷ᶱ炸㚱ṃ⬠䓇⼭冯䞼䨞侭妶婾䔞⣑ㇵ㩊夾姀抬堐烉⬠䓇㭷㖍暨㊧↢冒⼳⬠ 佺堐炻⊦怠➟埴⬴䔊䘬枭䚖ˤ㭷㖍⊦怠䘬䚖䘬㗗㭷㖍䚋㍏炻㭷䚋㍏ᶨ㫉炻⮵㕤 㭷㖍娚ἄ䘬枭䚖⯙姀ㅞᶨ㫉炻ᷭ侴ᷭᷳ炻㭷㖍娚ἄ䘬ḳね⯙䂁⌘⛐儎㴟ᷕˤ⯙ 䬿㰺䚳姀抬堐炻ḇ冒≽シ嬀⇘冒㚱⒒ṃḳねㅱ娚天 ㆾ怬㰺 ˤ⎗や䘬㗗炻 姙⣂⬠䓇悥㗗冯䞼䨞侭妶婾㗪炻ㇵ㊧↢㨼㟰炻⾓忇㾷奥冯⊦怠ˤ 炷⚃炸䃉㱽䛇⮎Ḯ妋㭷ᶨỵ⬠䓇䉨㱩烉⮹㔠⎴⬠᷎㛒✎婈炻䥩ᶳ⓷⮶ⷓ⤛ 炻ㇵ䘤䎦娚⎴⬠㝸䥹⼰⤥ˣ㝸䥹⼰ⶖˤ昼忙炻䞼䨞侭娊⓷冯妶婾炻娎叿㒔⭂ ㍸⋯庫⻙䥹䚖䘬⬠佺䫾䔍ˤ 炷Ḽ炸䃉㱽⼿䞍ᾳ⇍⊾䘬ℐṢ⸛堉䓇㳣烉䞼䨞侭昌Ḯ朊婯ᷳ⢾炻᷎ᶵ㶭㤂⬠ 䓇䘬婚㤕堐䎦ˣ⛐⭞堐䎦冯⛐㟉⸛㗪埴䁢冱㬊炻䃉㱽㶙⹎Ḯ妋⬑⫸ℐṢ䘤⯽䉨 㱩ˤἳ⤪炻㚱Ṣ埴䁢冱㬊ᶵ⥍炷ッ嫃橺娙炸ˣ㚱Ṣ暨天妻䶜⎋婆堐忼傥≃ˣ㚱 Ṣ暨天➡梲 ⭞ḳ䘬シ栀冯佺ㄋ傥≃ˣ㚱Ṣ暨天➡梲教嬨冯⿅侫傥≃ˤ⛐⭞炻 䇞㭵㚨㶭㤂烊⛐㟉炻⮶ⷓ⎬䥹侩ⷓ㚨㶭㤂ˤ䞼䨞侭㭷忙⍣ᶨ㫉炻⬠䓇ᶵ夳 ⼿㚫婈⮎⏲䞍炻ㆾ侭ṾᾹḇᶵ㶭㤂冒㚱ỽ暨天㓡忚䘬⛘㕡ˤ⚈㬌䞼䨞侭悥⽭ 枰⎹⮶ⷓ⭞攟娊⓷䡢娵ˤ 炷ℕ炸ᷣ䥹侩ⷓ⣂㛒傥㈽ℍ烉⎬䥹⬠佺䫾䔍ᶵ⎴炻ᾳ⇍⬠䓇䘬⬠佺䫾䔍ḇ㚱 ⶖ䔘炻䃞侴炻䞼䨞侭朆㔁ⷓ炻䃉㱽㟡㒂⬠䓇ᾳ⇍ⶖ䔘侴⺽⮶ᶵ⎴⍲⎬䥹䘬⬠佺 䫾䔍ˤ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇䫔ᶨ㫉㭝侫∃䳸㜇炻⭬ᾉ䴎㚱ᷣ䥹侩ⷓ炻㛇㛃ṾᾹ㈡教侫⌟ 㗪傥▿娎⽆⬠䓇拗婌柴✳ᷕ⍣⇌㕟⬠䓇䘬⓷柴冯⚘暋溆炻ℵ㍸愺䞼䨞侭㊯⮶冒
⼳⬠佺枭䚖㗪炻傥憅⮵ᶵ⎴⬠䓇㚱㚜倂䃎冯㚜℟橼䘬⬠佺㕡㱽ˤ䃞侴炻⎒㚱⚳ 㔯侩ⷓ朆ⷠ䧵㤝⛘惵⎰炻⿅侫ᶵ⎴栆✳拗婌冯ᾳ⇍⬑⫸㓡忚䘬㕡㱽炻⤪⇵徘䘬 教奥⟙䪈㕘倆ㆾ岤屟教嬨㷔槿㛔ˣㆾ㭷⣑㈬⮓拗⫿ᶨ念ˣㆾ側ㆸ婆Ḽᾳ䫱ˤ℞ Ṿ侩ⷓ悥㰺㚱⚆ㅱˤᶨ㕡朊㔠⬠侩ⷓ㑼ả埴㓧借炻庫⮹夳朊烊℞Ṿ⤪劙㔯⎚ ⛘侩ⷓ炻ㆾ姙ḇ⾁㕤婚⊁ˤᶵ忶炻㛔Ṣ娵䁢炻冒⼳⬠佺᷎朆㔁ⷓ⛐ⷓ➡㛇攻 ⍿䘬⮰㤕妻䶜炻侩ⷓᾹ⮵㬌㤪⾝⚢叿㕤堐朊⫿シ炻娵䁢忁ṃ㗗⬠䓇ˬ冒娚 䘬˭ˣˬ娚ᷣ≽ 䘬˭炻ᶵ娚㗗侩ⷓ⣑⣑⎖☨炻⚈䁢㛇⇅⯙㚦倥⇘侩ⷓ⛐䎕ᶲ 婒烉ˬ⾶湤㭷⣑悥天侩ⷓ䚗烎炰˭ˤỮ㗗炻㔯䌣㍸⍲⬠䓇⯙㗗ˬ仢᷷≽㨇˭ 炷Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013炸炰℞⮎炻ˬᷣ≽˭ˣˬ冒⼳˭ˣˬ冒ᷣ˭ᶵ㗗⣑䓇䘬炻 䛇䘬⽭枰月侩ⷓ䘬昒Ờˣ㚱㈨ⶏ䘬⺽⮶炻⯌℞㗗ᶨ攳⥳佺ㄋ冯埴䁢䘬⺢䩳炻㚜 暨侩ⷓ⽆㕩ˬ䚋㍏˭冯ˬ䏊䢐˭ˤ 炷 炷ᶫ炸䞼䨞侭䫔Ḵ⬠㛇 11/14 䘬㛕姀⮓忻烉ˬṲ⣑炻㰺㚱⣂⮹⬑⫸栀シἮ冒⼳ ⬠佺炷庼⮶炸ˤㆹḇ⤥⤥⿅侫炻奢⼿⮵⬑⫸⬠佺䘬㓰㝄ᶵἛˤ䛇㬋㚱䲬㜇≃䘬 㗗⭞攟㔁ⷓ炻Ữ㗗ṾᾹ⎗傥悥娵䁢㗗ㆹ䘬ḳね炻Ữ⬑⫸娵䁢ㆹ⎒㗗ᾳ⎴⬠⭞ 攟炻㟡㛔ᶵ⛐シ 冯ᶵ ˤᶵ 炻⯙䚳ᶵ⇘㓰㝄炰攟㛇ᶳἮ炻ḇṵ䚳ᶵ⇘㓰 㝄ˤ……䛇䘬天 炻䳗䧵ᶨ㭝㗪㖍炻⯙⎗ẍ䚳⇘⬑⫸⛐㗪攻㌴㍏傥≃ᶲ㚱忚 㬍烊䔞⬑⫸䚳⇘冒傥≃忚㬍炻⯙傥㽨䘤䛇㬋䘬ℏ⛐≽㨇炻㚱㓰㓡┬⬠佺ᷣ≽ 冯䧵㤝䘬ン⹎ˤ˭ 䫔ᶨ⬠㛇㛇㛓䞼䨞侭㔜䎮屯㕁冯ㆸ㝄炻⎹⭞攟⍲㟉㕡ἄᶨ㬋⺷䘬㺼嫃炻 ↮㜸⬠䓇䘬堐䎦炻᷎䰚冒⼳⬠佺䘬慵天⿏ˤ⛐⹏⭞攟娵⎴冯偗⭂炻᷎㛇㛃䞼 䨞侭傥⣈㊩临ⷞ柀ˤḇ⚈䫔ᶨ⬠㛇怬⛐㗪攻↮惵冯䭉䎮䘬⬠佺炻晾デ⍿⇘⎬䥹 ⬠佺䫾䔍䘬慵天⿏炻暨天⎬䥹侩ⷓ≈ℍˤ⚈㬌炻䞼䨞侭㦪シ两临炻㛇㛃䫔Ḵ⬠ 㛇傥忋䳸⬠䓇⎬䥹ㆸ⯙堐䎦冯ᾳ⇍⊾⬠佺䫾䔍炻䲵ℍ冒⼳⬠佺枭䚖ˤ䞼䨞侭⍇ 㛔㛇㛃傥ⷞ柀⬑⫸军⚳Ḵᶳ⬠㛇⬴䔊炻ẍ⇑⚳ᶱ㸾⁁➢㷔ˤỮ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇⬠䥹侩
ⷓ㛒傥≈ℍˣ⬠䓇ḇ⣂徫性㭷忙Ḽ䘬⭂㛇㚫婯炻䞼䨞侭デ⇘䃉≃8㓡┬⬑⫸Ᾱ 䉨㱩炻昌Ḯ冒䘬⬑⫸9ᷳ⢾ˤẍ炻ヶ慵冯⚳㔯侩ⷓ⭞攟Ᾱ妶婾㬌ね㱩炻 㚨⼴㰢⭂⚳Ḵᶲ⬠㛇㛓⼴ᶵℵ㊩临ˤ ᶵ忶炻⛐㔜ᾳ忶䦳ᷕ炻⚳ᶨ⮶ⷓ⣏≃⋼≑ˤ䞼䨞侭⛐㬌㬠䲵⮶ⷓ 䘬 ḳね烉炷1炸⮶ⷓ⁔Ὣ⬠䓇㑘⮓姀抬ˣ䜋Ὣ⬠䓇㭷忙冯䞼䨞侭朊婯烊炷2炸⮶ⷓ天 㯪⬠䓇⛐倗䴉䯧ᶲ㑘⮓冒⼳⬠佺䘬⽫⼿㫉炻᷎ᶼ⚆ㅱ冯䧙孂⬠䓇䘬堐䎦烊炷3炸 ⮶ⷓ㭷忙㑘⮓䴎⭞攟䘬ᾉ炻ḇ⣂㫉㍸⍲冒⼳⬠佺炻婳⭞攟⛐⭞⣂䜋Ὣ炻᷎⼁㔜 ⬠䓇⽫⼿炻⌘䴎⭞攟㾷奥烊炷4炸⮶ⷓ冒ḇ冒⼳⬠佺ˤ⮶ⷓ修倥䞼䨞侭ṳ䳡⛯ ᶨ㔁做⸛⎘ᷳ⼴炻㕤㗗攳⥳㭷㖍修倥檀ᷕ劙㔯㔁㛸10炻᷎ᶼἄ䫮姀ˤ⮶ⷓ⛐婚 ➪ᶲṎ㊧冒䘬劙㔯䫮姀䴎⬠䓇䚳炻婒冒ḇ⛐冒⼳⬠佺烉ˬ㚱⛐ 炻㖍䧵㚰 䳗 ⯙ ᶨ ⭂ 㚱 ⸓ ≑ 炰 忶 Ἦ 䚳 䚳 侩 ⷓ 䘬 䫮 姀 炰˭ 忁 㗗 ⼰ ⤥ 䘬 ℠ 䭬 炰 䫎 ⎰ Zimmerman ㊯↢⺽⮶䎕䳂⮎埴冒⼳⽒䑘忶䦳䘬䫔ᶨ䧖ᾳ⇍㓗㊩炻恋⯙㗗䣢 䭬炷㜿⽫勡嬗炻2000炸ˤ
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⚃ˣ⬠䓇䘬⚆棳冯⬠佺ㆸ㓰
䫔ᶨ⬠㛇⮶ⷓ天㯪⬠䓇⛐倗䴉䯧ᶲ㑘⮓冒⼳⬠佺ᷳ⽫⼿デ゛炻↮⇍㚱ℑ㫉炻 ᶨ㫉㗗䲬忚埴ᶨᾳ㚰⼴炻⎎ᶨ㫉㗗㛇㛓炻⬠䓇冒姽䘬⽫⼿ˤ 炷ᶨ炸⇅㛇䘬⚆棳烉冒 4 㚰 14 㖍攳⥳㔁㌰冒⼳⬠佺炻⺽⮶⬠䓇⮵冒ㆹ䓇㳣ἄ 〗䘬奢⮇炻ᶱ忙⼴⎴⬠Ᾱ攳⥳㬋⺷姀抬炻᷎姕⭂䚖㧁冯攳⥳➟埴ˤ5 㚰 2 㖍⮶ ⷓ椾㫉天㯪⬠䓇⛐⭞⹕倗䴉䯧ᶲ㑘⮓冒⼳⬠佺⽫⼿炻⬠䓇䘬⚆棳⤪ᶳ烉 ˬ㗪攻夷∫堐ᶵỮ⬠佺⤪ỽ夷∫㗪攻炻怬䘤䎦ㆹ⚈ッ䍑暣儎㗪攻ᶵ⣈䓐ˣ⣒㆞ ˣ ḳᶵ娵䛇ˤ˭8 Ữ㗗⬑⫸Ᾱ䘬⣑䛇ˣ桐嵋⍲䛇婈炻䞼䨞侭デ】冯䍵やˤ 9 㭷⣑奨⮇⤡䘬䉨㱩炻崲Ἦ崲傥䚋㍏冯⍵䚩冒㭷⣑䘬䉨㱩炻᷎ᶼ㭷忙ᶵ㕟ᾖ㬋ˤ 10 ୯Ꮴৣࢂ୯ЎࣽԴৣ
ˬ㚱Ḯ忁ᾳ姀抬堐炻ㆹ䘤䎦冒⛐夷∫㗪㨇ᶲ䘬仢⣙ˤ˭ ˬ⛐忁⸦␐䘬㗪攻夷∫炻ㆹ䞍忻Ḯㆹϕ忙䘬㗪攻悥剙⇘⒒墉⍣炻ẍ⍲⤪ỽ夷∫ 㗪攻炻忁ṃ悥㗗⼰⮎䓐䘬炻⛐㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᷕḇ⎗䓐⇘⬫ˤ˭ ˬㆹ䘤䎦⎒天䓐⽫ 姀抬炻⯙䞍忻冒⛐ Ṩ湤炰侴ᶼ㚜㚱㓰䌯䘬 ⬴㭷ᶨẞ ḳˤ˭ ˬ䞍忻㭷⣑冒悥⛐ Ṩ湤炻剙屣⛐⒒ᶨᾳḳね䘬㗪攻㚨⣂˭ ˬ忁ᾳ㗪攻堐䘬≇䓐ᶵ⎒姀抬侴炻怬嬻ㆹ⮵ㆹ冒⸛ⷠ䘬佺ㄋ炻㚜≈䝕劍㊯ ㌴ˤ˭ ˬ⎗ẍ姀抬ㆹᾹ䘬䓇㳣ἄ〗炻嬎ぽ冒ˤ˭ ˬㆹ㭼庫䞍忻⤪ỽ㍏⇞冒䘬㗪攻䭉䎮ˤ˭ ˬㆹ⬠⇘Ḯ⤪ỽ䭉䎮㗪攻炻᷎⬠㚫↮惵冒䘬㗪攻ˤ˭ ᶲ徘㔯⫿ᷕ栗䣢⬠䓇䘬⍵ㅱ⣂⛐冒䓇㳣㧉⺷䘬ˬ奢⮇˭ˤ⬠䓇ⷠ䓐䘬≽ 娆㗗ˬ䘤䎦˭ˣˬ䞍忻˭烊侴ṾᾹ䘤䎦䞍忻ḮṨ湤烎⯙㗗㗪攻↮惵ˣ佺ㄋˣ佺 ⿏ˣ悥⛐ Ṩ湤ˤ奢⮇㗗冒⼳⬠佺䘬䫔ᶨ㬍炻侴ᶼ㗗⬠䓇冒奢⮇炻侴朆侩ⷓ ㆾ⭞攟⏲䞍ṾᾹˤ䞼䨞侭ḇ䘤䎦炻⬠䓇䔞ˬ䘤䎦˭冒䉨㱩㗪炷冒ㆹ奨⮇炸炻 㚫冒ㆹ䜋Ὣ炷冒ㆹ⇌㕟炸炻ἳ⤪嬎ぽˣ⣒㆞ˣᶵ娵䛇烊䞼䨞侭䚉慷ᶵ婒㔁炻 Ữ⬠䓇䘬冒ㆹ⍵ㅱ㚫冒≽↢䎦炻ἳ⤪炻⬠㚫夷∫ˣ㍏⇞㗪攻ˣ⬠㚫↮惵䫱⫿䛤 冯ℏ⛐≽㨇ˤ⽆⇅㛇䘬⚆棳Ἦ䚳炻⬑⫸Ᾱ奢⮇⇘冒䘬⓷柴Ḯ炻ẍ农㕤冒ㆹ㛇 姙冒䃞⫽做侴䓇ˤ⚆ㅱ㔯䌣㍸⍲炻⬠䓇冒ㆹ奨⮇⼴炻㚫冒ㆹ⇌㕟炻ẍ军㕤冒 ㆹ⍵ㅱˤ忁㬟䦳ᷕ炻慵溆㗗烉⬠䓇ˬ冒ㆹ˭奢⮇ˣˬ冒ㆹ˭天㯪炰䘮朆䓙忙怕 䘬⭞Ṣˣ侩ⷓㆾ䞼䨞侭ˬ⏲䞍˭ㆾˬ≱⻟˭ṾᾹˤ⽆塓≽⏲䞍廱䁢ᷣ≽奢⮇炻 忁㗗ᶨᾳ⼰⣏䘬廱嬲ˤ 炷 炷Ḵ炸䫔ᶨ⬠㛇㛇㛓䘬⚆棳烉冒 5 㚰 2 㖍䫔ᶨ㫉⽫⼿⼴炻⍰䴻㬟Ḯ⚃忙䘬冒 ⼳⬠佺姀抬冯媖娊炻役㛇㛓炻6 㚰 13 㖍⮶ⷓ天㯪⬠䓇ℵ㫉⛐倗䴉䯧ᶲ㑘⮓冒 ⼳⬠佺⽫⼿炻⎴⬠Ᾱ䘬⚆棳⤪ᶳ烉
ˬㆹ䘬ね㱩怬ᶵ拗炻悥㚱㊱䄏婚堐㑵婚炻Ữ伶ᷕᶵ嵛䘬㗗ㆹ⚈䁢㗪攻⚈䳈炻䃉 㱽⮓⼰⣂ˤ˭ ˬ⮎嶸ね㱩烉⛐㭷忙䁢冒妪ᶳ䚖㧁⼴炻ㆹ䘤奢↉ḳ嬲⼿庫⭡㖻炻侴ᶼ㗪攻ḇ 庫⤥㌴㎉ˤ晾䃞㚱㗪䃉㱽 ⇘炻Ữㆹϕ⭂㚫㈲⬫墄崟Ἦ炻⚈䁢○○⩥⩥䘬㔁⮶炻 ↉ḳ悥庽檮⣂Ḯˤ˭ ˬㆹ㚨役梗⼴悥㚱䄏叿㗪攻冒⼳夷∫䘬⍣⻰䏜炻㚱⸦⣑㚱⍣⎗㯿⬠昊䚳㔠⬠ 䓇䈑䘬⼙䇯炻ḇ Ḯᶨṃ➢㛔䘬䶜佺柴炻ἧㆹ⮵䓇䈑㔠⬠䘬恋ṃ╖⃫≈㶙Ḯ 㚜⣂䘬⌘尉ˤⶴ㛃ㆹ傥㊩ᷳẍˣ≒≃ᶵㅰ䘬两临䶜佺炻嬻ㆹ傥⣈⬠⇘㚜⣂炰˭ ˬ忁⸦ᾳ㚰炻悥⛐➟埴○○⩥⩥䘬妰䔓炻⽆㗪攻妰䔓⇘⛯ᶨ㔁做⸛⎘炻⮵ㆹᾹ 悥㗗⍿䙲列⣂炻忁ṃ庼≑悥嬻ㆹ䘬ㆸ䷦ˣ ḳ㓰䌯悥㚱⼰⣏䘬㍸⋯ˤ炷⮶ⷓ⚆ ㅱ烉⼰⤥炰炸忁ṃ悥㗗⮵ㆹ㚱⇑䘬㕡㱽炻ㆹ悥ㅱ娚天┬䓐炻⣂岷⇍Ṣ⸦↮ˤ˭ ˬㆹṲ⣑䘬⽫ね烉⤥ˤ⚈䁢ᶲ㫉○○⩥⩥㔁ㆹᾹ⤪ỽ夷∫冒䘬㗪攻炻ㇵᶵ㚫 ㈲㗪攻㴒屣㌱炻⚈䁢ˮ㗪攻⯙㗗慹拊˯ˤ˭ ˬ忁⸦忙Ἦ○○○⩥⩥悥Ἦ⸓ㆹᾹᶲ婚炻㔁ㆹᾹ冒夷∫㗪攻炻ḇ⚈㬌忁㧋炻㭷 ⣑悥㚱䡢⮎䘬 ⬴㭷ẞḳ炻嫅嫅○○⩥⩥㔁ㆹᾹ冒⼳⬠佺ˤ˭ ˬ嬻䓇㳣㚜㚱㬍婧炻晾䃞㚱㗪㚫ㇻḪ炻Ữ㚱夷∫䘬䓇㳣䷥㭼㰺㚱妰䔓Ἦ⼿⤥炻 ㇵᶵ忶炷㚫炸剙⼰⣂㗪攻⌣ᶨ䃉㚱炻ḳ⼴ㇵ㚫デ⇘⼴〼炻䔞⇅䁢ỽ㈲忁㗪攻 㴒屣␊炰ḇ⎗ẍ嬻Ṣ䓇㚜㚱䚖㧁炻㚱Ḯ䚖㧁ㇵ㚫䧵㤝ˤ˭ ˬṲ⣑侩ⷓ天ㆹᾹ⮓デ゛炻⮵㕤○○⩥⩥忁⸦㫉㔁⮶䘬䚠炷゛炸㱽炻ㆹ奢⼿○○ ⩥⩥㔁ㆹᾹ䘬冒⼳⬠佺朆ⷠ䘬㚱㓰炻⎗ẍ嬻冒ㅪ⼿㗪攻⬱㌺炻⎴㗪ḇ⎗ẍ㈲ ㆸ䷦㉱ᶲἮ炻ẍᶲ○○⩥⩥䘬婚朆ᶲ炷ⷠ炸䘬⤥䍑炻㖶⣑⍰㗗○○⩥⩥䘬婚炻 ẍ朆ⷠ䘬㛇⼭ˤ˭ 㛇㛓⚆棳栗䣢⬠䓇➟埴ᶨ㭝㗪攻⼴炻䚳⇘冒奨⾝冯佺ㄋ䘬㓡嬲炻ḇ徸 㬍䨑⭂ᶳἮˤ忁㗪῁䚳⇘䘬⣂䁢烉夷∫ˣ䡢⮎ ⇘ˣ⬴ㆸˣ㊱悐⯙䎕ˣ㬍婧ˣ ㆸ䷦忚㬍䫱⫿䛤ˤ⚆ㅱ㔯䌣㍸⍲䘬⽒䑘㬟䦳炻⎴⬠Ᾱ䴻傥⣈姕⭂䚖㧁冯妰
䔓䫾䔍炻䃞⼴➟埴䫾䔍᷎ᶼ䚋㍏炻ℵ㟡㒂䚋㍏䳸㝄Ἦ⍵⿅冒ㆹ䉨㱩ˤ㔜橼侴妨炻 ⎗ẍ䚳⇘⚳ᷕ䓇⽆ˬ䘤䎦˭冯ˬ⮇奢˭攳⥳炻⇘ˬ夷∫˭冯ˬ➟埴˭炻㚨⼴㗗 ˬ ⇘˭ㆾˬ䞍忻冒⛐ 䓂湤˭ˤ⽆℟橼䴻槿䘬奢⮇炻䃞⼴⍵䚩᷎夷∫➟埴炻 ℵ℟橼➟埴炻ℵ⍵⿅冯奢⮇㓰㝄ˤ㔜橼㗗ᶨᾳ⍵央⽒䑘䘬㬟䦳ˤ ᶵ忶炻侩⮎婒炻䚳⇘⬠䓇㛇㛓⍵䚩⽫⼿ℏ⭡炻⫿⫿⎍⎍䎮⿏⍰㶙⿅炻䞼 䨞侭枿デ樂姅ˤ⚈䁢㭷忙Ḽ朊⮵朊㗪炻⬑⫸晾娵䛇Ḻ≽炻Ữ怬㗗塓⮶ⷓ⁔Ὣ炻 㚱ṃ䓂军≱⻟冯塓≽炻䞼䨞侭ḇ枿⍿㋓ˤᶲ徘⽫⼿ℏ⭡栗䣢Ḯ忁ṃ曺⮹⸜䘬⿅ ゛㭼ṾᾹ⢾栗埴䁢Ἦ⼿䎮⿏ṃ炻䞼䨞侭⚈㬌㍸愺冒冯⣱⊠㛒Ἦ栀シ㍐≽䘬侩 ⷓ炻ᶵ天䚳⬠䓇忶䦳ᷕ⅟㻈䘬埴䁢堐⽝炻ᶨ⭂天➭㊩ᶳ⍣炻℞⮎⬠䓇㚱倥忚 ⍣ˤ䫔Ḵ⬠㛇㛓⬠䓇嫅⌉䘬䡢⮓忻烉ˬ晾䃞⛐忶䦳ᷕㆹᾹ⼰⏝炻ỮㆹᾹ怬㗗㚱 倥忚⍣炰䛇䘬⼰嫅嫅ぐ~ ᶵ㓦㡬䘬㔁ㆹᾹˤ˭ 㚱ᶨ⭞攟䈡⇍デ嫅䞼䨞侭炻⚈⬑⫸側婎婆娆㚱溆⚘暋炻㕤㗗婳⤡㭷⣑側 3 ᾳ炻侫娎 15 ᾳ㗪⯙ᶵ㚫屈㑼⣒慵ˤ⬑⫸㚱 炻婒㚱⸓≑炻⽫㘢⚾ḇ㚱 ˤ⎎ ᶨ⤛⬑悥㚱 ⽫㘢⚾炻侴ᶼ悥㚫䴎䇠⩥䚳炻䇠⩥⼰檀冰ˤ⎗や䘬㗗⏎ℐ䎕ḇ⎒ 㚱 4 Ṣ㚱 ⽫㘢⚾炻䌚⼿䋶⑩炻悥⼰檀冰炻⭞攟悥Ἦデ嫅䞼䨞侭ˤ 䞼䨞侭冒⓷烉ᶨ⸜䘬≒≃炻⚈㬌㍸⋯Ḯ⬠䓇䘬⬠㤕ㆸ䷦╶烎䫼㟰㗗⏎⭂ 䘬ˤ⬠䓇⚈㬌梲ㆸḮ冒⼳⬠佺佺ㄋ䘬╶烎䔞ᶳ㰺䚳⇘炻昌Ḯ冒⬑⫸ᷳ⢾ˤᶵ 忶炻䳸㜇⼴炻„㚱⭞攟ㇻ暣娙Ἦデ】烊䓂军ᶨ⸜⼴⬑⫸ᶲ檀ᷕḮ炻⭞攟婒⬑⫸ ᶵᶨ㧋Ḯ炻傥⯽䎦冒⼳䘬佺ㄋ…ˤ℞⮎炻䞼䨞侭ヶ慵⿅侫炻忁ᶨ↯䘬⚘⠫冯⓷ 柴炻劍䓙⮶ⷓ⎬䥹侩ⷓἮ 炻㓰㝄ㅱ娚㚫㭼ˬ⢾Ṣ˭㚜⤥ˤ
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Ḽˣ冒⼳⬠佺⽒䑘㬟䦳ᷕ㍐埴慵溆䘬䚩⿅冯⺢嬘
㬌䁢䞼䨞侭椾㫉⛐⚳ᷕ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺炻啱㬌⮎⊁䴻槿ẍ Zimmerman 冒⼳ ⬠佺⚃㬍樇㝞㥳炷㜿⽫勡嬗炻2000炸炻≈ẍ㬠䲵⽒䑘㬟䦳䘬➟埴慵溆炻㍸ὃ㫚㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺ᷳ⛐借㔁ⷓ⍫侫烉 炷 炷ᶨ炸䫔ᶨ㬍樇烉冒ㆹ姽₡冯䚋㍏炻㬌昶㭝㗗婳⬠䓇娛䳘姀抬㭷ᶨẞḳ炻⮇ 奢㗪攻↮惵ˤ 1.ᶨ⭂天⃰姀抬⸛㖍䓇㳣炻⏎⇯䃉㱽冒ㆹ奢⮇ˤ䞼䨞侭娵䁢军⮹ᶨ␐炻⏎⇯⎗ 傥䃉㱽䚳↢䓇㳣✳ン冯佺ㄋ㧉⺷ˤ 2.ᶵ天㈡姽⬠䓇䘬䎦埴䓇㳣㧉⺷炻傥⣈旵Ỷ⬠䓇䘬伒らデ炻ㆾ⎗㍸⋯⍫冯䘬シ 栀ˤ 3.⛐栏⍲⬠䓇⧃㦪暨㯪ᷳᶳ炻⺽⮶⬠䓇⿅侫冒⬠䓇ˣ⭞Ṣ䘬㛔↮ˤ⤪㝄剙⛐ 3C ㆾ⮷婒攟㗪攻炻⊊⽭㌺㒈⮓≇婚ˣἄ⭞ḳˣ⣂⃫⬠佺䘬㗪攻炻攟㛇ᶳἮ⭂ ⮯忈ㆸ䘬⼙枧ˤ 炷Ḵ炸䫔Ḵ㬍樇烉姕⭂䚖㧁冯䫾䔍妰䔓炻㬌昶㭝慵溆㗗↮㜸⬠佺ả⊁ˣ姕⭂ 䚖㧁炻ẍ⍲忚ᶨ㬍ᾖ㬋䘬⬠佺䫾䔍ˤ 1.㊯⮶⬠䓇㑘⮓ˬ℟橼䘬˭ˣˬ⎗埴䘬˭䫾䔍䚖㧁炻ẍ㖻㕤⬠䓇➟埴ˣ䚋㍏冯姽 Ộˤ 2.⧃㦪冯ẹ〗䘬暨㯪㗗⣑䓇䘬炻侩ⷓ⽭枰慵夾冯栏⍲炰⋫叔ᶵ傥ᶨ䚜天㯪⬠䓇 ἄ㚜⣂婚㤕炻㰺㚱䓐䘬ˤ 3.ḳね㚱庽慵䶑⿍ˣ⃰⼴枮⸷烊㗪攻ḇ㚱⃰⼴ˣ攟䞕柣䌯ˤℵ≈ᶲ炻ẹ〗冯 嬨㚠ˣℤ栏ㇵ喅䫱炻䘮㚱ⶖ䔘ˤ侩ⷓ天䳘兑⛘⽆娚⬠䓇婚⼴䓇㳣冯⭞⹕䑘⠫ᷕ炻 ⋼≑⬠䓇↮彐冯㒔⭂ˤ 4.㭷⬠䥹ㇵ喅䘬⬠佺䫾䔍⎗傥㚱ᶵ⎴炻⍰炻ᾳ⇍䦳⹎傥≃Ṏᶵ⎴炻侩ⷓㅱ 娚ⶖ䔘⊾䘬㊯⮶炻⮯ᷳ䲵ℍᾳṢ冒⼳⬠佺䲨抬堐ᷕˤ 炷ᶱ炸䫔ᶱ㬍樇烉➟埴䫾䔍冯䚋㍏炻㬌昶㭝ᷫ➟埴⇵昶㭝㒔⭂ᷳ䫾䔍炻᷎ 冒ㆹ䚋㍏➟埴䉨㱩ˤ 1.忇⹎ㄊ炻圵ℍ䓇㳣烊ᶵ屒⣂ˣᶵ㯪⾓ˤㄊㄊˣ㼃䦣満⊾⇘䓇㳣佺ㄋᷕ炻忁䧖 埴䁢㧉⺷ㇵ傥㊩ᷭ烊屒⣂㯪⾓Ṏ䕚䳗侴㓦㡬ˤ
2.天㭷㖍➟埴冯䚋㍏烉㭷㖍➟埴冯䚋㍏炻㭷忙⭂㛇㩊夾炻攟㛇ᶳἮ⯙㖻梲ㆸ佺 ㄋˤ⤪⎴㔯䌣㍸⍲天➡梲⬠䓇冒ㆹ㩊夾䘬佺ㄋ炷habit of looking at their own performance炸炻ᶼ天ⷠⷠ䶜佺炷constant exercise炸炻ẍ㓡忚⬠佺ㆸ㓰炷Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013炸ˤ 炷 炷⚃炸䫔⚃㬍樇烉䫾䔍䳸㝄䘬䚋㍏炻㬌昶㭝ᷫ憅⮵䫾䔍➟埴ᷳ䚋㍏䳸㝄炻≈ ẍ↮㜸炻ẍὧḮ妋䫾䔍䘬㓰䓐ˤℵ㒂㬌姽Ộ炻慵⚆䫔ᶨ㬍樇炻㗗⏎嬲㚜䫾䔍冯 ᾖ妪䚖㧁ˤ 1.⮵㕤㭷⣑㊤␥⾝㚠䘬⎴⬠炻慵溆㗗㍸⋯㗪攻㓰傥炻䨧㍺⣂⃫冰嵋冯⬠佺炻ἧ ⼿䓇㳣㚜㚱シ佑冯嵋␛ˤ 2.⮵㕤㭷⣑ᶵ⣏ⓠ㚠䘬⎴⬠炻慵溆⛐㔁⮶㗪攻↮惵䘬⎰䎮⿏炻徸㬍⡆≈婚㤕䘬 㗪攻炻ẍ㍸⋯冒ᾉ⽫傥≃ˤ 3.慵夾㗪攻㓰䌯侴朆ᶨ␛⡆≈㗪攻慷烉冒⼳炻㔁⮶⬠䓇㈦⇘⬠佺婚㤕䘬㈨ⶏ㕡 㱽炻㍸⋯⬠䓇㗪攻忳䓐䘬㓰䌯炻䳸㝄ᶵㅱ㗗⡆≈㚜⣂䘬婚㤕炻⍵Ὰ㗗䚩ᶳ䘬㗪 攻⎗㋒ἄ℞Ṿ㚱冰嵋ㆾㅱ娚 䘬ḳ⊁炻ẍ䘤⯽ℐṢ⸛堉冯㼃傥䘤⯽䘬䓇㳣✳ ンˤ 4.ᶵ㕥≈⬠䓇ˬᶵ姙⣙㓿˭䘬⡻≃炻Ữ㗗天㚱ˬ↮㜸⣙㓿˭䘬傥≃炻⽆℞⍇⚈ ℵᾖ㬋⮵ㅱ䫾䔍ˤ⬠侭娵䁢⬠䓇怠㑯䫾䔍㗪暋ˬ䉗拗˭炷make mistakes炸 炷Punhaguil & Souzal, 2013炸烊ᶵ忶炻䞼䨞侭䧙娚䫾䔍ˬᶵㆸ≇˭ㆾˬ㰺㚱㓰˭ˣ
ˬ忁㊃㰺㓰炻㎃ᶳᶨ㊃˭ˤ䞼䨞侭ᶵ娵䁢忁㗗怠拗烊⚈䁢ˬ傥⣈奢⮇䃉㓰䫾䔍˭ ⮵⬠䓇⼴姕娵䞍傥≃Ἦ婒㗗ᶨ⣏忚㬍ˤ 5.慵岒ᶵ慵慷烉慵岒炻㗗䁢䛇⮎䳗䧵⮎≃烊ᶵ慵慷炻㗗䁢旵Ỷ⡻≃ˣ㍸⋯≽㨇ˣ 性⋲徼侴⺊ˤ㛇㛃德忶岒䘬䳗䧵炻⺽䘤ṾᾹ冰嵋埴≽炻慵溆⛐攟㛇傥慷䘬 慆慨冯㵝梲ˤ ㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺Ṏ㚱℞⚘暋ᷳ嗽ˤ冒⼳⬠佺炻朆ᶨ㫉⿏䘬㔁⮶烊朆䞍嬀⿏ 䘬㿴廠烊圵ℍᾳ⇍⬠䓇(⏓⭞⹕)㘢傥ˣ佺⿏冯䓇㳣炻ẍ农䃉㧁㸾⊾䘬䴙ᶨ 㱽烊
⼴姕娵䞍傥≃暨ᶵ㕟▿娎冯䶜佺炻ㇵ傥ㆸ䁢ᾳṢ⊾䘬傥≃烊佺ㄋ梲ㆸ朆䞕㛇⎗ 夳㓰ˤ䃞侴炻ᶨ㖎梲ㆸ炻⮯㗗䳪幓⬠佺䘬慵天➢䞛ˤㆾ姙炻ˬ冒≽˭䘬佺ㄋ炻 ᶨ攳⥳⎗傥⥳㕤ˬ塓従˭( 侩ⷓ⻟⇞天㯪㕤婚䦳ᷕ䘬⺽⮶夷䭬)ˤ⤪ỽ嬻⬠ 䓇⛐ˬᶵ䞍ᶵ奢˭ᷕᶨ㬍㬍䳖⮎䘬䳗䧵⮎≃炻᷎奒䛤䚳夳冒傥≃忚㬍䘬溆㺜炻 侴┇䘤⬠䓇䛇㬋䘬ℏ⛐≽㨇炻➡梲䳪幓⬠佺䘬佺ㄋ傥≃炻忁⮯㗗侩ⷓᾹ䘬㊹ ㇘ˤ
Ҵ
Ҵǵ่ፕᆶࡌ!
冒⼳⬠佺㗗㛇㛃㍸⋯⬠䓇冒⬠佺䘬冒ᷣ⿏屔ảデ炻䃉婾㗗㔁⭌ℏㆾ㔁 ⭌⢾ˣ婚㤕ㆾ䓇㳣ˤ忁㗗攟㛇䘬䓇㳣㧉⺷✳ン䘬㓡嬲炻侴朆䞕㛇婚㤕ㆸ㓰䘬妻 䶜ˤℐṢ冯⣂⃫䘬冒⼳䓇㳣炻㔁⮶⬑⫸⣂⃫⬠佺冯幓⽫⸛堉ˤ䓇㳣⣂⃫⬱㌺炻 䓇㳣忼⇘⸛堉ˤ⸛堉ᶵẋ堐⎬枭䚖㗪攻⽭枰⸛⛯炻⎬枭㗪攻㭼ἳ⚈Ṣ侴䔘炻䃉 ⭂婾ˤ㭷ᾳ⬠䓇䘬㘢傥ˣ⭞⹕䓇㳣ˣ婚⼴㳣≽䘮ᶵ⎴炻侩ⷓ⮲慵ⶖ䔘ᶼ㍸ὃᾳ Ṣ⊾ˣⶖ䔘⊾℟橼⊾䘬䫾䔍㊯⮶炻⻟⊾⼴姕娵䞍傥≃䘬妻䶜炻⮯Ἦ⬠䓇⯙⎗ 䌐䩳↮㜸㈱㑯ˤ慵夾⬠䓇䘬➢㛔≇炻㭷⣑䳖⮎⛘忚㬍ᶨ溆溆炻冒冯冒㭼炻 ⎒天㊩临ᶳ⍣炻攟㛇ᶳἮ⯙⎗䚳⇘⋻叿ㆸ㝄ˤ䔊䪇炻冒⼳⬠佺㛇㛃⬠䓇䘤⯽↢ ㊩ᷭ䘬佺ㄋ冯≽㨇炻恋湤炻侩ⷓ⯙天㚱攟㛇➡梲冯侸⽫䫱⼭䘬⽫䎮㸾⁁ˤ 䎦⟜㔁ⷓ⮵⬠䓇冒⼳⬠佺佺ㄋ䘬梲ㆸ炻㚱慵⣏⼙枧≃ˤ䔞侩ⷓ䃉㬌㤪⾝ˣ Ṏ㛒⍿⮰㤕妻䶜炻⮵㕤㍐≽冒⼳⬠佺⯙㚫帲帯ᶵ⇵炻Ṏᶵ⼿㱽烊㬠⬠䓇仢᷷ 冒⼳≽㨇炻䃉㱽㓡┬䎦䉨ˤ⚈㬌炻䞼䨞侭岲⎴⬠侭⺢嬘忚埴ⷓ屯⮰㤕䘤⯽冯妻 䶜炻冒⼳⬠䫾䔍冯⮎⊁ㅱ䓐炷Spruce & Bol, 2015炸ˤ䃉婾㗗ᾳṢ⸛㖍㗪攻䘬↮ 惵⎬⬠䥹ᶵ⎴䫾䔍䘬ⶖ䔘⊾㊯⮶炻䘮⎗㭷㖍徸㬍▿娎冯梲ㆸ佺ㄋˤ᷎⤪⬠侭 ⺢嬘攟㛇徥希炻奨⮇⬠䓇䫾䔍ἧ䓐䘬嬲⊾ね⼊炻㩊㟠⬠䓇⛐娵䞍䘤⯽䘬忚䦳年 嶉⬠佺䫾䔍ᶲ䘬嬲⊾炻ẍ⍲⛐㔁⬠ᷕ姕妰ㅱ䓐䫾䔍䘬㨇㚫ね⠫炷㠩暚曆ˣ昛剠䍲炻2013炸ˤ⚈㬌炻⺢嬘⎬䥹侩ⷓ傥⣈≈ℍ䞼䨞炻ᶵ⎴䥹䚖䘬⬠佺䫾䔍 ⬠䓇ᾳ⇍ⶖ䔘䘬⺽⮶炻↯⮎㈦↢⮎晃㚱㓰ᶼⶖ䔘⊾䘬⬠佺䫾䔍炻⸓≑⬠䓇⛐ᶨ 䓇䘬⬠佺ᶲ傥⣈冒ᷣ冯䌐䩳ˤ 㚨⼴炻ẍ㜄⦩䘬娙Ḻ≱烉ˬ㔁做䘬䚖䘬⛐㕤ἧṢ傥⣈两临㔁做冒ˤ˭ˬ⤪ 㝄炷⬠䓇炸ᶵ傥夷∫冒妋㰢⓷柴䘬㕡㱽炻冒⮳㈦↢嶗炻炷⬠䓇炸⯙⬠ᶵ⇘ 䓂湤烊⌛ἧ炷⬠䓇炸傥側↢ᶨṃ㬋䡢䫼㟰炻䘦↮ᷳ䘦㬋䡢炻炷⬠䓇炸怬㗗⬠ᶵ ⇘䓂湤˭炷廱⺽冒湫⚳䍵炻2017炸ˤ
ୖ
ୖԵЎ!
㜿⽫勡嬗炷2000炸ˤ冒冒⼳⬠佺炷B. J. Zimmerman ⍇叿炻1996 ⸜↢䇰炸ˤ冢⊿ ⶪ烉怈㳩ˤ 㜿⺢⸛炷2005炸ˤ冒⼳⬠佺䘬䎮婾冯䞼䨞嵐⊊ˤ⚳⚳㔁㕘䞍ˤ52炷2炸烉8-24ˤ 㜿ㄏˣ㕥䘣⟗炷2007炸ˤ➡梲⬠䓇冒⼳⬠佺傥≃ᷳ䞼䨞--ẍ⚳㮹ᷕ⬠㬟⎚䥹䁢 ἳˤ㬟㬟⎚㔁做ˤ11烉65-84ˤ 傉ㅞ呻炷2013炸ˤ䱦䱦䅇⬠佺冯冒⼳⬠佺⮵⬠䓇冒ᷣ⬠佺ㆸ㓰ᷳ㍊䨞ˤ朄⭄⣏⬠ ⮰ả㔁ⷓ㔁⬠䞼䨞傥慷䱦忚妰䔓ㆸ㝄⟙⏲炷䶐嘇烉PU101-TDE009炸ˤ朄 ⭄⣏⬠炻㛒↢䇰ˤ 傉ㅞ呻炷2017炸ˤⷓ屯䓇冒⼳⬠佺䘬梲ㆸˤ㔁㔁做⮎佺庼⮶忂妲ˤ24烉1-2ˤ ⼸㕘忠ˣ湫渿懜 炷1999炸ˤ檀ᷕ䓇⬠㤕ㆸ⯙冒ㆹ㓰傥冯⬠㤕ㆸ⯙堐䎦ᷳ㍊妶ˤ 㔁做冯⽫䎮䞼䨞ˤ22烉267-294ˤ 㠩暚曆ˣ昛剠䍲炷2013炸ˤ⚳ᷕ⮷⬠䓇⬠佺䫾䔍ἧ䓐ᷳ↮㜸ˤ㔁㔁做䞼䨞冯䘤⯽ 㛇↲ˤ9烉33-64ˤ 昛▱ㆸ炷2002炸ˤㆸ⯙䚖㧁埴≽㍏⇞⍾⎹冯㔠⬠傥≃䞍奢ˤ㔁㔁做冯⽫䎮䞼䨞ˤ 25烉629-656ˤ 昛▱䘯ˣ悕枮⇑ˣ湫ὲ‹ˣ哉䌱ㄏˣ⏛晭䍚ˣὗ⣑渿嬗炷2003炸ˤ冒冒ㆹ婧㔜⬠ 佺烉㔁⬠䎮婾冯⮎炷D. H. Schunk B. J. Zimmerman ⍇叿炻1998 ⸜↢䇰炸ˤ 冢⊿ⶪ烉怈㳩ˤ 湫⚳䍵炷2017炸ˤ湫慹㗪ẋ㗗⛐ㆹᾹ⇵朊炻ᶵ⛐ㆹᾹ側⼴炰教教嬨䎮妋-厗㔯教嬨 䳈梲姽慷⬠佺娴ˤ16烉4-5ˤ 嵁䎖㘜ˣἁ㮹⮏炷2012炸ˤ冒⼳⬠佺䫾䔍冯冒ㆹ㓰傥ˣ⬠佺冰嵋ˣ⬠㤕ㆸ⯙䘬 䚠斄䞼䨞ˤ㔁㔁做䞼䨞普↲ˤ58炷3炸烉1-32ˤ 冢䀋 PISA ⚳⭞䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炷2011炸ˤ冢冢䀋 PISA 2009 䳸㝄⟙⏲ˤ冢⊿ⶪ烉怈㳩ˤ冢 䀋 PISA ⚳ ⭞ 䞼 䨞 ᷕ ⽫ 炷 2014 炸ˤ PISA 2012 冢冢 䀋 䱦 䯉 ⟙ ⏲ ˤ ⍾ 冒 http://pisa.nutn.edu.tw/dl_result_report.htm
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