• 沒有找到結果。

公務人員考試應考資格之研究

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "公務人員考試應考資格之研究"

Copied!
28
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)1S. ,·. ooJtl'!P~*cm;fB=+-tJ:f:*c'. tJ:f:WBiMA.. ~I~M~fB~~,~~~mR*~~-BT. , ~~fBlij}]mtmi:¥~Mi~ , fEIJtrm§ , ~ *fB~~~ft~~fBlij}]~~r'~~~~M. (M. Weber) W!f~tB: rftij[1~a~~*rp,. 'l' fB ~ J& ' PJT t) fig ~ § ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 i ~ , ······'l'JtfT~f=jImB'M'~$lT~$$5fBm IT ~$1Z\Nk1A'0$5~z=f J !PM~~fB' 0. 0. ::glT~¥~m~ (H. Finer). ~fB~~olli~*,~~~~~mfB~~~. pg f¥:j;¥D*,I@!~H£~:*1Crm~iEl ' 0$5 ~~mrm~*1f J (~3fla ' ~ 79 : 1) Jl'~1J ' ~J&~fi~fBm. ~. , ~iEl~~~±1t ' ffd:it~BIfI~JC1t ' ~ .~iEl.?&,5XID 'rm~~~m' ~m 'ffd:itiR. j}]W~'l"0$5A~ID~~m~rmHIm.fB~. ~fB~~~~'~~0~$~BM~~'~~. 0~A~fffflfBm~W~'~~~J&0~$1. ~J&fB~figWjfrESfG~~ff. mj}]fB~iiil. [Z;J1It ' ~if~1~. 0. ts0$5Aj!~~~ffHTfB±~JJRj}]1J. ' kSJItt '. J&fB,!j~H~~BMt1O~' {tl~~J&E8t)f:t r~~. , ~1J~J&fB~fi~l~hOI JJl! ; 1:Effl~~ , ~1Jl'!P~f=j~~~~ , ZJj\QJ;{1 1m (O(~01ar~JL-~~fGfB~ff*,Jgr , BiUH4. , 7~~fBftJ. A'$m~H'ff~~~'-H~~J&PJTH~. 0. fB~~'0~$~fB~~~~'~~A~Jt~ .~ J. (Night-Watch-Man) ¥~. ts ' ,,~~ r lfr±itg~~~* J ( Social Service State) ~ft ' tl~fBftJts +11tJ:f:*c1JJM ' 1lt 0. ---122. 0. f:Effll~~. 0. fBm~A$IDt!Jmo. ~~*fB~1m~IfI~±z~,~¥~a~.

(2) ~'~~~~±~N~m~~r'&~lli0. lit ' 2$:)(lftn~~JJ!:7qit~Rpmj~f§fH1m)£{'F -~fflj~ , slftlftnJJ!:7qitmliJlftn'I1:JJU ' if ~ , ~~ , ~~~f§H~{,\~iiiIH'F-~~ ,. SjZ '000&!ftfr±tff~~'I1:~1&:tmiii$. ~M~!ft0SY:'0lE'~~~0~A~JJ!:7qit. *~~~~m&a~~.A~wm,~~~± {~ , RP~~~tma1E1~~m±~.pxA~~~. ~. CfHlliJ ' 84 : 19 : Denhardt ' 1995 : 208) tlDll:t­ 0. *,~~~am~~~~0~$~'~~~~. l¥J:tfjgW@]JJ!fjgjJ ; §-JfjIfi ,. , 000slft. m~itlJn. It '. ~~a~§~' ~7~WJi:t, slft~~,. , ~~:7q~itttf'l1: ' 0SY:'[j:~f§fHlre~1Hi '. ~~m4' r ±.~~ J ~*1iJ. I¥J :f.R 2$: Fe' IHi. '. C1983:249-250) tf~*&). Humphrey Marshall. a~~~;;t1'F (0~it~WWtt. CCitizenship and Social Class). ,re. o. it m~ ~ 0 ~ Ccivil) • fU ' am (political ).fIJIDlftttfC social ).fIJ( ) ;!t1iJ ' am.flJ~t3-43-tlam~a., tlD~a .,~• • ~,~llt,m~~±m*~0~~ 0. ~~m~1§.tlfH1~ffl~A:t' J;J~~tlfHl~fjg zj~. IjHT~IiI1}ffAji~Bi~.m ~~iji±tf~~ Thomas. A~tf~~tt~.W!ft~0.jJ~0~A. , /jF~A,BMM:tna1E1~~~1tlli~5F5[~ , ~ l\: tn i& m ~ ~ lE 'ii '[>1 ~ f.m 2$: ;§!5 liti! (Rosenbloom' 1977) o.;;t, ~*0~A~. 0. -liIf§'ii~)L\. (Krislov and Rosenbloom '. ~W0~$~~.~'~~*0~A~~ff ffl'n~rn0~~tmW*o~m.$A+li~. RPmJE:. 1981 :21 ) :7q~fflA~lliW~~~*~0~A~~ Iiflil*~1j. , ~~~frlE:rt:7q~;;tfW ' JJ!:7qA&\ ji~.!f.f)£~itmf'*{4 ' Jf1~JJ!~ (Shafritz. r 0~Ajii;;t~fbt. '. JJ!fi000~¥;;t. :7q~itlJN J '~RPf~lliA~~JJ!:7q~g~0.;;t •. 0. ~~0JJ§A~:7qgi\r*. '. !)}i~~f-t~~fqJ. ,. If:tn0~A~43-tl:7q~JJ!:7qitm~~~,~~. and Russell, 1997 : 40 I) ':7q~ftiUNR~-~. ~m=1f~)(g:7q~$~~'~~~1f~)(g. Iifli~IAWB'~.fflAtlH~~~~~. ~~:7q~~,~m+A1f~~aM0~~fi~. A ' ~fr,:7q~tlfH1~1Ilt:tt~R:ltSlli ' RP1iJ~~ ~~I!mu 'JJ!:7qitm, JJ!:7qflt § '.1&IH~~ ,. :7qgi\$ , ~I~L=-+tiffr.f&f~lE0:ffJ~:7qgi\. ~~~jIfi~!f.f)£~~~~,~px:7q~~A~:rt. ,~mA+. i!~. , *&\JilE~3§tlfiJTfM000 '. ~§tl. (u::k;fM ,. 0SY:~A~JJ!. 86: 321) C[t-). 0. Il9. $,~~t+li1f0:ffJ;;t0JJ§Ajii:7q~$'H. if.lE0:ffJ~0~A. :7q~. ,~tnJJ!:7q~m~m)£,~~~fqJmNL~ ~~,~;!tIiJ~±~~~,±~m~~=c. 123--­.

(3) -. ~*, ~N1.'. '.~ 85: 3-13). ~~.~~A+E~0~M¥~~~m. :;tt-:- '. ti1fS'~~~~~~7t.o~~~~~.~~. Ii$' 0~AJ'!~~1*~=i~~-rj~pmJE:: r 1}. mtl, :I$]~mu~~f4tJl:.~.~'. ~A~Z~~' tJ0~M¥JJ~fiZJ. Ml~~~~. m'~~~n~~m~:il~'~~~~w~N. 'fffi1t< 0~A~~~1*M!Hj*IlUIIJ~ -=; ~~fmJC ' ml. ::f~~~~'1fS':Ji!~~~t+1L~'~~~~. ~r0~~¥J. ~7t~-. , =~&~1T ' ;tt~-*&~~~~akJJ1!. ~~'~~+A~'~~~~~~E~,mA. ~~m'~~~~±~l:.lli:=tf~~o~~A. f~I!n~+Ei~~+1Lf~zmJE ' ffiJHr~~m-t. +E~. , J!~~~~~it~.~7t~- , = '. ~. .'HmJE:~~~±.lli'~~0~A~~~. f~::f1{}J1!~'~$:=tf ~~. ~~=.~gitf§~J{f4:&.~:=tf ' 1{}tJ~~~~ ~~-.~~;. 'J1!~~m~~~~~o. 1;t£~~/\+1ZY~~Ml. '. ~:a~~1Ti&J{f4. ' ;tt. f4*~mtl:i:OO~~ ,tJ.~~~~r:iJ:=tf'::f~. :~~~~,~~.re~. ' ~1{}~i1 ' 7tl.lUJ1!~~f4 , stft~~~px~l~fItJ~J~ , mfl~Jf)l If! 0. '0~A~~J1!~~~'J1!~~~*.. ftt: '. 1~~f~ftt:W*!~i~ftt:=mH~itt: (~~~. ~86:. -. 143-158) :. '~*f~ftt:. : 1~~:Ji!!M1fS'~~·'. ~~:&.R~. W*~r:iJ~~;~~~~JE~~~:ajj~~:&'. ~f§rmmJE. ~~=~:=tf. ~mJE: '~1J[]~*0~A~~git:=tf'. ' Jf)l1~ r f§~J{W J ~~mu ' ~~. ,. 0. :il~z' {&0~A~~~~. &,j. A+E~~lE01ti~~i*z1&' J!Jf)l1~:ajj~. :Ji!~.~~~~'ffiJH~~+A~(m-t. ~:&.m~-=~, JJUJ~1JD~~~~itz~Nmtl. ~)~~~pOO,~mJE:~.~~~~~. ' stft ~1~f)]~~~.JJfz~mu ' J1!~ A ~r:iJ tJ fIt­ ~.z~~:&.mz~m,~~~-~.~~~ ~~~~. ;. , ~iiWfJf)li~~FlE~)(?~f'P~~. ~~~Z{&.o~~E+-~~~~~lE,m. ~;tt~. r ~r~~f'P.~~m J f~J1!~~~~Z. mJE: ' re~/\+E~' Jf)li~~:a~JE:t§~~f4 :&.~ , 1{}~~:a~~zmJE: ' ?J)\I!P~iiWfJf)l1~~F lE~)(?If'P~~~~~z{&., ffiJ&1T::X-~ .~~:&.m:=tf,~~~~~-~.~~zm. JEo. --124. ~~~,. • • mJE~~~~'~:Ji!~M 1& ' .~~~~~~ , ;tt~~Mj\t5t ' i5J&, m~~mJE: (~/\i~) Cti=) - ' 1~~~~ : 0~A~~~i*~ti~m5E ' ~~~~u~~m$Z -:=tf ' :I$]::ff~H,J~~ ~fffUJ-I!~*0~A~~~ : 0. H~~ •• ~MH~1&,.m~.,*~. ~ , ~~UfflJiiJE::=tf ' ~jjil~~raJ**6~.

(4) illi*i\lff~j'aj*~~~ 8~iUf:LHIj'aj*mfl~ Q1It~~iEl,iftiE§"E (li)~~8~Hi~ 7fUlri)£~. '. ~tJJ:~~;f§~~f4• •~ , ~f)]~~~. 0. :&~~. 0. j'aj*mfl~. , fJ!1~~tJ[J0~A~.~~~ (m. +1\i~). 0. , ~3t&:jjfvJtM6bZ~J!I! ' ~~U. , ~jiit1'i~ , j'aj*~~~. 0. ~W~~~:~0~A~~~~~m)£,w. ~~~~~Jf!~jl~&\~~~Zl5NitlJ. 0. ='M~~~:~~~~~~~~~'~~~. '. ~*~~+A~~,m~0~A~~W~. ~~~~~~~~;~~~~~M~~~. ~~t (m+-t;f~). ~1'iffi~~o~rn~0~A~~~~1'i. ~~0~A~~~~~~n~'~~~~. H~~~~-~ , i\lj~~~=*&. ~7t~-. '. ••. , = ' - , IlY '. li~. 0. ~::X7tJJU;f§~. ~~~~~-~,~~~~=~,~~~~=. m, 7t~~Or:. ~'.illi~~.W~~~'~XJf!~jl~,7t. ~.mJ:~~Dm.~~~~~.~~~jl. ~~'ffi'~1'i~±~w'~~0~A~. (m + A 1~) ;ttf&1'iIDl~l!I~~t~Jf!~~ ~ , ~~~ , f4&7t~ , 7tM~.~f4§ , ~U. ~~=~~~;f§~~f·l&~~ , 1Jl!1~~tJ[J. ;JiH~fI~~~JEZ (mlii~). lIt-~*&akJ~~ (m+lif~z-). ~~0f9iA~~~~~jl~ , l!PfL~J:fl~*~. ~~. , pff ' ~~fj(ff$~lt:gZ~:?~jdfl!fiJf. 0. w~~~~=~:0li~li~ZUli*~~ Ji:~'. pff, ~*]fj(ff$~lt:gZ~:?~*~~. ~. 0. 0. ~~~z,. q. ,. ~*'~~+A~,e~~*~~m)£~., :f{f~~~f~ftf:, 11~~)£~Jj~1~~~1~~jl. (P':JilIL '. , ~mH:r~ , fiUJ0. ~zm$. ~~=*&~~;f§~~f-l&~~' fJ!1~~fJ[J. fI ' ~~m,iftiflE§"E.~~8~.~3t&:jjfvJtM~. ~~~~t=.*&~~ (m+lif~z=). 6bZ~J!I!) ,slft:f{f~;f§IDI~~~~~&~Z~. (:::)~~~~=~& : 0li~li~Zf1.liWf4 tJ. I'!I!!. .. pff. Ji:~'ffl'~1'i~±~w'~~0~A~. 0. 0. ~=~'.illi~~.W~~~~~. H~~~~-m:0li~li~ZUli*~~. :?~,@~. ~~~f!lftf:~, ~1~~tJ[I~*0~A~Z~~. J:~~ , ~~~fj(1f$~lt:gZ~:?~WM tJJ: .~m~M* • • ~,~.ji~~m~. Ii, f4:&~~' fJ!1~~tJO~~~~t=~&~ ~ (m+lif~z=). 0. Q1It.illi~~t: 0li~li~~f1.li~*&J:fl~~. ~'*~~BA~~~.~~~zM~ @W~~~~0~A~~. ~~~jl. ~'~1'i~~~m)£'Ur'~X~~~~'. 125. III....... . .\.

(5) ~~'re~,~~&a*liM~~~*'0~. ~~. , fEHlf~* ' tlD~~Jf1:z$~&friEX7k~. Ai'i~~H!~~~B"Jf§lDlmJE' fi'&-tm~ZIDt. A. ~~. FIJl ' M~g:r:rWJ1R'H!~~~inJEzlt~~~;fff :. Career Examination) '¥.;JmJEt)':k~'h"~~J! .. -'~I!;. ~~lli:~~~~~', tl[JH!~-~W~~lill~. ~~~:niEXJ&~~it$ti)j{ , :p:r:r:kmmRi!t-­. B"J~~o~0~Ai'iB"JH!~~~,~mJE~~. !l:r:r~~~m. ; ft~~B"JIi.&$tlL ' ~Fm-B"JJ[ ~ , )'L + i\~:ftl7\+ li~ , ~r:iJ~~(Stahl ' 1985 : 121-123) ; fttl~L ' ~7¥,fJjUJIU~J~ (tl[J~WJ~.~ , tx:x~~) ,:p:ffm~fI*ftf: zli.&$u (Itl~~ , ~ 81 :73) ftr~~B"JH!~ ii~j: ' )'L!l:fft.fFffl" '1't~ffffl~0~ A~ ( ~~* ffiH.'fMi ' £.3sJ~ , ~ 85 : 19) : 0. '. (-)lZ9gz{.~~1'~fj~fffif£.~ c-~)Jt!t;[.!\1'~i:rf!ff0;mi'i~. 8~:ff~HW'. , H!:k~~~ , ~¥t~=~f§fDi~itI f'Fz~~ , ~11t~f~('j§f~FJT§!~4~€if*~t.W M:i1JtmJE:f§~~ (lfflIf'l ' ~ 85 : 261-265) •. .lli:~. tm§z' ~~t:t1R'H!~~~~~B"J~N$tl:f§'MJl ~,t:t1R'0;mA~B"Jm~,~m~~~~~~. t1,l*~~ ,ft~~B"JmJE_t. ' W-*1'~ffm '. illili:~*~:ffaj:~B"Jm~o ='~I!; ~~4H!ft:)Cga~~~ , ft~~ii~ nlID. '. mJEH!~~~~~~~~~;t:t1R'1'~~~. 0. ~'~~~1'~B"JmJE;fttl~~~nlID'~. 0. 1'Km.lj!ijG' ~F~~~&1'4!J¥. ff~~o. ~~~\*J[[Q]3t'g~ i'i* ~. ~1R'~~~ffffl~':ff~~~~~~~~.. ,. ~. 82 : 808). ' tJiH±Hi~m~11J3. (~~U. 0. ftr~~jil~B"JmJEL ' ~t1,lfDi~IDl~*:t(. , ~t)'"Ft~$~ , 1't~H!~ , ;fi1Z9/f' ~fffi~J&~' 1:!1H!7tIJI. (*.~, ~ 79:. fJ~~o. ~B"J.;m. (li)~)j{~ffli@m~~~o. V'\)1' ,~,~1R'~~fffi:fflit.~ff~ ttl i:t f$ ffi JE l' t~ f! ff 0 ~. 150-151) :. 0. z 111. H:!tlm.&r:t[§Wf*fU~pxi'i ~)f6fqJ , ;?$f'J ' ][fif:!tlm±~~~[§Wf±ll 0. ~o. U\)~¥,fJjU.~J~. (Professional and Administrative. , 1'!lV1i~~0~~~~. 0. W~mJEH!mmffl.~~§fffiffi~mm. ,~~~~mJJJ~o ~gft*m.~a~~m.-- ~'~~ Q;x.../ . . ~Jc"\Jc..'~'fA~;RIIJD",t!.&,M~' IIIJ)L\13~~. ~o. JJJj£zf~[Q]~. ft~~H!~~~nOO'~~**1'~m~. ft~~~~nOO'ft~~L±~~~~~. --126. 0.

(6) , 1~J[~!l]if.. : -~*~*~ , 1~~~tiL:if ; ~­ ~tlJ~!tjt~ , im~fr~:if (. ). 0. J;A ~ ,51-:gUTiI&WJlM ( Administrative. tiL J. ':fril&'8' ( Administrative Officer) , (Executive Officer) Ei. 1T iI& ** ~ ji. &:i1It~D~ (8q::?lf~'. 0. ,. 1'~ifB~tj(ffji~~~~~ ~~~~i¥J~~itiU. 0. ~rr~,#~~~-h~'1'fEI.~J;A*~~~*~~. ~'~~1'~~~~~i¥J.~~~~~'~J;A. Hffil&WJlM:~iI&WJlM~H!~ji~'fr~~ 0. , ~~ti7fJi:JiJT~~. ~~~~X'8'i¥J~~'fr.~ji~~oo'. 85: 103-108; Drewry and. Jutcher ' 1988 : 97) :. 1Hm ' slQ~~itiU. ' slQ~~. (degree with second-class honours) ·. :ttff:R;fEl'M'~~~. l.ssistant). ,. fr~~~oo. , ~Pl~~ r =~tJI~¥~. (GCE/SCE Level). (Administrative Trainee) i¥JH!~{f~ji~. 0. -~fffi i§ 'fr~~1nm. fr~~.i¥J~~'WAEm~i¥J~~'ffi~rlJ. , ~WW~~18l.tlt~rdJ ' ~gl~;fEl'M'm1;7]. '. ~~frfr~~.*'~~~Xfr~'~~. 0. -=."tllII. fJtfr r J tJI ' ::trlJtJ~~ t:)fJiI&'8': lTiI&'8'~H!~ji~, -~fffi i§ ( {lj. ~~t~mAE'~~~~~~~~~'~~~. *~'8'~m~~.~oo~~~~~W~. ; ftH!~~~I 'WII**~~L~ -+-.~fi. -+.J;A~)~~.i¥J~~°fr~~~. ~~~'~~A±~~~!l]+.'~fr~~~. 00'. *~+j\.J;A~i¥J~fr'~~.-~fr:if'H!. ~~0~A~i¥JH!~~~,~~n0~~. 0. '~~~Xfr~'. ~1ifJtfr. r. JtJI ' ~l~tJ~~. 0. S.ff'8':~ff'8'i¥J.~ji~'fr~.~. 00 ' ~ll~S:-+t.~~!l]+tL.~rs~. ~~~1~~~=. ~!f-'f7JUgq::rlJm. ' {S fi~~.B"J~NitiU ' i1~. ' ~~~~A.~i:t$~g:if ' ~. fr~. 1'~m'~~fi~~.,~~n0~~~i¥Jm. ~~OO' ~O~*~fr~Ei.~:if' IJJG*.&\~. AE ' ~~~- +t. ' ~afigfftfp~~~~0~. ~~Wfrr~~*~JJ;AI'~Wfrr~. ~. 0. im7Jd~'J L~I. ' ~l~tJ~~ ; ~O~*~* ~.~~lT'8'~~:if ' &\~:tt¥}fr~lJJG. *'~~~Xft~~~Wfr~~*~J;A. I'. _If-"f"'l-r:. )!j~/J'-'-F.v.A-L. '. ~l~tJ~~. 0. ~ff~.~~:ff~.~~i¥J.~ji~,:tt. if..mAEfr=+ j\.~-=. +1\. ' fEI.~o,§1R. ". ; il~a~~tJt&\~~~1r ' ~f{U5.F1'fig~~. (i!iJj~~ ,. 81: 506). 0. fr0~A~i¥J7~~.~ji~~00 ' ~~0 ~A~ 'J\L~~~iffi'~l5t~-:if '.ff1dJ!j~ff. tfp. (~q::rlf~. ,. 85 : 593-594) :. (-)fftfp~1*'tl1~.m. '. ifp~~AAJm:if. 0. (=:jfftfpt&f~~:\tfftfp:if~~8$ , ej1:~~j1:. 127. \'".

(7) HUfrl,Z1iiUE:#!Um '. U?&~.fttlff0~ ~ ,Z.~~o. , iamfirJi~ffd:flfB11*fffit:fWiJJU J • i!&0~ )d~I¥J~~;ct , ;f!i~:miiiJi!0SfZi!~mutIJ. tta;f!iW~1Joo,~n0~~~0~~m. ~~0~~W~.~(*~~~);f!i~:miiiJi!·. m+/\f,*~+:hf,*m5E. ~. Q. ' PJWi?t~lZYti. (~q:il. fl, ~ 85: 583-584; Schmidt and Rose' 1985. :. 147-148) :. Hm• • ::Jt~~il~.*~~.~~~ & ' glGf§'M'~m1~~&'z~W~~ , ~­. ~~~.I¥J~~,~mt:f~~~W~~I¥J.. 5E . fut:f~~B'9.~if-W ' Iltti~W' ~~, IDII*~B'9w;WJ~g , mG~~~0$j A~~fiB'9­ M;f!i*B'9¥-ffS· 1m ' ~!111 m~0~A~B'9~ti~~'Wm~0~~. if-B'9*fji~~o ~,glGmI~~&.~'~Ht:f-Mt:f~B'9. 1m ; if-m1Joo ' ~ti~~;ctt:f:Jt~~I¥J~ittl ' ill ti~~ti7T~~~Jm~WitU ( ~~~ , 81:. IDII*~~~maJ3' ~Ht:f-M.~0i*J:1¥J. ~8). IDII~ , ~~~~tJlIDEaJ3. {J)\,ep~Ji~~aJ3;;lU!,t:f*a~ti.. M~ • • ::Jt.~W~.*~m1~~~.. ' ~t:f -if-B'9*1im ~~ , ~~.~~;ct&~~ • SJ:• • ::Jt.~il~.*~~~~&.. ; • •~~~M.ft~fiffifB1B'9.~'. ' m:jjE.'ti. '. ~1ti$~. '11:, fi~'ti.'z1~J~ , ~maJ3~~~1E1.8m~( ~. ififl'. ~,gIG~t:f~~~tJl,gIG~t:f*~A~il. 85 : 515). 0. ~~m~0~A~~~~'~7~M.~. , ~~fu~[)f;fJ:&M!~1ltij". ~.~~t:f=if-B'9*1im~~'~J:.~~. .~lt11EmaJ3>;:ftf:)t~. &~~.. ~B8$,ttm~0~A~~~m,~~~~.. ~~ • • ::Jt.~W~.*~~.-~*. 1J~11E{& , MJ~m5E. ~'IM*~,~:Jt~~~,Z~~~~'. 00'. ~*~~~~~~,Z~~&~,~t:f~if­. 0~~fU'z)t~. ' t*~friaMfB1tt1lt-1J. §ffi~~.~'~7~~MA~. B'9*fji.$j,~~.m=~m*~~&. , ~~~*~mB'90~A~£\~ ~~fji.L~JfB~£~ (~,,~ , 81: 478 ; ~. ~o. ififl '. ~~0~A~B'9~~ , tJ~t:f~:§'M'~7-.B'9. ~re'tt~~~n0~~$mA~m-~m : r 0$jA~~mJJ!~:Jtil~fi~JJW~F~'z. t5ifi~fffi5E. --128. '. ~~:Jt'ti.JJU. '. m. '. ti~. , wfCIJ*. ~. 85 : 515). 0. i*~0~A~~~ 'Wi?t~ A, B' C, D IZYM.~ , :JtJJ!~B'9il~ ,?tjill;tlD"F (lrF7Ifl ~. '. 85 : 516-518) : A .~A~'z~~: ffi~*1jia~~fJA.

(8) ~,~~~~~~~~=+t~~~,.. 0f!A~~~&~W0.:1J~ff~ , ~J1t. ~*~X~~~m~;ffi~~~~~~'. -~~~, ffl)£\~~~«i~ 8 *~.( HE). mlli~~~I~~*~~'~~*ff~~. ~~A~~~~m=~~~D~Z~,~~if§. ~~~~~*~~~'~~~~'$~~. ffR~~1!t. ~o. f§'i'M~ , ~[]~~~~-~~n~=+-~~U. ;. ; ~J1l~~~~~~~m~ , J{U~. '. qB.mA~Z~~:~~A~~~*~&. -=+E~Zrm ~~~~~~~+1L~~U=+. ~'f.B~~~~~~*~.~~'~~~. -~zrJj fJJ~~~~~~+t~~U= + -=~. ~m~BMm~'~~$.~~~~~~. Zfb~ (gq:~f,t}. fl ' 8 1T~f!t. ,. , ~ 85. : 415-416). 0. ~m.~~nOO'B*1}f!~HffmA. 0. ~~A~~~$~~W.~'~~~~Z. , ~~9;[]#f{fA~,t;)~111~' ~~f£m~~ II ' J/tfilf£m~~9a~~ (~~*, fjlt!tl. '. ~~,X~~~~~~W~~~Z~~. -1.......1.:>...."'<'. 8C.mA~Z~~:C.mA~Z~~. ~. , $1~~:J][]. ,. ~. 85 : 20-21) :. (-~m~~&~~m~~. 0. (Jm)D IllmA~Z~~:D .~A~Zif§m '. (::)1EtJ)1f}EjflJ,t;)~Z7fU. ~W~-~~~'~~ru~*~~~~fi ~~n~ffZ'~~~~ru~~H~ffm. 0. ' ;ttfA1Tjiij*~7 ' ~. ~fA1TZ$i'&jiij*1~i1A~. 0. S~~~~.~~'~~~~ZB~jiij*~. o~~m~~rumA~H7~D~&R ~~tJl~~if§m. ' ~. ~=~~o. Qm)f£A.~ZA$'B~$f!~~Z. ' ~8~. 0. $~~.~-OO~~~~'$*~.~~. 11*, ~~fi~5~~~:1J~.:1J'. ~*J)1jf11~. 0. ~1}f!A~. fJi) 8 *~1I$nmfj~ , m~~7JOA±~,t;)~. ~~~*fAff0.:1J 'f&0f!w.$~~U~*~. :1J~~1I$'~~1I$~~~Z~~'~. ~~,ti~*~~~~ti~~~;~~~~~. ~.. nOO'~~~~.n~~~,m~~~ff~~. B*A.~ffi~~~~*1}f!A~ffm. 1!3fi' ~fm~~. 0. ~[]~~~, f!~-.' ~~. ~~. '. ~;ttftlHIJtI~. 0. , ~~m I,ll, III fil~~. 0. ¥~jf!!n0. ~~~.m,~~~~w~~~~~,~~~. f!~ , ;tt~~~*&W~*0f!~~~f§~. ~~1}f! ~~~~~f§Ii~il~. ~ I,ll, III. n'EI*. 0. fil. 0. ,$. ,t;)~~JZ;tB*$*~Hffi~. ~~~*0f!~~m~*~~ I,ll, III. 129. '.'.

(9) :5t)!llitm~. (*lIlJt1 '. 11m~~:. m~=+~. ~ 81 : 224-227). B*~{&~n~m~~~,w~~~X~. B *~*-0~ ~~ I fI~~ ,. ~~~m**~~~~$~§~~~m. , ff!~fj~f§.~~,*,fj~ •. *. -+~~~,~+~~~~,~m~~w. (m:t.lflJ ' ~ 83 : 130) B X 'g:ff f§ ~ ~ rti1~'~ W~III ** ijilJ ~ , tM~x'g~'(f~WW.~~n~~f<JW~ft '. ~ffi.~*~ • • '.1f:~~~A.~. ~~~*o. ~. ;E~,~ft*~~~:f:E~'~~~~~~.~. ':Mz~~~f~ftJ:~mjM' fg1f:~~tE. , &~~~~1I~*~• •1:. (~mfU?: 'Etfm*~~). II fI~~. :~ 0. B*0~A~~~ff!~~~~m. ,. ' t1itE1f:~~~m ' l(~m;E ,[;J ~ I fI~~ffij ~ , !ilff~~~~~mitlJ ' fg~* ~.ff!~~:!:jg¥!-*~• • ' ft~~~t!!*~~.. fS.. ~~~lI~~1:.'~~Ax'gR~{&'~~­. , &ffl§ttE. ;E~~~ft~,~~ft~,~~ft~~'~B. II fI~~W\~~~f~ftJ:. fI!l~[]~JE=+-~'. .~?;TIM*~~~~WF~~~. 0. ~~~mittl. 0. ~mitU ' 1JH;~l;E1f:~~JitE=+-~J:J~. =+fL~J:J~. itH~,1al}aU§H. 0. ~m.1f:=R~M• •~'w\~~~o~. *tl19IJ ' ~Mlji3ll '. m~~fj~$ffi.~*~• •. J&±~~M/jfd:III~AH~~( ~PPJT~~'gf~Oil~. '. mlt~ I. , &~{&:5t~tEiJiHfj ftg1J~,*, **lHH~~. (~D ~,. 81 : 211). : ,1It~~~$~~~~~m. ittl. '1f:~~U~:f:E+--t;~J:J~ '=+~~J:J. ~. , m:E~~mf9Hifif4 ' JtU1f:~~m~f~. ~JRJRf§1D. tEff!~iim~. ' ~~:ffF¥ ' :Mz~IlSJ:l&J!Lii~ , ffii. ~~~Rx'g~*fio. .-:.'~"~'.'~'B.e.~(-)IIJ!iUl~L~M~Jl~ 1!lliJ~. 0. ~~m;E~'B*!ilff~~-~,~e~X'g~. 0. III. ftg). EBi&J&~~F~A1£.~. 0. , ~~BP'Jii!. '5'Hi!;\ l1f! ' ~~IJ*,Jlii%~ , WGji~~~j\!;j**G~. •.. (-)~~~~-t&: 0:11.J~11.~~L:f.1.11.7d'nJf ~1iJt,. ffi ' WG~f~C~$jJ:iil~LI!lliJ5'~*JjJnJf. t:lif.ntiIi+/\ (::)~n~0:$f~~r5ff~ 8~.~a. ~~lt,. ,..----130. , ~~U*Ulii%~ , WG. jim~~j\!;j*~~~o. 8M.0::fIj\!;j*f!HI~. 0. ~1iJt. 'ffi ' WG*,~!(iif$jJ:ltRLI!lliJ5'~*JjJnJf.

(10) ~.. In. G~~,(1 ~fI.,~~r~*~~J~M~fr'~~. 4W~&'~~~~.~~~'m1f1.~~ o~~~~~~#~~,~~~+=~ ~ , rJ$~i¥W~m1f1.~~frW.L~i'i#1,yJij , ~ !Jl!NI- , i¥~~iif~Ji!43!fJ : Ji!43!b!t=l. o. .j:fi:JJ!{f?:m41. ·llf~.m!M~~'il.:t!~H. ·~~~fu~,~~r**~~J~M. 'm1f1.~ ~i¥U~8 lI¥~fgJ. *fr~~ ,~~~. fgJ*~nt=l Mw~~. iif~,.j:~~!Jl!~*~~'~iif~*·.j:m!. .j:tsi;-a!~~ru;-a!JiIi1ff!fJ. .~~g. 6~*'il~~Hl~~t ' ~i.mv* ' lU8ffr~8 G.j:llf~\7/:IJm~jlf*\'J'~t=l o.j:?llII~!Jl!~g'!'*~~?llII$~l¥lH. !~. I. ! Ie ". oE1fllil ~.j:~iifH. ~~~fr'~?llII~~~~Mnfrn~~. m~~llf~\7/£m~±ig~~~frtf~. o. • .j:~b! m~Z\1t~~~~~~fr'~ru£Z\1t~~~~. 'il~ii~'fJM. . *~;mID ' ~~1~1(m:¥~l::**M~t=l. oig I'. fr~\r}t!Jl!' 2Ni.1i~!M~~Z\1t1i~~~~8 ·.j:41~~m~Z\1t'. ~~!M~~Z\1t~~~~~~'fJ*'~IDC) ?llII1jf~4. ~fr'~~4W~&'~.~~.~~~. , m1f1.~~~' ~ !Jl!NI- Gri$~~?)l': , ~~~'i¥¥~iif~oo~43!g:oo~~gH. °. m~~~!Jl!~~~~~m~iifigll¥~M. • .j:i¥~E1\7/M~lmtf± ' i,y~.fifHiJ/;~(\f) •.j:. G.j:'!'EI*igll¥~Jlltm.-Hl:#f~. G.j:.~)j;jJ&fr!Jl!M~~¥t;!~*M. . ~/iH1i~¥ilf ' .j:W.~. ~~tf~m~~~~Z\1t'~~~MI.~ nEl*~~frtf~ !""I. .~m~$NI-~iifOlJ' i¥¥~ilf~W~ (UO!lllU!UIl!Xg ~~~~if~¥,(1igll¥fi7f'. laalllJ aA!l'lUlS!ll!lllP'V pUll IllUO!SsaJOld). llfY~*~. ~ ~OlJ. G~~~. -·¥*i¥ill¥¥fr<fi' JiIn$~~£1f43!9i~fllil~). ·fi$~~ :M~i¥U. fr<fi •. -!,y. II~ " \. iUtWgfit L~"~. i¥U~ .~. 'j. 'I: ,,1. ilffu ,~~+. ¥~~~V. !. ~. +11~~t=l. oi¥¥. E1\7/M~H. m~. ·~~~[{t~llfY~ \7/ilf~,.j:~V+~~E1fllil~~'~~~. ~~~~i¥¥~iif~~~~[{t:~~~[{t~. o.j:i¥'il ~~~[{tZ\1t. ' .j:~ifM•. .w.I3*4f~~,(14f. ~~~~~~~~~~Z\1t~\7/:~~~~~ G.j:i¥'ilM'~. .!,.~~~~Z\1t,.j:~if*M'!'.4f~ ~,(1Mii1,yfllil~Wl:t!~H~~Z\1t. o. ". ' 4f~~. ~Mii~~~~~Z\1t~\7/:~~~~~~8 .j:i¥'ilM~'!'EI*~~~~~~. ". G.j:~~*~'~frm~~,.j:igjJ&~. ni~. , oo&~,&~1lf1Nif~ , lU.H¥8f~~.

(11) H!~~&\. S~fi~:~fi~~H!~Rm,ft~~n. ~joJ3t~. OO'~~+t~~+n~zOO°ft¥~n. ~~~.. 00 . ~D~t:p~~~1iH~~ , ~.&\~fljjfj. filfllUtt. Wftr~m*~J~L·=Wftr~~*. mB)3. ~. J tAL ' nr't)~~ ; ~o~*¥.U ,. ~~r'j~~~~, &\~Jt:fij*~~.t:p. ~~~3tft~fljjfjWtt~m*~~L'=. I. Wtt~~*~tJL. i. ' nr'J;J~~. 0. ~fi~~~~:fi~~~~~H!~Rm,~ ~~m;:Ett=+j\~~=+;\~· ffi~D§~ ~~,~~~~~·ft¥~nOO'~~~. *¥.~'~~~flr=m~L~.* t'L J (degree with second-class honours) •. I. Jt:f&ff31ltZ¥~. I. H&\~~fl. ~I!I. tt0~A~~ffl~H!~~mnOO'~1!I. HWm.:Jt:.~Rm~~~~.I!I~*. ~I!II!I~. 0~A~'~~flrOOm~Z-~'H!~~. ~'i\i!Gffi1lt~I!I~¥~z~~~~'~-. J!;t7}.. Jt:ff:$:. (::)H!~~~. ~~$~~Ifl~.m'~~i\i!G~M~o. ~~~{ii!IJ~o. (::)t:pm.:~.~Rm~~~I!I~t:p~.. L'~II~. ~~$~~~~ff:$~Zm~'B~i\i!G~~. ~·i\i!GI!I~¥~.~·~.fl-OOfl~~. .~tJ=. 1fUlilzf!l;:E#lJ#C . 1ltf&~~~ftff0~~. ~1I~*li~ml¥l' i\i!G.fl-OO.~07tL~. +-~~. Z.~~o. ~II~. •. ?$~. , i\i!G1SJ~~~IDEa)3 . ~fl-~~~•. !IJ~·~t:pm~~&m~o. ~, ~Uit. sLm.:Jt:.~Rm~*~t:p~¥~.. A±~~. ~·i\i!G~fllSJ~¥~'i\i!G~fl*¥A¥.. ~+. m'~~fl=~~~{ii!IJ~'~Lm~~. ~'~:k. ~li~tli* ii1ili+/\~. &m~· ~~m.:Jt:.~~m~~~~.-~*. 'IW*~'i\i!GJt:f&ISJ~z~~~~'. tJr~-r. ~*¥i\i!GISJ~¥~Z~~&m'~flm~. :k.Jt:1l. ~~{ii!IJ~,tt~~m=~I!I*~~&. .--r:k. m·. ~'H!~. -132. , i\i!GmliJf1Cfifi¥~ .. i. ~~r'~. i. ~=~,.

(12) ---££1. '~~Z~Y~.J:~~Z~Y~.J. tQ¥~IIHi(=). ~m,. ~~Ij)~~~Y~~:~~Z~Y~.8. +fii~¥t. ~~~·~~~~¥~~~~~~m,~. n(:l'~*~. ~~~~~~~~~~·~~~8*~~. fJ$Nll±. ·mtll!l!8·1j). . ~!£:Il~i~gI}H~~0'~Y!ti!0 . 1~Znilf:jg0~YIW~m. L~. ~~Y~~~'~~*~MI~~Wrn~. ~lli~*~~~. ~fu~'~fu~M,~~~Ij)~&~~~. o. n*. Nll~~~Y. , If::g:~~$ ~~Elt~~ , OOf{-1:If3t. ~~'lli~~~Y!ti!0~~3t·.~~~g. .'L~~~+=~~~~~~*~'m tIft~~43tf}~~$ : ~*Z~Y~. V. U~~Y~~,~~~~·~~~f{.~~. ·~~~~~~m:~m~~~~~¥~. ~!£:Il.~0"~~*~Y!ti!0~~*~. . Oq:~jg 0~*~NllH. iii$.. o*~ ~ij±~n~. ~~0'tQ ¥~IHf1f(::::) ,~. !ti!0?ill1!1i:f **~$:IJ ~ij~. ,~. ~+=~ ~~o~. iU~~~ !ti!021$~ ~.~~. m~¥t~ 'lli~±. &f '. ~~;. $~~. YJIr~~ ~,. ¥tfi . fJ$ Nll~~ ~'l§J~m.

(13) &;,;&33il. ~~A~~~~~~W.~·~~~~Z. tAffffi~. ~~'X~~-~~L.~a~Z~~. . ZfJ\~~1Jo. fl"JJfI~'. 0. (j1tfJ D JfI!mAj1Z.~~ : D JfI!mAj1z.~m. ZfJ\ JIP ;& ~J\. '. ~BJl*,,!. 1'iI~-JE~~. ~*8~. ~fl"Jn~ffZ.·~~~~EE~~~gffm. 1i':wi1iE. JE • ilii1itm1f3;\EEEmA~~Tj.;),Dl!i\Edl. tt '. Fi~tllU~1&~m. ~~JItl. . oI*~EEWt'¥~~~j.;),Wi. 0. ~1i'M ~1iZ.~. it.. m'~~ r,~~ffie. !. 87.f;:. ---134. H;&~~m. 87.f;:1!I!J. •. (::)J$~A~. ~~~m =1lW~fI"J D~Z.. Hm I ~~~ : Mi'J'~~~iI*ft-fl"JllNiliIJ ' ffi1f. '. (::)*~tE7fIjj.;)'LZ.7fU. . JttAffii6~~r . ~ *tAffZ.$titii6*t~mx:ir '. 8~~~~.~~·g~~~Z.8~ii6*~. ~=~:ir' (j1tfJffA$I!JtZ.k$g~$~~~Z... ffjj*~ffU:ir. ' ~B~. 0. &;,~. (E)87.f;:1!lI5t!flmfff& ' mpx~1JOA±~j.;),~ n~.5t!,~~~t!TpxftZ.~m·~. *jJto. ~.,~Jt1lt!lIJlI:ir°. t=)~~~~. ~~mL. l¥JmJE' ~U:llHEl~. ~~'1' ~~m~ 1'~~m. I fl"JtJlJE'. m~~=+~~L'=+~~~T'~~ ~fI"J~~ffi~~*~~~'m~~~fl"JA ~1'~'&~:ir~~.~*~.~~'. (::)m II ~~l!i\: m II ~~lli\ZfJ\~~~iI*f'j:l¥J. ~frm~. f& '. I. (-)~#J~:irl?d'!~#J~:ir. 1lN~,~mJE~m~~=+-~~L'= +1L~j.;)'T. 0. mt901'fE=+-~' ffi.~. ~~M*~~~~.r~~fX ' &ffl~t~f* m~~=R J;),lW.~:ir. '. ZfJ\Of¥a~. 0. t=)m III ~~l!i\ : J1tJj~~ZfJ\~~~Lfl"JllN iliIJ' ~m~u~~+t~j.;)'L' =+=~J;)' T • m.::E¥a~:m~!mf3t ' ~U~mLIlN1'1~ m~=+~ , ~~~~fEl~~~~~~ 0.

(14) I. I. ~~ ~~~5A • • ~.m~~.m. Z~iiI. ' tJ r. ~ffl )('§~. ,. lj)\5Di~0SJZfiffl ~WI. (equal. , 'r1:lJU '. ~WiI;tt. ~'fI~,~@~mfJ';]~0SJZ~~(~fLfL7\. ' ~A~. 1f.)('§1jJlI!*~um=~m-~m~~). : 0SJZW. ft~*l30~j';H*mJ\f~m5E: r 0~~~tMff!. '¥-ffl~~~BkJij:. ~~.~nnW8M~~nOO5E'~[lSI~tt. ffAjt~~j'l~fJ';];f§mmm5Er&. flW~~0~Ajt~~ii~:f§mmrl:l'~. , ~Ji¥-f~!t{9:~~. ~~1:E. opportunity) '~1f.~, ~~. ft~M~~~~tt~~*~~%ti~0. tI~f$]~. 0. Mathis and Jackson ' 1997 : 128-137). 0. M!~. ,. zltlm5E ' ¥-ffl~~~fJ';]1f.~miliU ' w~lIltil~~ tltlJ ' ~m~*ii~fJ';]~iliU ' ~~fJ';]jJ7*W~. lJU '. ~, r~ii~~JW~W~W~~~~~'~. ~8}cp~Wm5E: rffi~0mft$WfJ';]~lli. .~~~~,~~mlli~~'~~~~o. -W¥~'~~M'§~fJ';]ffmlj)\¥~,~~~. -,~5it~.qt.~tl1i't!:.l~.:z.B. f1~~aM!~fNMl1~. §~tt~~~ti~0~AnfJ';]~M·f$]~ ~~iJl0SJZJ}jUmW~Wrf$]~J}jum. 0. •. RP. J1Jl~. , fI~ , WrrDlf*1fjj~liIlJU J. , *~ 0. ~mWI'i~iii±. 7*~ft~fLt;l\1f.. (A8. , l'~S't:Jtftl!f~fttfJ';]~iliU J. B*~%0~~i*~[1]+7\f~m5E:. 0. r ~ffl~. ~, ti~A~A$~m~IJ~5E~~j'i~~pJT~. ~mft.ff0.jJOO'A~SJZ~fJ';]8~W~. ~m. *o~~~@AfJ';]~m±~'fI~'~@'. ~~5~mt;~m5E: rcp~m~Am'~~. ~. rn fCIJ. m~ :f§ [BJ fJ';]. 'ft H~ 0 • fJ';] ~. (Greenlaw and Kohl, 1996). 0. ~D~~-fLt;. ' J1lj;J SJZ~f~ftt0~~*JlI!~ J [BJfl:ttH ' 0. ~:9:'*~'fI~,~~'~~ft$WL-W SJZ~J '~+/\~~U~-Wm5E:. cP • m5E~J1:~~ , ~Oti ~:9: ' m~~:fjj(~¥&iJ1f.~ , ~fft~~~ (f~ 8~ . m 76 : 189) '~11~' ~D-fL7\=1f.fJ';]. ~~H~0.~8J. ~M$~'~fL7\t;1f.fJ';]~~~~1f.~~~$. ~U. ~'-fLt;=1f.fJ';]SJZ~~~~Wr$~~. ~*~. ='&JI~~~~~~.:z.a. j\i"f. r )('§i].1C¥:$ J. 0. *,~~, ~~J\0SJZW~WIf$]. ,ti~~%0~A~~~.~fJ';]n5E'. m*,~~~~m~,~~**~.fJ';]~*W-. iE;:!&f$]r 1t'fi±~mfJtSJZ~~~BkJ~Wr · 1'1~. (. ). 0. 0~A~~~~' ~1Jm!t{9:~~~rl:l~~' ~. JE1iNI1fR, 'r1:lJU' 1f.~, *~, ~J1Jl~~[lSI~ ,. 1t~[BJJ1l~1f.~~!tr9:iliU1Jr~l'[BJ. ffiJ:JJoj;J~~!Yl. ~. (Sylvia' 1994 : 53-69 ; Nigro and. Nigro' 1994 : 32-44 ; Dessler ' 1997: 34-72 ;. L. r Am~J1l. , OO~PJT~ ' 1iE$lf[1ll ' f*,.iit. , ti~JJ!tfliU~%1fjj8 JjOOqF~~'r1:'r1:~ , [lSI~$5EH~f9:1f.~~m. 135--­.

(15) $tlllU*H~fQ~/ff~~~. , fJ;.t~&\~ o.¥tR-fflA. 5E ' ~~~~~A~~H~*~fQWNzrp~m .¥tR-fl~fQm$tlZm5E~ , j;J.i*~~f§tl ' ?5Jl fl~m • • $ZKmjli.~'M.B • • ~. '::f~Zm5E. m'~.K~~mA~'. KmffilEZ' f;ftR-0~A~~Ji!f.f~~Jf1~~A. 0. (~~~,. ~~~~fflAZ~m'~~0~A~~~$m. ' ~:JJO~m~1&A~ , j;J.fiti/fJE. 0. ~ 85: 515) • m~~~1!l&l0~A~~.:'1J~. ~mZ~~'~~~1&m,~~.~.~.. Z~~jli. ' ~~~fQmiMzm5E. ~. · ffi~Ji!f.f. ~Z~Jf1~~A' ~rjmH~*~fQ' ~H~~fQ'. , f~$~Hi!£WII ' f*i&llttltt. =: ' ~~=ljIit¥:£EljlIl*d;;z.B , f;f~ j;J.)[1JJUf'p~~~Jli. ~~mm~A$5E~mllU*~~~'~EZ' IlU*H~f§tz~J[1' ~I]9;::t0~A~~Ji!f.f~~. .~~z~.,. ~ZR.' ~N't€f1t, ij 1~iR!i~~~( iIa)M~. ~. ,. o!!!!1?& , ~.0~Ajt~~i*m :=.f~&m1if~Zm5E' ~tzgH!!f.f~~fBl~~ ,. ~ 87: 118). , -- ,. 0. :m-.~~~~. , ~~jli.~iI~E!~ -)[1JJU~~ ; m.::fllIN $U~~~ , /f~Jf1JJUJ!;;jJl~~jli. ' ffi7tJJUn 5E/f[OJ8kJ~ft~1&;gm • ~.~1!l&l1l$m-t;~. m5E:. r. , ~7t~ft. ,. ' *~ tI. ~'1i~Z!f.f.~~'ffil~~z~~~~,~. ~'~m,.~ft$~L-~~~·Jm+A. ~~,~&7t~,~Z~~~. ~:. 5EZ'ffim~ffg~~'~7~~~~'~~. r A~fl~~~~~0lfilztI • J ffil1lm!W f~~:)(m:hf~m1ilJl~~J3~: r I!l&l*~m~~. ,. ftZA.~M' f*~~ftAJ§t3i:~' r~l~td1JJ~. '~EE~~~. ~§'~~R.(0~Ajt~~$m1i~). ft.~~~M&~~(0~A~~~$m7\ f~) ~~. , ~*~;ff~~~ , gt~~A~~m~. mg.m5Eom£l,ft0~A~~~mm=~. , 1!l&l*~~CP11JJUZ~5E ' ~or m5E~'f1~~ J ' ~ffrJl 'f,!E~fJ¥j'f1j;!MlIZ.'i!l~~· JgtIltffil~. rft11.~~1&~~;gJ. 'WL~Z~~.. m=lJl~ffi~m5E'mm~A.Km~1&,lt. ~IJ' fPjflOO~· £l~r*~f!,iHjIJR~U. 1*5Ef§tMIlU*~~~·' ~1f}(jli.f~j;J.f*Wl ' ~ ~Jf1~~A~f§tz~ifitl ' fttB1&JtmfQ~A$. E ' ~~~~~0lfil&lfil~ § EE ' J!;;jf*,1I$m~ ~z~*;fffU ' w:m5EA~JIt~tlflJ ' ~U&\~ l.-J.r*~:JJoj;J.m$~ ( ), ?&~OiWpJf1§ : H!:1§. 5EmM~*~~~,J!;;j~~~'~f;ftR-~m~. ~~,~~~,. ' fJ;.tfl{'l}iJf~Z&\~ • .ffi:f.YA-'-'-7'1J-"F­ ~1]~~~~1f}( , ffB~f*Wllt5tWI[~. ' {'I}:t~. m1if~)' ft.~~~r~&g-.WNz~~( 1}. ~ffif&{'I}fj$m7t~f:fffl. mZ~$1J. --136. • tzgIlt '. (a-t;). ffij. (0~A~~~~. ~A~~~Jt$m7\f~) ~$~~;ffifJj;J.m$II;L.

(16) ~§,~~~§~*~~~~~~~~~om. [9 .. ~~~~~.lI1lftiUZ.Jm. .~~~*~~*~m=OE~Zm~~rn. ~@~±~9G~~*':fiIHl.~Jlm~~. .,~ti~~~~~~llim~: rm~~~~. ~~itiJ1iiif. m••~z~~~~,~~~• • • ~zW. .~1\+E.'W~~~o~'r!'~~.~. I ' 1SH¥l~~~~Z § ~ , f,t:fiIHl.~ , 1~~7*. mI*'. fJ1M~'Mz~itiJJ ~~, *7*~*~m==1\E. ~~IDH./fIlfij tJ. tJ&Zm~~EiHI. ~; $mlEE~*1'Ji&*~m~¥~~ A /fIl~A~. ' JlUtitn'I1:~U~~~rp~~ , :fi. ' tJ~mI:ft~K~ , fL~~1E+ /\. titn.~~~WJ:fiftl'M.m~m5E .~.. - +. j!~-?t~Ifdj~: r ~'I1:~fJ~~Z~~~m5Ef1j. -'7~H. 1.\~f§~37~z·I~M. 1'Ji&.~~~.~~~.m. '. 1i~.r!zmgq:, ~J1tf.l. ,. ' tlo. ~:ftr\\U~. '. .~~~!1Z\mtE- +t;.tXF. ; ~~ JlU~tn = + J\$U. M.~~z.M,~m~tn~~~~~z~. ~+1\.ZOOoB*~mIf.I~~'~~~m. Jt ' ~rz;;JJ/:t~~PJT~zfr±*~mJj]~~ft,rES~z. tE=+.~~,~+~.~~o~~1E.~~. ~~'R~ffi'MJ o.D~~,~.mRM~. ~~~fljfJ ,tJ~~~~~~ 'W~mlftl;fi,. ~~fi~m~tt*$'I~~~~?t~~,. ~~ii+J\.en~. ~~:1J*mZIf'FB~~"~. ~~~mI*:fi.m~m5Eo@1E~f.I~~1i. , J3A~~~8kJ~r\\U~itU. R ' :f. , rz;;JJ/:t ' ~:a!1Z\ itl~~5E11~~ , 1ifJ~~RXf:Efij~Z§8kJ ' $00: 1tM3MtJ5',~ ~~mI~~ , tE'I1:~U1iiif ' ­ 1:IS]~~fljfJ ' tJWJ~mI~~~.~ , ~n]~:fi~ .z~~~~ (i!iij~:fJ£ ' .Bf; 81 : 506) '~mI tEi1~~1iiif$@p~itiJ rz;;JJlt ' enf!1!fflAMIDJ Ir1fl11~U~itiJz!1Z\~ , 'M.9G~~U~~afJ~J! {!t, If'FttBW!Wti. ' f:E/fIl~flt~ , $~"U~. tn+ /\.1'{f1Sjt~.~m5E~. H~ftllHl~fU~fij.~, f~EE.~A§1'J~. ~tzElli~*~~~~&mA~~~~.~*. fJ~:a~~ , $~~~::f[QJ~~~1i$~§t. ~~'~~~m-oo~~~m~:~~~~&. 0. 0. '. , titn.~A~IJ:fi:f[QJ~~~~~~m5E (ttft) '*Bm5E1E-+.~~+E.Z. ra'. 0. ~ml0fijA~~~~:am~:fi-5E~~. ~~itiJ? tzE.D8kJm~*t1DtJW~' 0fijA~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~itiJ. ' rz;;JJ/:t ' !'L* , W~~~ , ~. il~JtllHlfflAzW*' ~~F~~j:ifttJ'I1:~Ufl&~. m~,~tn=+E/~+.Am:~B~!t~~~. JI=!JlmW!~itiJzf~ftj: , f~l!1S~ , 1S7*~*. ~~II~ (~W~~~=. IUtiAtllHlzW*. !tf§JJ~:f~' tJ~~~~ '.Bf;~J\+~$iJJ\+. ~. 0. '. ),. ~13.mf~~. 1\~~~~&m~A~' ~tn-+E.~,~:t$]. 137--­.

(17) **~fHti 4.1 % ; fffi,~~[9+Pll~. =+1iPll~. ~fti 1.0%. +Pll~. ~. 0. , SjZ~**~ fHm~g:ttPfiftil¥J.tt19tlJ!f!f; , ~~. , SjZ~**~~fti 0.7%. 4590. 0.8%/4.2%. 538. 6018. 0.3%/2.6%. 3158. 1295. 6180. 0.8%/3.4%. 729. 1910. 700. -. 3648. 1.1%/4.9%. III. 406. 1303. 936. 1. 2795. 0.9%/3.5%. 10. 31. 132. 524. 604. 3. 1305. 0.6%/2.7%. 10. 26. 158. 476. 593. 58. 1349. 0.8%/2.7%. 41-45. 46-50. 51-55. 56-60. 61-65. 66-70. it!~lNA.~. 46. 174. 558. 1782. 765. -. -. 3330. 1.2%/5.7%. 7. 85. 359. 1025. 2658. 2760. 101. -. 6995. 1.3%/6.4%. 4972. 1.5%/3.5%. 3833. 1.5%/3.3% .. 2730. 0.7%13.9%. 41-45. 46-50. 51-55. 56-60. 61-65. I. 4. 44. 180. 622. 1677. 1983. 77. -. -. 24. 138. 515. 1697. 3106. 3. 20. 112. 356. 1236. 1. 14. 65. 229. 29. j\+E.~. -. -. 1. }\+:t\~. -. -. 1. ~. 26-30. 31-35. 36-40. 1. 4. ,+=~. }\+=~ }\+I!Y~. j\ +~. j\+-~. 40/35 ~. -. 36-40. j\+-~. 0. it!~l&A~. 31-35. +~. 3.4% ; fffi~~1!Y. 66-70. 26-30. }\. , SjZ~*~~fti. -. A.~S7Ht. 40135lil A.~S7Ht. }\+=~. 2. 2. 36. 160. 507. 1479. 2458. 328. j\+=~. -. 1. 16. 86. 307. 893. 2226. 303. }\+I!Y1f... -. 1. 2. 30. 115. 462. 1588. 532. -. 1. 3. 13. 59. 192. 774. 463. 1. 1506. 0.9%/3.7%. -. 2. 6. 32. 149. ~658. 30. 1644. 0.4%12.4%. }\+1i~ j\+:t\~. jifl*~. 138. -. : ~1!t!§. (tF~~~~~*1f~t). ,. 87 : 52-53. !.

(18) Ef3J1tfiz, ;fi~tn~~0STZJt,!JmUl.lJa9~ Jl' ¥.iM~~f;ttnJ!j~Jlmif~a9~*rr ' ;kPJ. s5tZ=J 'i!1f!HI r 1t<1iiJ~3fi:* J tE~~j\. ~~'.~OO~'~~~~~a9~~~~~PJ. +1iif[9~~a9.~JlMg~(tt;k.'~. ~~te '~~[9+~OO~l{;(~, f1fHt!l1 %:tr.ti. 86 : 330) '0~j;'fBr~mJE~ffl ~I\iitA~J!j*~. ltf9JHW.litftt li '. '. !l~If'Ffighz~~A~' ~1{j:ftttn~IA~. --~1iTA. 0. ' ?&.~~ffl,R~nTA:tr.ti. ,~. ii.lllaBi~.,~z.a. ffl*,R~s5tZ7\+' f;tOO~~D~ra~j;'fBr~a9S. -nnOif~~~*~~a9~~A±~. 5tZ/\'+. .~~. , ittn~~A±a9~~ , ~D[QJM~ , '11. W'if~,*ft-.'~PJ~~ff~a9~~. (Kim' 1996). 0. 13.tE0STZit~tI*i$;~. , ~Y:i. 0. ~atnJ1t. ' 0~A~ ~~mm:::: f~. m=JfiS)jn,~~J!j¥.i~~~Z~~&~~~ ~~zit~*I~,~tt~~,~,w~~~, ~~$-. ,. =' ,. [9 , 1i~z¥.iM~~ , ~tn. .n*La9~M~fttE~m~~~a9X~ft. ~~A+1iift~IT~~Mm-~a9~~¥.i. ~~,J!j~~teff0~a9~*'~~Mtt*~. ~'ffimJE~l{;(a9A~.?&,R~=S7\+A'. .fltl*~~~ma9~m'&~~~~a9~~. fB~. (Cayer' 1980: 108). 0. ~~tEtJ.1±0~A~. ~~~~ ,f;ttn~~[QJJffga9J!j~~h. r f~~'I1~~J. a9r1ifflHJlm~~OO~ ,~. !l~~'~OOm~~~~~#.'~~~a9~ VI~Jm~*' f!1~J!!~ma9Jf:Jf!{*;g '~,I&~. ' ~Fi!1~ ~1B!flJ ' f;tOO~~~~~*tl( *1I~ffl~ , 81: 69) ~~Jlmm-s1i+1i~ , ~J3tl~Y:illJlit. mfji:~~~J!!~~@a9~ff&'l:!fl~~fll], ~Dg. ~~~~~Z~@~~~'13.Jlm~~~xm. ±fD-~A- . ' .~0STZ~~&it~a9figh. 0. iL~m7\Jfi. ' J!!1J[J~Y:imte: r ~*it~~~z {Wd~tIi!it9 , ftWwll.~it~fm~ , ~mME~ W~~,J!jT~~'~~@~~~~~~J. 0. !ll\iitilifliflJmm[9~?J)\mJE: r~~~ZAm& ~~*I~. ~,ftW'~~Wa9I~~~~~'~~~A. (tt+). 0. t\'III.&~.*lZ.a rf~flfDlH!~'. ( loyalty). ~0~A. a9J~~. F.:mm ' Jf::-1im~a9~~FI=l'Jm ',0. , J!j~.m~~~ , M;~FmS)j~~~ ~M1fffjgh ' ~1{j:tJ.~~~Ef3 ' 19~A~' J!j. ~A~&\~. ~'~ffl~~~~0STZzm~J '13.m+t~. ~J~D~~.7$;m+[9!lfJf~fl1H~~m=Jfi. ~~-&~JEr~~~m~~'0~~~&0. fLJf::ttff~*&1+r[fi*[fi~ '~;FI3&f['lzrJ~. ~$~~m~I~A~tE1i+A~L~'~ffl. ~ ~~PJm~. 5&J~'~~. 'fJl~~0. (Denhardt, 1988: 76-81 ; Cooper' 1982: 34). 0. ' f;ttn. , ~~\~'§'• •~~~.i$; · ~D 139---.. i.

(19) , EJlGM IJ}]~~zWJ:. m'IZ9~~wwUL~~W*~~~*'~~. A'~~~WffM~z~~o-n-n~M~. *~~fl*$*~**~~'IZ9~~Rm~~*. ~1¥Jng-~i:t;~ (Hatch Act) '~7 ~~0~ A. )1U. ' EJIG~~f4*ijfM~- , 1Rf~~~Rm~. , W\mJE:fffi1J1¥J0~A~ ~D:ttPJT"zi&.EJlGi&ffifJl. ' f~itt51H1EU.i& iHfitlJ~ , Jf!Tj;)~~ 3!f~W\mJE:fffi1JA~I]f~. ~B~oJ'!iHf*~'lli~*,~m±l¥Jijm,. ~~'~JE:~~~.EJIG$~~±~~'EJlGft~. ~m±ijm~~'1R~~~-=~U~~~~. j;)1R:ttJ&,~'3IItiHJl~11U5tr ' [ffiWj/:t~fJl.~. )1U.I¥J1JA ' lii~~~*~ ; £i1l3ll~w±*I¥J". ~E.rDJ~~ , ~~f~WffW~*~~f&~z::st'§. lli!WM~l¥Jt~.~~, *JTl¥Jf4*ijmW\~If?j. ~f;t~~*fnlJT1&ilILzf'J~. ffiH'Ji&cp:lLI¥J:lL~)1~. 0. ~f.ft (*a~JtI. ' ~ 83. IZ9J1:t ' !It~ft0. 8~M~~::st~'~~'$~'I~'~~~. *iB[I]~W. ' [ffi~i&~E1 ' f'Ji& ' W±* ' *1~~. ~J'!~i!f~~fi~' ~fJf~fii:t;~f'Jf'*~tl~+. fJ! ' 1Z91tt ' ~~j;)~fl*EJIG~f4*)1U.I¥J1JA ' ~lii~m;i;~- , :&~~m-~;i;I¥J'~lf3 ill ~fJ!f'J~f.ftijfM8~~-~ , lZ9j/:t ' 3Z.ft~~ji m~:t1Dtt ' j;) l~f4JJjUWJ 1¥J.~1JAJ1Hr:. ~*i$~f'JM&~f'Jf&. R~ftm~MEJIG*~cp.~ffi~I¥J~W.~. : 15). 0. ~A~ffm$~[9f,*mJE::. I. A~1Kf. ~m~ffm0~. ' Jf!~±~:tt£~&f;t~*ZJ~'~ J ,f;t. 0. ' CP~A8 If)(f~)1~~~fifJJffcp~~~0~~ , 83~~~. f4 §. '§~~M~:tt0~J '1Z9~J'!~i!f~~fi~'. *W\~~ft~,~~m~~ml¥J~~'IZ9~'. f,*mJE::. I. ~\~j5&J~,Mfl:~. , ~~:ttWffZ0~~pJT~. ~o~Z'f;t~0~A~Jf!~Rm~~~fi~. , ep~m~l¥Jwm ,:&~~mJJJj(ffl¥J~. ~.~JI:t-~~,~.~~m±~.0~~ I. cp~ ~~fj(fffj§t&~f4~~*!m J. (fjjJm. *f,*ftf:I¥JRm~ittl ,fjJ~~~#*i5t '&0~A. ~~~~w::stm.I¥J*!m1JA) '~M~I¥J~. ~fii&~~cp~~I¥J~~~~,f;t~~~Rm. W*~+A*~(tt+=) 'U~~M~l¥Jn. ~fil¥J~itn. -t '. ' fJJ~~\~. A'*.~~~~Wl¥Jm~~m,~~u~.. 0. ~Jf~~.Ht~m~~LilU!. 1JAPJT~~I¥J~~r~~~( *aml ' ~ 87: 173) •. IJl4-0~A~~~~~-' =f&~~i\I¥J~. ?&:ttCPfJJ~~:fJ[J~M&W~z. ' .~Di&m~. f.E!. WJf!M$W~~EJIG~~&~~~~?0~fl. ' EJlGf4*)1U.I¥J1JA ' ~1f. i&~W~~~~M~~~&~~~m~~~. ~Rmj;)~fl*)1u.; ~~-f&j;)f4*)1U.'. ~~;fU~L-J~IWG)1U.. ml¥J*~$.~zf&,*~~m~~~.,w *1¥J~m&~fjl¥J~gt, MT*~J!!~I¥J§±. ---140. r~~~ (~~~. , ~ 88). 0. ,.

(20) L. *'*.~Y;R~a~fflA~~Il"J~~*. i\" r is.fi~ J zliB. ffiIDfIl"J r. J 1*1~ , J;J~~~J.ff~. ~'s5tzn+~~0aA~$'~~~$'. ~~~~J.ffm~~mz~~,®~~~~~~. ' tJ~m~~~J.ff~Il"JtJl!j!. ~t£~I&AItJ:. ~~0aAnffi~'~OOAIl"J.~®~'~~. r~R~~~fflJIl"J0aAft'.~§~~*. 0. ' ~~. r ~:;t~ffi J ' r A~:!t:;t J '®'mfl~tt ]!!~.a~~Il"J:il?:IiI{.' , ~ltt ' ~OfilJfj!~~~. ~~Il"JtJl!j!~~~Z~~7o§Ea~~~~. ~0aAft~ttt£I~~lliJ:~.ffi~,~t£. m~ (*WJ;JJ:~J.ff) ~I&~jj~~Il"JAItJ:t. If'F ' ~tJl!~~oogA$trr~ , ffi£,3Jf~OOti& J'G!-~ll"Jr~:mm !t~~Dllt ' ~B1it~NJtlJ r ~R1re. ~g. ~~~W~~Il"J~&&~~'fl~~~Il"J~ f~ , 1it-ftWiTUi~~~Il"J~*~tJDIffl. ~tl~1ft~tJ[[. ; f§f11l"J '. ~ (~til.~J.ff). I=t. ~--->"" -''''-'-'-fd-~. ,jllJ~1f~~. 0. ) ,. (. ~J ?:!t.,~-oo~~~~,. ~W~i\+~1f0aAft~.~~&MAft ~~tl. ' t£~MAI){. fl~~. , ~1~7. Atil ' 1212 A '. r~R~~J. ~~:!t§~,~~m~0aAftz*W'~~ ~!t~§cll"J~~'§~~~~R~~®~. 1349. , :!ts5tJ:t. ~. 0. ~mtU~Rfre~, jlU~fl~.7*li:~AW. ~~ 89.84%(~fifJ~~[g) , llt~r'*~i!t=1'. ~~~H~0.zfflflJ&~~~z§Ef3 (~~. .e~J:Il"J-ft0W,~a~$Mnall"J~. ~. , W88). 0. ~~:~~i\+~~i\+~~~~AA*~~~&~AA5~.~. 1f:JJIT. /\ + /\+­ += /\+.=: /\+[1]. I. I 4590. 100%. 1'lM 3123. 68.04. 1iW[l]1f:~. *~¥~. ~~~. ~~. *~ 1i¥j=-1f: &~ 135tlt AIX 135tlt AIX 135tlt AIX 135tJt. I 1. 0.02. 1456. 31.72. T~~~Ed~. 3. 0.07. 7. 0.15 0.03. 6018. 100%. 3947. 65.59. 113. 1.88. 1953. 32.45. 3. 0.05. 2. 6180. 100%. 4509. 72.96. 74. 1.20. 1594. 25.79. 0.05. 100%. 2729. 74.81. 8. 0.22. 907. 24.86. -. 3. 3648. -. 4. 0.11. 2795. 100%. 2382. 85.22. -. -. 411. 14.70. 1. 0.04. 1. 0.04. /\+1i. 1305. 100%. 1188. 91.03. 115. 8.82. -. -. 2. 0.15. /\+1\. 1349. 100%. 1212. 89.84. 132. 9.79. 1. 0.07. 2. 0.15. 2. 0.15. jiM*$i:~J:mEl<. 141--­.

(21) l ~~~~titKMZOO;$'~~~l1i~K~·. fr~Wm~~m)EJ:' 0~Afi~~*0~n~Mfi~'OO~~ 1~0~'f1JfBm~~~:5r~1~' ~~~fl-)El~ ftf~,. '~'$'$~~'. ~~tit~[5]~m~~~'fllf~[5]m~~~e ~jfiU. ; ffi~ , B ~~~~K~ , ~~lliiF*$ flm~tit~~~JlIz~jfilJ ' B *B~H!~j;l~fI. • •MHf ' itt:r£0~Afi~~3iiJ: ,&\ ~j~{jfjf§'i'~~JlI ' iF~' j~,~~j;lml~{tf. ~~JlIJ:~~jfiU' mfr~[5]~m~~~:ttfii§.. ~ffifr0~An~~M$'~~J:~~~~0. ·m~~*~~~$~~~~m~$ao. 0. ~'i'fr. m*$&~W. )E~~~tt. (Shafritz ' Hyde and Rosenbloom·. 1986:. 1~~Hl~J~::g:Ai±~~~ · ~~~1*I&A$fj if;\(Wif;\(m~::f~. · ffifl~~~j;lm~jfiU. ,~[JI: j. 160:Naff· 1998: 136-139: Rosenbloom' 1995:. ~~*~~m~-~~~~W~~~W,M[~. 34) • ~~D Samuel Krislov ( 1974) fr;tt::t;lf. , ttfwll~f§lHI~jfiU~ · ~IttfriF~&!J JlIJ:~fl!f-f)E~~jfiU ; ~~~JL~mjji$ · 1!1i m~ElEE '~±Ws:p:~· ~lIt ' ~~fr~rdl~ ~if;\(1& • ~titAfiB~m~ , !f-fms:p:~~~~.. <l~~tEg fjjt} $5~itm1. (Representative Bureaucracy). : frif;\('§ffi't~figEE~fl~[5].tt ' flJ:tt. ~Afim~M''i'~Rfrif;\(m~mm&Mfi. M · Jl!~1~~'f1~0S:P:'f1:tfu&~~1ilWd:~~fM 3}< ; ffill1'Jif;\(Il'F&\:m~~~± ' fl~M[~¥U ~X!t~:~· frItt'fiMr' ~*~#:iMmfD~~ zOO~~mitm1tE ' :If::WttiE.:m~M~lJ£ EElit 6z · 0~Afi~M~§~1~ftf . frtitlJ&ij I~± ~J:~l!fI~~A~ , .g~A0~m~~~1'j. '&~~I!~~~'llfrX,§~~3iiJ:'~ m~:5r~fj{ffqw.~*~~ · ~lltfr~I!~JI:'1§. j;lmJ:'~*~~K~;B*B~fr0~A~. r ' 1&K~Njfirr 'ffH~JlJ&ij 1Jl!1P~A~( ~~Ii ' ~ 79:92 ; Lee' Jr • 1981 : 103-104) , ilJ1re1'J if;\('§fjjt~Jl~ , Jl!~Wd:~~~'f1. ' ~ffi ' t;E:jt:'1§ ~m~OO~ , ~NjfiU"l:E ' )EM~~ , flI.~~ ~m~ (~JlfU ' 83 : 130) 'fl-~.i' ~x'§jfiU~Wz~~ EEIttffi~ , ~~Jl~B3 ~)E · ~7~~'f1~f§1i.~t~jT~ , Jl!~~;ji13 ttxgjfiU~J=iJTfr~if;\(#:i ' ~~ , X1~&JlI!1:11 ~~*M (context) ~~~0~Afi ' P).!i!. ~lliW~~~~*0~A~~~~~j;l. ~A+liiF~~~~j;lfl~fi(~~~'!i!. 0. ~o~Itt·fr~mW0~&~*~:tt~M.. 0. m~lt~$~JJ!. ' friF~~~jfiUJ: ' ~~M[~. ,;tt$J;J~~' B*~~jfiUl1i~~m;$'. ,. --142. B~~~j;lmJ:¥~fl~JlI~~jfirJ. 0. 0. 86 : 22-23) 'flB~Z7\+ttr::tifl*.j;J J:~~JlI. i. ' ffillltf91JfiBMJT~~m~::(£~.

(22) .l¥J:5t#liJ: ' f1f~PY+1iPl.fi ' ~fbB:5tZ1\ +ft'H~~.~~~~~Mfla~r~~m ~o~~-~~~,~~e~A~~A~~B ~z1l. ' tzOfcJfj!;tt~t1lIPlT~ , :ML*€l.:y~~~:t:g. WII' ~~, ~~,. 7H¥I~tr, Hfi~::f~ff:fi. flttHtKZ~fljU' J;)JJE7+~fI~~ZA1J*ff. '. .~~@~~~ffl~~mWN~~Efflft°~. ~&~.~~'~±~::f*~~~~~. f*fio t=Hf: I!KI ~ ~~ * ~ ~ ~MU ~ ~J;J ~ , ~~~~~~~f*fi 0. t=)ff:0~1E~MU§ ~MU~~MiJ;J1: ~. · gtt~3mMiI;fjMiJ;J1:1i~ ,. $*gtt~~1M~f*fio. .~~A*~~~1J:H.W~~0~~~tr. (Jm) ft I!KI ~ Y'r * fio. i$J~JJjUW. ; (=)~r~~Ji~~J:ff~~~~rt:t~1m ; C) .91~m~~tEJJU~fljUmJE ; (Jm)1ij(j[~m~~t ~.f5RfljU~JE ; (Ii)fll~~IIm~~IIIf1~~~z tuu; (to.~I!KI~~*~~Z~.NfljU ; (t)f*Jtl r t:p .t~JjlU~5C~H.~.1l&~f4~'$:5t~ J (f\)m.jl r ~. (li)ftl!Kl~Y'r*~ifJf~PJTf~flm±~lli. .~~Ja. (~fill~~~~. Hft0JLgttJL~ZUJL*~ifJf~ffl,gtt~. ftam*~0~n~~~~~'~~x~l!KI~. ~ W:g~~lt~Z I!KI Y'r * ~IiJf~pJTf~fliW. ftm*~0~n~~~iW±~). ±~lli':MLffW~~WflIijlI~=~~. xm~'~A~~ft0~A~~~~~~~'. 0. 0. ~~. , Jlflij~~~lijlmaJHlfi. 0. fS ~~1i+-~ , ~~~PlTfJE~:fJ] r ~~.!I~~~~~'. ~.~~. , flm~~ftj:fi. 0. Wft0JLgttft~ZUft*~ifJf~ffl'~~. it-: 19t1tzo· J;JBJII~~ r Ifl~~~ .!I ffij § ,. .............. '. WW~~flgZI~1i~~1:fi'~.. 1: '. It •. ~ ifJf ~ plT f~. PY+-t~ft;tt. r ~~~~WffT~aj(J¥t~ ~tr J .:m-t+JL~r~JL~~~~ J. 'fi~~~~~~. ~~~A~~~ , ~U.fl1i (±~1i. .. 52 : 658-660) : (-)ff:Mff:Mr~0~ ~i&:¥'JlIff:~~~ , ~. ~W$~.Z~**~ifJf~fflmflm ±~lli':MLffW~~WflgI~1i~~. , flltaA~ftj:fi 8~ff0~~~~Zfk f3f.J;J ~ , ~~gtt~ff:MU~~Mli=~ , 1: '. pJG.~~. 0. $¥Wfl~,pJG.fI~'. fio ~f&~' ~~t~ffl~~Ifl~!f,HI~~'. 143---..

(23) ~~~1j~~. ~~fia~.~ft*J.~*'~~~. ~~~mo~§~,~~~~W~~~.. ~~~m,n~r~~J~~~±~~~. 0. E)~Im~IEff~jJfI!l1t*~O· -~, ~fI !}~jJ~I~~1L+5t~.L-:J.J:~. 0. ~~~Mm~~'.~~~'~~~~ff. ~~'.~~~'W*~~~.~wm~ ili;>c~~. , ~Jlt"~tJ. r ~Hm J. ~~~±~~li~~(iI*m. 324). A::ttJiJJiL. '. 86 :. B~' ~~~~~~~W~~~1&. 0. ti~:*:lj~~tI:_~r-~.~E~~ J. (The General Certificate of r ~mllti. Education' GCE) ;. 11 ' fj::IJ!Hf~~t ' ~~~1i +tlf.:¥Ut+. .~E~~~ J The Scottish Certificate. 1ilf.F~" ~~~~&mAJt~f.tjill35t~. of Education ' SCE). ~;>c. ,. 0. , J;J.~1t*ftf~~H1f.~Jt~ (~. ti1i:llilf.*B*~~~~~na~~m0. llJ~H1f.:ljJtm~m. , J1!:a~iiifiB*~.' i31~flj'M'*. 83 : 102). 0. ~'~~~~~~*'~.~.fi~ill~. ~~~Ii1. ~.o. rttfflj1J!~*r~U~~m ~px;~t!P&~. ti=:. !P;fi:-1L1i=lf. B*~ Mr!. :. 0~tI:fU1:!1B-7~tI§E±rtl'~D§~lfli'. W0;f1jJ~fi~~~~(0)~~ID~. JtH~'mfJ:I]§E8 ;M~;fI' SJ~IEtit~. ~0~ft'~~~~iiifiB*~.o@~. 0. a~;fI:fU1:!1B-~tla1t~a;fl' ~D~a. -1L}\1\lf.1\F.J' §1t~~~~n~Jf.I. ;fI' m.;fI~ jfd:*;fI:fIJ~IJ1:!1B-7~Jji ~~f*.;fI , ~OIii±*jf~:fIJ;fI , m±*3i:~ ;fI , §:mJ}d~;fI~. ~tl:jJ;Jr~imB: r f*~Mit J ' r ~~. 0. 0. ti=:~.0~Aftgm~~~~m=1t*~m. ~'~~A~gm~~'~~~rOO~ ,~gm~1tf~ftm:. ~-)Ji!\t~~~f'~wt*~1tm: ' n~5fti$tl~ .~m:~o. ~~~M.M"~~,~~.gBm. ~,~~~~m~~A~§. --144. 0. ,~. Mit J. "~.F~'i1. ~ti~.f~ftf. 0. ' ~f,ftj'i1~~~ , ~&\ -1L1L-lf.FdJ ' X1iJII. .'.M'*~'"~~ffl,~~rw ~J. W r ~itm~ J ~.F'$~JfIl5 ' fffi~m~~~A' ][:¥IJ-1L1L1\lf.1iJi ' Jrl.ffl*N1&1I~.1t*ftf~m$U ' ftijfl MfflXmfW ' i!C{i3I~tft~W~n ' ~3i .~F~'~IUJ~~mW:g7*( g!~~~j!. SA ' ~ 86 m=1llii ). 0.

(24) : gt.1JlfSfZ~fffi ~ , ~~~~~lii~~U'~ ~~~nIA~~~,~~a.w~.. H~~AW'Z~~~~E+E~U~' ~~~FJT1Wl!l!w=+~P)~. ". lIl~mH~p)I&f~0~Awffmi1i~ ;. t:)Z~amJ1!tAW=+=~~=+~". :9~' vF~TA r rp~~~.B~Jriij~~;fIfctW. 8Z~:9~3(~$AW' ~~*fiIiflAW' ~. ~Aw~0~AWff.jfRf§f*~t. ,Ji J ~rratfp1f (i!t5:2M ' J&*~ , :±litk[O]MWIfIAw ' f.;J.ltOO~ffl) , P)fU.IIlWIfI~ms,,~ , jt~i~Jm&0 , Jl1rJ1iUm ' ffEfr~H:;,@~~~ wfE P3 ' f.;J-y P)JftMt ( ~~~flJ ' ~ 82 ff. ' m 399 Mfct~) i:tt: F@Wi*ft!1*WlDKJW' :6~i1H~fiffrra MIm· rraMIm.E!p::f1ig-g-r!l¥Jfa!&pxfTa 0. ~*~tl!fitti~ AW ~. -. +-. +E. , ~, T~:9~3(1TaAW=+E~:::::. +~" (I1g)Z~a.mAii=+~=+E~; +~-==.+~o. ~Z~~*~~ • • Aii-+-~~-==.. +~". : m.pgams~~iE:itl¥Jrvc1ffjf*-'f.· §IW~ ~~~A±~1:f-+E.A,~rp~1:f. rr~'~~~B~~~@$~1*if-yU. m±*~~~*~-B-t:;+ A'. JL~MIm'I~lllt · ~EI3JL~MImJ~r!ft!. *~)\BA' *W·!tHi~~-.E=f A' ~. IJOP)mJE" PlTP) • tE~ft!f*ifI¥JJJiUm. rplfl.~~-==,.A,~rpU~~M~~. ·fTarr~::f1igP)7~~I¥J::fm.~ft!. ~~=+=.A(~~~~~~~~~. ~$~U' ~~1:f~ft!zJ¥lxft{f1l'. tb..3l... ff'. ~ 86: 29) '1lJjf.flt~M~:t:~. ,. 1lJfli~7~~I¥Jft{r!rra ( :%Btt ' ~ 84 :. fi~~~,gt~I¥JMff,~~rp3l..~lli. 78) ". -~~WO. 1tJ\: .E!P@!W:fiA~ZEJE13. 'fflVflJ-yP)~ft!~. flili • vF~,~~-g-~r!m=+ -==.fI*FJTm ~'~~~KW~~A§EI3'~~~~. ,~. f§:Q' *fH~fd:fff*pt;~~~0~flJttFJT. '0. ~'~~:9~. · ::f1lJP)1!ft!~ftlJZ ". nn:U~~A+Eff.I¥J~~fffi~,~ml¥J~. ~1:f~::f[qJI¥Jff.~mJE. ' f91J~D :. ~+-:rp~~~.~~·~I&0~A~~~. ~~AIj{I¥J!t19ti ' ftE~~1ZY. ' .LJ..\J"T" f~ **~B 5t ZA+ E:ti::ti I¥J ~I&.I:t 19ti' ¥ti~~1\01f~*~B5tZ-t:;+ :5::tiI¥J~I&l:tf91J ' ~~~-t:;Off.~~1j ~~¥tiB5tZE+:5::ti' ~~AOff. ~P)~]l!~lI~~~. 5t 145---,.

(25) +, tJ.~~/\+E:¥' j\+:f\:¥1¥J0 ~AJHtllH~~*lm' ~1UlI¥JAIt~. B:f¥US71-Z+Y. 0. ifij~~~ji~1¥J. ::kWtJ.J::~~~~JN~llH~~ , ~:¥. *PJTfr!1l¥JJ:tfjU ' fi3Wr:p~~~.~~ ~1.?,,-fm*§f[if!I~I¥Jffl:~' tJ.~I~U\. +E:¥'/\+:f\:¥1¥J0~A~~llH~ ~*lm,~~~ji~I¥J::kW~J::~~. ~'~JNI¥JAIt~B~~s71-Zn+. ltt+. =: Jtt+/\::kI{1.?" :. fj{~~I{, !jffg~1{. ,. , ~H&;[AI~I{ , ~~& ~~~I{ , t!1-i!~1{ , El ~f4~~ 1{,1t~&• •~f4~I{,g.~~. 0. ~~o. ~~tiB. '. ~~. ~m~!m• •. '. t=1J~. 86. '. 87. ,I:j:I.~.~m*1f~t. ~~gB. '. ~1iI. : ~~tiB. 0. ~~j)'JG'~1iI86. ,I:j:I.~.~~~~Mm. : ~~j)'JG ~~tt~fiJf~~~~~it ' ¥ '. ' El. t=1J~. 0. ~~. 86 :¥' r ~DfiiJ. .m~~~~zfiJf~J~~~1i1f~B. ~ Jl• •lm1i1f~.15- • • (-) ,t=1J~. ~&~mm~~I{,a~~~~I{,. ~~j)'JGo. ~ftallH~R~1{ , ll:J'tm~~. ~M'::k~f$fI~M,Jtftf!~Mo. -'I:j:I:$t$;}. : $m1CJ&~I~HTil&aj(¥:~~~. ~~/J\~Jl~~it. u::kW'~~86. 0. '.~BM~:$t~~.'. : iil!j , ~~ 86 :¥ '. t=1J~. , ~1iI 79 Emo *RlJfI ' ~1iI 81. ' 4f.A*ftJda '. t=1J~. :. 0. ~=~'~~52:¥,fj~~¥ • •~~~. t=1;:f~. *~~. :. ,r B *~~1tUN J ':t mQ\J~mftjJja1i1f~/j\m~'*.15- ' El ;:f~ : ~~tiB. 9~:){JX. 15- '. :. ~~tiB°. ~I{'I~~~~I{'I~~I{,~. *il&" '. --146. 0. J~. A)(~I{. iIIIJl~. • • ' t=1J~ : Em iI~J3f~±::M' ' ~~ 87 :¥ ' • .JL2}~AJl~ , ~ , ilil ' JijIC.g-ftJljaiijfj~.:z.1i1f~ , El J~ : ~~j)'JG ~~~ , ~~ 85 ' ~tt.15-. ' a;:ft : :;;1j. *RlJfI~'~1iI81:¥,~mQ\J~m~a~~ Ij\m.~.15-. *RlJfI'~~83. ' t=1J~ : ~~tiB. 0. ,rti0~A~~~~~. ~~~M~~~ml¥J~~J. ,ft~~~. iiF.JTI.I'm=~'m+-Wlo. 0. 2}:t-tfj~¥: llia~iii±fi. *RlJfI ' ~1iI 87 if, r ij!J.L0~A~~ , :::2j ,.

(26) wI! '. ffl~-B-ifjIJEtJj]lr'f1zuJf~W~/J\*Jl. ~;llli:xtfiJl~c. J. '.:ll1}8} A i!i *i. '. c'~'m~~~~~fi@~m~'~ ~t: ~~~. ~iU~' ~~ 82 ~. ~~ 84. ~. 1=1. '. 4 · ){.*,J~ia. · ~~t :. 4 '. fiEf~W · ~~. i')-it. 0. fii&5!~lIia~.m. '. I~~~. ~~~'~~88. J. 0. 81. 4' Iil~~ifd:. '. 0. 4'. ,c. r ~~~~ifjlJEt J. ,c ' ~. '. ~. t51HI ' ~~t : it~f~ , ~~ 85. , ~~t :. 0. '1}8} , ~~t :. ~~$o. '. ~~ 84. fF~. , ~~t. 4 '. fit~){.*U~e9I1~~. : iif&W1}~R fUWd:. 0. ='~){$;t. Brain, Towers ed., 1992. The Handbook of. 0. ~~~'~~81. m:.){.~~. Ai!ij!jiiC~Bic.*3~m~. !HI. , r $~~~*nEt J. '. g~$'~~~'±~~'~~85. ,cm~~~. m$cit*,J~m~/J\mc"fi15-. '~.~~1}8}Ai!iC~. Resource. Human. Management.. Massachusetts: Blackwell. ' ~~AS*,J~. tp~mW!l0QJ~~$. L. , ~~. ~5!ii. , ~~t : ~~~. 81. t. o. WfAfTnrtiJ J. ,rr0~Ajl~~~~. ••zm~J. ~o. :. , ~~ 83 4' r xg~~J1JfigzllJijJlif. ,cmilfU' A-A. Mo f*~~ , ~~ 85 4 ' Cti:*,J~ , Edt : ~~. 79. 764 ' fl§JJ){.~*1f ' ~~t. ~t: ~~$o. ~fJllI~~l¥J~~ J. ' ~~. '. 0. it$cm*,J~m~/J\mc"fi15-. ~B~'~~864' rB*~n0~jl~~. .~it. ,~. r ~[1xgmtifjlJ~i\IiJ J. 4'. ~~t: ~~. o .... w .. ~t: ~~$. ~I!IA.*U~.~. 'I~~)l~' ~~ 81. Jlf[J. ,cm$cm*u~m~/J\mc"fi. !teffl ' ~~. 4 '. :. ~$flJ ' ~~ 83. A-H.· ... I!I~JlJ!(. ~~ 70. ~ "F.~i&IFfjij~~fIJ. ~~t: f'F~EIJ1T' =~It~*'*~~ i!iJjtl:f/£ ' ~~ 81 , r 1!~1}~Ajl ~gl.\ifjlj. Et J. '. ~t. 0. tp~~~~*~1Ut~~~tf. :!l. ~~Ii. '. , ~~t :. L.,. 1982.. Adminisrrator.· New. 0. ASfii&¥ '. Cooper,Terry. ~~t. :­. The. Responsible. York:. Kennikat. Press. Cayer, N, Joseph., 1980. Managing Human. 147--­.

(27) Government.. Personnel Administration. New York: St.. Government. Vo1.25, No.1.. Personnel. Krislov, Sumuel, and Rosenbloom, David R,. Martin. Public. 1981. Representative Bureaucracy and. Administration: An Action Orientation.. the American Political System. New York:. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.. Praeger.. Denhardt,. Robert. 1995.. B.,. Denhardt, Kathryn G. 1988. The Ethics of. Public Service. New York: Greenwood. Lee, Jr. Robert D. 1981. Public Personnel. System. Maryland: University Park. Marshall, T. H., 1983 " Citizenship and Social. Press.. Resource. Class." in David Held, et al.(eds). States. Management. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.. and Societies. N.Y.: New York University. Inc.. Press.. Dessler,. Gary,. 1997.. Human. Drewry, Gavin, and Butcher, Tony, 1988. The. Civil Service. Today.. Oxford:. Basil. Mathis, Rober L. and Jackson, John H., 1997.. Human. Resource Management. New York: West Publishing Company.. Blackwell. Greenlaw, Paul S. and Kohl, John P., 1996. " Comparative E. E. O. Law: Pregnancy. Nadler, Leinard and Nadler, Zeace. 1989.. Developing. Human. Legislation in the United States and. Francisco,- Ca.:. Taiwan." Public Personnel Government.. Publisher.. Kellough, J. E., 1990 "Integration in the Public. Achieving. a. Resources.. Jossey-. Naff, Katherins C. 1998.. Vo1.25, No.2.. Bass. San. Inc.. "Progress Toward. Representative. Federal. Workplace: Detenninates of Minority and. Bureaucmcy: the Impact of Supervisor'l' ". Female. and Their Belief." Public Personntl'. Employment. Agencies. ". Public. in. Fedfral. Administration. Kim, Pan S., 1996. " Disability Policy: An Analysis. of. the. Government. VoL27, No.2. Nigro, Loyd G. and Nigro, Felix. 1994. The New. Review. Vo1.50, No.5.. --148. Public. Resource: An Introduction to Public. American. Federal. Public Personnel Administration. Itasca., III.: F.E.Peacock..

(28) ingner, D. E., and Nalbandian, J. 1985. Public. Introducing Public Administration. New. Personnel Administration: Contexts and Strategies.. Englewood. Cliffs,. N.J.:. York: Longman. Stahl, O. Glenn.,. 1985. Public Personnel. Administration. New York: Harper &. Prentice-Hall.. rislov, S. 1974. Representative Bureaucracy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.. Row. Sylvia, Ronald D., 1994. Public Personnel. :hmidt, Klaus-Dieter, and Rose, Richard. 1985.. Administration. Cafifomia: Wadsworth. " German: the Expansion of an Active. Publishing Company.. State" in Rose, Richard (eds.). Public. Management Recruiters & Human Resources. Employment in Western Nations. London:. Consultants. 1998. Highland Personnel. Combridge University.. Resources.. osenbloom , David H. 1995. " What Every Public Personnwl Manager Should Know. http://www.highlandpersonnel.com.. U. S. Office of Personnel Management.. About the Constitution." in Hays, Steven. 1998.. W. and Kearney, Richard C(eds.). Pu'blic. Information. Personnel Ai/ministration. New York:. http://www.opm.gov.. Prentice Hall.. Summary. .osenbloom , David H. 1977. Federal Equal. Jay. M.,. Professionals.. Annual. and. Report. of. Coordination. 1998.. http://www.somucho.go.jp. The. York: Praeger.. ilafritz,. Technology. of 1996.. Management. Employment Opportunity: Politics and Public Personnel Administration. New. Recruitment and· Retaining. France Government.. 1998.. http://www.adminet.com. Hyde,. Albert. C.. and. Rosenbloom, David H. 1986. Personnel. Management in Government. New York: Marcel Dekker.. The. German. Government.. 1998.. http://www.adminet.com. The Civil. Service Employer Group. 1998.. http://www.open.gov.UK.. bafritz, Jay M. and Russel, E. W. 1997.. 149--­.

(29)

參考文獻

相關文件

Effects of job satisfaction and perceived alternative employment opportunity on turnover intention -an examination of public sector organizations.. The Career

一、應考人如有下列各款情事之一,於甄選前發現者,撤銷其應考資格;各甄選階段發現者,予以

一、應考人如有下列各款情事之一,於甄選前發現者,撤銷其應考資格;各甄選階段發現者,予以

第二十四條 學、術科測 試辦理單位應遴聘具有 下列資格之一者,擔任 學科測試及術科測試採 筆試非測驗題方式之監 場人員:. 一、

Article 40 and Article 41 of “the Regulation on Permission and Administration of the Employment of Foreign Workers” required that employers shall assign supervisors and

In order to apply for a permit to employ Class B Foreign Worker(s), an Employer shall provide reasonable employment terms and register for such employment demands with local

Should an employer find it necessary to continue the employment of the Class A Foreign Worker(s), the employer shall, within four (4) months prior to the expiration of the

 具有計畫主持人資格,且於國內外擔任教學、研究職務在