從美學範疇論《周易》的「立象盡意」

௃छᏰጒᛟ፣Ȯںܾȯޟȶҳຫᅾཎȷ!

஭!Ϊ!ᧂ*!

!

Ȫ!ᄢ! ौ!ȫ!

ȶཎຫȷᐣپೝຜ࣏ϛ୽ѠڐछᏰޟϛЖंـϞΙȄȶཎຫȷϚ༉ӵϛ୽Ѡڐछ ᏰࡦདϛլԤ१ौӴ՝Ȃһ࢐Ιএ૖фߒϛ୽᛺೚ᆠડޟຫ኉Ȃڏஅҏ֤ဎ൷࢐ࡾཎ ᇄຫޟคᒊᇄ፡ӫȂᡱฒלޟкᢎཎᜋᇄԤלޟࡊᢎԆӵ๖ӫȄᗶณ஠ȶཎຫȷୈ࣏ छᏰ྅܈پၼҢȂԤفಛޟ౩፣ю౪ȂܻۖȮМЖᓏᓸȯȂծ௰ڏྛᔖپՌȮںܾȯ ޟȶҥຝᅰཀȷȄ ٱᄂΰȂΡ᜸ޟЖස๖ᄺԤ౩ܒᇄᡒᒮޟഋϷȂζԤཐܒᇄငᡛޟഋϷȄ౩ܒᡒ ᒮޟഋϷȂ࢐೽ႆџۡဎޟ྅܈૖ᄂ౪༈ႀޟഋϷȂՄཐܒငᡛޟഋϷȂ܁܁ӰڏȶϚ џِ༈ȷޟȶ຺ᇭِܒȷ੫኉Ȃᜲоᄂ౪ޢ௥ܖׇӒޟ༈ႀȄȮںܾȯоȶҥຝᅰཀȷ ୈ࣏၌ؚޟᒲݲȄҏМᔣՌȶਪȷȃȶِȷȃȶຫȷ้ಒဴفಛ໌՗លक़Ȃ໌Մᕣ၌ ԃդоಒဴپߒႀȶຫȷȂٮᄇȶِཎϞᒱȷޟέᆍϚӣޟᢎᘈ໌՗ϷݙᇄШၶȂ௃ Մ݂ҩཎຫϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ȂٮШၶϛՙМϽϛޟȶཎຫȷ౴ӣȂо௤ؑȮںܾȯϛȶҥ ຝᅰཀȷϞՍԟȂהᏕӨࣨПড়Ϛ֋ࡾғ࢐۷Ȅ ᜰᗤԅȈҳຫᅾཎ! ںܾ! छᏰ * ύচεᏢᔈҔ๮ᇟЎᏢسշ౛௲௤ঋ๮ᇟЎ௲ᏢಔಔߏǶ

A solution of achieve Chinese classical

aesthetics: “Yi Ching” and its “Li Xiang

Jin Yi”

Chang, Yu-Hsin

*

Abstract

"Yi xiang"( ཎ ຫ ) has always been considered the core of Chinese classical aesthetics . "Yi xiang", not only in Chinese classical aesthetics play an important role, is also able to represent a symbol of the spirit of Chinese art, its basic meaning refers to Italy, and as the melting and blending of the muddy, so that the subjective awareness of the intangible and tangible objective existence of the combination of. Though the "Yi xiang" as the aesthetic concept of the use of a systematic theory of the emergence begins, "Wen Xin Diao Long," (МЖᓏᓸ) but push its source should be from the "Yi Ching" and its "Li Xiang Jin Yi" (ҳ ຫᅾཎ)

In the human mind, there are emotional and experience part. The emotional experience of some, often because of their "unspeakable" of features, difficult to achieve, either directly or fully convey."Yi Ching" to "Li Xiang Jin Yi" as a solution. This paper in three different viewpoints of analysis and comparison to understand the relationship.

Keyword: Li Xiang Jin Yi, Yi Ching, aesthetics

಑Ι࿽! ࠉِ!

ȶཎຫȷᐣپೝຜ࣏ϛ୽ѠڐछᏰޟϛЖंـϞΙȄȶཎຫȷϚ༉ӵϛ୽Ѡڐछ ᏰࡦདϛլԤ१ौӴ՝Ȃһ࢐Ιএ૖фߒϛ୽᛺೚ᆠડޟຫ኉Ȃڏஅҏ֤ဎ൷࢐ࡾཎ ᇄຫޟคᒊᇄ፡ӫȂᡱฒלޟкᢎཎᜋᇄԤלޟࡊᢎԆӵ๖ӫȄᗶณ஠ȶཎຫȷୈ࣏ छᏰ྅܈پၼҢȂԤفಛޟ౩፣ю౪ȂܻۖȮМЖᓏᓸȯȂծ௰ڏྛᔖپՌȮںܾȯȄ ȶຫȷ೻এጒᛟȂԞӵഌ۹ཿᙏȮՂυȯ։ϐю౪ȂࡾюȶЈຫιלȷȇ೽՗ҏ ȮՂυȯϛһԤȶσຫฒלȷȃȶڏϛԤ߬ȂڏϛԤຫȷϞᇳȂџَȶຫȷޟଔྛࣥ ԞȄȮںܾȯΙਪඪюޟȶຫȷᗶณၶȮՂυȯ࣏ఏȂծ࢐ᄇܻछᏰΰޟኇ៪Ȃࠓଽ ႆȮՂυȯȄӵȮںܾȯΙਪϛȂᅾᆓϐҢΟྃЍޟȃᆠጛޟȃӻቹཎొޟᇭِپߒ ႀ࣏ྃᙴ൲ޟཎࡦȂծ࢐Ϛџ૖оԤ३ޟМԅȂپᆠጂޟׇᐌߒႀȄ։ٺҢ೨ӻޟМ ԅȂ࡞ᜲ஠ཎဎׇӒ၌ݙȄܚоȮںܾȯߨல݂ҩಒဴᇄཎຫޟᜰ߽ȄӵҢᇭِϚٗ оׇӒၛភޟ௑לήȂᔁၐ௴Ңȶຫȷȃȶڡȷ้ПԒپ၄МԅϞϚٗȂоᅾਪϛϞ ཎȄ೻ӵȲᛮ᜝ΰȳϐԤ݂ጂޟ଄ၷȈ ηГǺȨਜόᅰقǴقόᅰཀȩǶฅ߾ဃΓϐཀǴځόёـЯǻηГǺȨဃΓ ҥຝаᅰཀǴ೛ړаᅰ௃ଵǴᛠᜏోаᅰځقǴᡂԶ೯ϐаᅰճǴႴϐᆸϐа ᅰઓǶ1 Ȳᛮ᜝ΰȳඪюΟཎȃຫȃِέএ྅܈Ȃٮߑ؏፣क़ΟέޱϞ໢ޟᜰ߽Ȅᄇܻȶຫȷ ޟ֤ဎȂȲᛮ᜝ΰȳޟ၌ភ࢐Ȉ ဃΓԖаـϺΠϐㄠǴԶᔕፏځ׎৒ǴຝځނەǴࢂࡺᒏϐຝǶ2 ᙏِϞȂȶຫȷ࢐૖֕౪౏༹ٱ౩Ϟ㋆ȂШᔣܖຫ኉Ϛџِ༈ϞȶཎȷȂܻџᓶོ ࠶ӫޟڥ᜸ᄇຫϛȂоȶۣȷڏᔖณȄζ൷࢐ȶຫȷϛ૖༈ႀюٱސޟҏ፴ڷලႇܒȄ Ȳᛮ᜝ήȳϡȈȶᄔ܁ՄᄆپȂՄཌᡗលࡗȂ໠Մ࿋ӪȂᒱސғِȂᘞ᜝ࠌരؼȄڏᆎ 1 Ȑమȑٜϡ฻ǺȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡȐమΜΟ࿶ݙ౧ҁǴҔЎᒧᙒҁਠۓȑǴᆵчǺ᛬Ўӑ ਜᓔǴ1979ԃǴ।157-158Ƕ 2 ـȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡǴ।150Ƕ

ӪζωȂڏڥ᜸ζσȄڏԟሉȂڏ᜝МȂڏِԢՄϛȂڏٱဓՄᗴȷȄ3оωՄ૖᜸σȂ ܚߒႀޟПԒ࢐ܻڎᡝޟȶຫȷϛоȶԢՄϛȂဓՄᗴȷޟПԒ༈ႀޟȄ೻ᆍПԒԃണ ᏰၖӵȮМѬ೽ဎȆܾఀȯِȈȶȮܾȯຫᗶѓϲ᛺ȂᇄȮၑȯϞШᑹȂЎ࣏ߒ㠰Ȅȷ4 Ȯںܾȯϛоഛ໨ЯȃΤڡЅϲΪѲڡ้নۖಒဴپ໌՗ߒႀȂ࡚ᄺΙৈҢܻћ ࿿ҢޟಒဴȄғԃ৿඼੫Ȇњՙᅭ5_{ȞErnst CassirerȟܚِȂӑҕϐ࢐ȶಒဴޟଢ଼ސȷ} ΟȂՄငҥ೻ٲಒဴȂ҆ณӴՄиҏ፴ΰ෉छཐᅋ໌Ȅ ӵȮܾ༈ȯϛȂȶຫȷϐڎԤΙۡޟछཐငᡛȂԃȲਣȳڡ࣏ۅήᚔΰȂۅ࣏σ ӴȂᚔ࣏݂ЬȂ։࣏Њ໨ȂȲਣȳڡלԙЊ໨ъъЀଔϞຫȂߒ౪юӑҕᄇЊ໨ޟத ࡶᇄהఖȂՄ໌Ι؏ԙ࣏ӡӐȄȮܾ༈ȯϛȲਣȳڡࠌೝ፭ϠཱིޟΡМཎဎȂȲਣȆ ᶶȳϡȈȶਣȂ໌ζȄ݂юӴΰȷȄ6_{݂ޱȂӎ݂ϞᒝȂཎࡾ໨ӎȄȲਣȆຫȳ໌Ι؏} άϡȈȶ݂юӴΰȂਣȇ֗υоՌࢍ݂ኈȷ7_{Ȃ։࢐ᇳ֗υоȶ݂ȷȞЊ໨ȟՌШȂٺ} ϦኈᡗюӎᎃȂྱ᝺σӴȂϐငҥශᙽ௑ȄӰԪȲਣȳڡџоᇳ࢐ߑЀ෉໨ޟѪΙᆍ ಒဴߒႀȄӵҦ଼МϛȂߑЀϞ෉໨࣏ҍȂΰ࣏Њ໨Ȃή࣏σӴȂڏဎӣȲਣȳڡȄ ՄᇄȲਣȳڡࣺІȂࠌ࣏Ȳ݂ӼȳڡȂ೻ࡾЊ໨ήόȂ༃ۇ६ᖝϞຫȂԃҢМԅߒႀȂ Ҧ଼Мϛ࣏ Ȃ։࣏ϬРȶ݄ȷϞনԅȄ ٱᄂΰȂΡ᜸ޟЖස๖ᄺԤ౩ܒᇄᡒᒮޟഋϷȂζԤཐܒᇄငᡛޟഋϷȄ౩ܒᡒ ᒮޟഋϷȂ࢐೽ႆџۡဎޟ྅܈૖ᄂ౪༈ႀޟഋϷȂՄཐܒငᡛޟഋϷȂ܁܁ӰڏȶϚ џِ༈ȷޟȶ຺ᇭِܒȷ੫኉Ȃᜲоᄂ౪ޢ௥ܖׇӒޟ༈ႀȄᄇԪȮںܾȯ࡞Ԟ൷ඪ юΟȶҳຫоᅾཎȷޟ၌ؚᒲݲȄҏМᔣՌȶਪȷȃȶِȷȃȶຫȷ้ಒဴفಛ໌՗ លक़Ȃ໌Մᕣ၌ԃդоಒဴپߒႀȶຫȷȂٮᄇȶِཎϞᒱȷޟέᆍϚӣޟᢎᘈ໌՗ ϷݙᇄШၶȂ௃Մ݂ҩཎຫϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ȂٮШၶϛՙМϽϛޟȶཎຫȷ౴ӣȂо௤ؑ ȮںܾȯϛȶҳຫᅾཎȷϞՍԟȂהᏕӨࣨПড়Ϛ֋ࡾғ࢐۷Ȅ 3 ـȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡǴ।172Ƕ 4 _{ـകᏢ၈ǺȠЎў೯ကȡǴమࠍᙦϡԃࠄੇҴМтҁǶ} 5 ৱථ੝ǷഩՋᅟȐErnst CassirerȑǴቺ୯ণᏢৎǴ1874ԃғܭݢើѷᛥ૥ґϻǴܭ1939ԃԋࣁྷڂϦ҇Ǵ 1945ԃԝܭऍ୯ફऊǶڙᏢܭଭᅟൕޑཥநளЬက໺಍ǴഩՋᅟว৖р΋঺ᐱ੝ޑЎϯণᏢǶȠ಄ဦ׎ ԄޑণᏢȡࢂഩՋᅟӧЎϯণᏢБय़ޑख़ा๱բǶԜѦǴдҭኗቪΑ΋سӈᜢܭᇡ᛽ፕǵࣽᏢፕǵণᏢ ўޑ๱բǶഩՋᅟণᏢޑ΋ε੝ՅࢂཥநளЬကǴ೯ၸځ಄ဦ׎ԄޑণᏢǴஒநளޑޕ᛽ፕຎفکଭᅟ ൕᏢࢴჹԾฅࣽᏢޑᜢݙᘉ৖ډЎϯণᏢޑቫय़ѐǶ٠຾΋؁ԵቾഩՋᅟ܌ೀ౛ၸޑፕᚒǴߡёаᒣᇡ рഩՋᅟণᏢࡘགྷ೴؁ว৖ޑόӕ໘ࢤǴдவޕ᛽ፕޑୢᚒрวǴ࿶ၸЎϯণᏢǴว৖р΋঺ᐱ੝ޑণ ᏢΓᜪᏢǴനಖЇӛ΋ᅿϸჹݤՋථЬကޑ୯ৎণᏢᏢᇥǶ 6 ـȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡǴ।87Ƕ 7 ӕ߻ຏǴ।87Ƕ

಑Π࿽! ِຫϞտ!

ȶຫȷࢋ࣏ϛ୽ѠфМϽஅҏಒဴޟᄺԙȂӣਢά࣏ϛ୽ѠڐछᏰޟጒᛟȂϛ୽ МϽڷछᏰۦຫ१ຫȂڏྛ࣏ȮںܾȯޟڡຫಒဴȂՄӑ઩፝υ঱ᏰछᏰϛȂᄇܾຫ ಒဴޟលភȂࠌԙ࣏ϛ୽छᏰޟ१ौࡦᆰȄ8_{Ϭ൷Ȯںܾȯϛܚඪюޟڼᚠ໌՗ၛភȄ} ॶӑӵଆ፣ȶထΡҳຫоᅾཎȷ9_{ϞጒᛟࠉȂӑ൷ȶਪϚᅾِȂِϚᅾཎȷܚඪюϞȶਪȷȃ} ȶِȷȃȶຫȷ໌՗၌ភȄ༈ಛΰ၌ភਢȂᄇܻȶِȷЅȶཎȷޟᜰ߽ȂᏐၾӨԤϚ ӣޟَ၌ȂᏐড়ඪюȶ᜝ႀՄϐȷ10_{ڷၾড়ඪюޟȶޣޱϚِȷȃȶِϚᅾཎȷ}11_ϞտȄ ȶ᜝ȷڷȶِȷ഍࢐ΙᆍᇭِಒဴȇՄᏐড়ޟȶႀȷ࣏ȶᅾཎȷȂڷၾড়ޟȶϚᅾཎȷ ࣺᄇҳȄौ၌ؚ೻এ୰ᚠȂоЅ௰৤юȮںܾȯϛᄇܻȶཎȷȃȶຫȷᜰ߽ޟၛភȂ ॶӑџо௃ಒဴᏰޟُ࡙پࣼϞȄ ൷౪фಒဴᏰޟᢎᘈࣼϞȂȶਪȃِȃຫȷ഍࢐ΙᆍಒဴȂ൷ષᆱᅭ12_ȞFerdinand 8 ᜢܭȨຝȩޑឍញǴԖаȠܰ໺ȡ഍໚ࡘགྷکȨҥຝаᅰཀȩǵȨᢀނڗຝȩǵȨᢀຝᇙᏔȩࣁ୷ᘵޑ ȨཀຝᇥȩǴҭࣁҁЎ܌஑ፕǶќԖၰৎޑख़ຝѦ຀ǵߚقښຝ฻ࡘགྷ܌ЇวޑȨཀნᇥȩǹаϾૣǵ Ƞ኷૶ȡࣁж߄ޑຝ೯ᘶ኷ǵख़ࡹݯ௲ϯΞόၴЎ᛬ऍᏢޑȨКቺᇥȩکȨقדᇥȩǴ೿ࢂکȨຝȩԖ ᜢϐឍញǶ 9 ـȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡǴ।158Ƕ 10 ȨᜏၲԶςخȩࢂȠፕᇟǷፁᡫϦȡጇޑ΋ѡ၉ǴЬाࢂፋЎӷᇟقޑ߄ၲޑा؃ǶᜏǴচཀࢂᇥޑ၉Ǵ ౜ϞጄൎᔈᘉεঋࡰᇟقЎӷǶᙁԶقϐǴᇟقЎӷ܌߄ၲޑᆶЈ㚊གྷޑ΋ठǴջࢂȨᜏၲȩϐा؃Ƕ ӢԜԖځΠӈ൳໨ा؃Ǻ(1)а೯ҔޑᇟقЎӷ߄ၲǶ(2)ᇟѡाᏃໆ؃ᙁభܴዴǶ(3)ᇟѡाᏃໆ؃ᙁግ ᐆჴǶ၁ёୖ׵ғߞǺȤፕᇟᜏၲᢀౢғޑউ౛୷ᘵϷځቹៜȥǴȠჱহޗ཮ࣽᏢȡǴ2007ԃ4Дǹ΍ ذ๸ǺȤϾηᜏၲԶςޑᇟقᏢှ᠐ȥǴȠξܿεᏢᏢൔȡȐণᏢޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ2007ԃ1Дǹᐽё٫Ǻ ȤॊԶόբᆶᜏၲԶς~ᜢܭ൤֖চۈᏂৎ၍ញᏢࡘགྷޑٿঁڮᚒޑࡘԵȥǴȠч٧ϯπεᏢᏢൔȡȐޗ ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ2003ԃ4ДǹЦ҅ǺȤᜏၲԶςޑ౜жឍញ~ቪբᇟقཥፕȥǴȠߑ໚ৣጄᏢଣᏢൔȡȐޗ ࣽހȑǴ1999ԃ3ДǹᇳΐၮǺȤፕᇟᇟقፕȥǴȠҒ๘ޗ཮ࣽᏢȡǴ1999ԃ1ДǹڬۯϓǺȤፕђжঅ ᜏᏢޑᜏၲᇥȥǴȠύ୯ੇࢩεᏢᏢൔȡȐޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ1997ԃ4ДǹБၰȤᜏၲፕȥǴȠЎ᛬౛ፕ ࣴزȡǴ1997ԃ1ДǶ 11 ᇟрȠԴηȡϖΜϤകǶȨޕޣόقǴقޣόޕǶȩΨԖޑހҁբȨᒈȩǶӷय़ཀࡘ൩ࢂܴඵޑΓόᒿ ߡᇥ၉Ǵᒿߡᇥ၉ޑΓؒԖ੿ޕ؟ـǶ೭ѡځჴ౐רډύ୯ђΓჹȨقȩࢂցૈᅰȨཀȩ೭΋ୢᚒޑ࣮ ݤǶၰৎჹ೭΋ୢᚒޑเਢ୷ҁёа߄ॊࣁȨقόᅰཀȩǵȨளཀבقȩǴ੿҅ޑளၰޣ೿ࢂܫకҔق ᇥޑǴѝԖܫకقᇥωૈ੿҅ၲډԿၰǶ၁ёୖ׵๩ǺȤၰቺ࿶ύȨೀคࣁϐ٣ǴՉόقϐ௲ȩཥှȥǴ ȠϼচጄጄᏢଣᏢൔȡȐޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ2005ԃ4Дǹ࠴ᆺǺȤவόقϐ௲ှ᠐ԴηȥǴȠԢՋጄጄε ᏢᏢൔȡȐণᏢޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ2002ԃ1Дǹ೾ऍ๮ǺȤౣፕԴηޑόقϐ௲ȥǴȠ΢ੇৣጄεᏢᏢൔȡ ȐণᏢޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ2001ԃ5ДǹછూǺȤόقϐ௲ȥǴȠϣᆾђৣεᏢൔȡȐণᏢޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ 1997ԃ4ДǶ 12 ѷ्ࠄǸቺǸ઩ᆣᅟȐFerdinand de SaussureȑǴ1857ԃғܭВϣґǴྷγᇟقᏢৎǶ઩Мࢂ౜жᇟقᏢ ϐРǴдעᇟقᏢ༟೷ԋࣁ΋ߐቹៜѮεޑᐱҥᏢࣽǶдᇡࣁᇟقࢂ୷ܭ಄ဦϷཀကޑ΋ߐࣽᏢȋȋ౜ ӧ΋૓೯ᆀࣁ಄ဦᏢǶ

de SaussureȟܚඪюޟȶӈཎܒনࠌȷȄ13ᇭِಒဴޟȶ૖ࡾȷȞsignifierȟ࢐ᇭॱȂȶܚ ࡾȷȞsignifiedȟ࢐྅܈ܖཎဎȂҢդᆍᖐॱپфߒդᆍ྅܈Ȃ೻࢐ӈཎޟȄܚᒝӈཎ ޟȂζ൷࢐ٮฒೣࠌџ൶ȂٽԃȂרঈҢȶЈȷ೻এॱپфߒЈȂ़ᇭϛࠓҢSKYȂ Ϛᆓ࢐ȶЈȷᗙ࢐ȶSKYȷȂѺঈޟีॱ഍ϚོڷѺঈܚࡾޟݍՙȞЈȟԤӈդࣺ჋ Ϟ೎Ȅ ௃ਲ਼ҏΰپᇳȂΡ᜸ޥོ㠰ޟӈդΙএಒဴ഍ளԤ࢚ᆍแ࡙ޟȶघۡܒȷܖȶӈ ཎܒȷȂѫϚႆԤޟघۡ࢐Ρ࣏ޟȃ஼ڙޟȂٽԃΡώᇭِ14_{้้ȇԤޟघۡ࢐Јณޟȃ} ՌีޟȂٽԃՌณᇭِ15_้้Ȅ ᇭِಒဴфߒΟघۡܒܖޱᇳӈཎܒശ஼ޟ٥ΙᆒȂѺޟಒဴܒ࢐ശ஼ޟȄȶऔ ᆦᐷȷޟӈཎܒၶȶ੩໴ȷ؁஼ȂծࠓШȶᇭِȷ؁৵ȄΙএΡष࢐Ϛޣၾऔᆦᐷޟ ֤ဎȂՍЍџоࣼю࢐औᐷӵ߫Ȃᗙ࢐ᆦᐷӵ߫ȇΙএΡष࢐ϚᔗߡܜղᇭȂ٥൷ѫ ૖᠙ڗΙ՛ใۉѠ܏ޟᖐॱȄ ௃ಒဴᏰޟُ࡙پࣼᇭཎี৤Ȃȶਪȃِȃຫȷ഍࢐Ңо଄ᓃᇭཎޟಒဴȄฒ፣ ࢐ԅҔȂᗙ࢐ყหȂѫौѺঈೝҢоفಛӴ଄ᓃᇭཎȂѺঈ൷ϚӔ߳ࡻѺঈনپޟܒ ፴ȂڏཎဎׇӒ࢐ၭ๿ᇭཎ׽ᡐޟȄ൷ȶਪϚᅾِȷѯپၛភȶਪȷᇄȶِȷޟᜰ߽Ȃ ։ӵၛភȶМԅಒဴȷᇄȶᇭِಒဴȷϞ໢ޟᜰ߽Ȅ ณՄȂоષᆱᅭϞᇭِᏰёоၛភϛ୽МԅȂџоӣཎȶᇭِ࢐ΙএಒဴفಛȷȂ षׇӒٷȶӈཎܒনࠌȷёоលक़ȂࠌԤϚׂϞ೎ȄॶӑȂ൷ϛ୽Мԅ16_{ޟ๖ᄺՄِȂ}

дޑ׌ηCharles BallyϷAlbert Sechehaye฻ܭ1916ԃஒ઩ᆣᅟፐ୸ᖱကޑϣ৒ቪԋȠ೯ҔᇟقᏢȡȐΞ ᝿Ƞද೯ᇟقᏢ௲ำȡCours de Linguistique Généraleȑ΋ਜǶ၀๱բԋࣁΒΜШइ౜жᇟقᏢϷ่ᄬЬ ကᇟقᏢϐ໒ξϐբǴ౜жᇟقᏢޑ೚ӭ౛ፕ୷ᘵ೿ٰԾܭԜਜǶ ઩ᆣᅟݙख़ᇟقޑӅਔ܄ԶԖձܭ19Шइჹᇟقᐕਔ܄ޑϩ݋ǶӅਔ܄ᢀᗺᇡࣁȋࢌ΋ਔ໔ᗺ΢ޑ΋ ᅿᇟقࢂԾىޑфૈس಍ȋԜᢀᗺΨቶࣁࡕШ΋૓Ꮲޣ܌ௗڙǶдჹ౜жᇟقᏢޑќ΋ঁѮεଅ᝘ࢂ ᇡࣁᇟقᏢޑЬाࣴزނҹᔈ၀ࢂαᇟǴԶόࢂਜय़ᇟǶ೭΋ᢀᗺΨ೏ࡕШᇟقᏢৎ܌ޚ࡭ǶдᇡࣁȨᇟ قࢂΓᜪ၉ᇟૈΚޑޗ཮ౢނǴԶЪѬࢂ೏ޗ཮٬Ҕک৒೚ΓҔ೭ঁૈΚޑѸाಞᄍޑᕴکȩǴԶᇟق ่ᄬࢂڙೕࡓЍଛޑǶȨཀကځჴࢂ೏ᇟقബ೷рٰޑȩǴ઩ᆣᅟΞჄϩрૈࡰȐsignifer, signifiantȑ ᆶ܌ࡰȐsignified, signifiêȑǵᇟقȐlangueȑکقᇟȐparoleȑ฻ख़ाཷۺǴჹࡕٰޑ಄ဦᏢቹៜుᇻǶ 13 ȨҺཀ܄চ߾ȩࣁ઩ᆣᅟܭȠද೯ᇟقᏢ௲ำȡύගрޑཷۺǴ΋ޔࢂᇟقᏢࣚ૸ፕޑख़ा᝼ᚒǴж߄ ҔՖᅿᖂॣٰж߄ՖᅿཷۺǴ೭ࢂҺཀޑǴ٠คೕ߾ё൨Ƕ 14 ΓπᇟقǴΞᆀΓ೷ᇟقǵ୯ሞᇶշᇟقǵ᛬ೌᇟقǶࢂ೚ӭӢ੝ۓҞޑǵҔ೼ǴࣁΑࢌ੝ۓ٬Ҕ௼ဂǴ ԶΓࣁബ೷рٰޑᇟقǴхࡴЎݤǵൂӷǶΓπᇟقόႽԾฅᇟق΋ኬ཮ᒿΓᜪޑᇟقЎϯԶว৖ǴѬ ॺӧ೏ബ೷ϐࡕǴࠅёૈӢԶౢғ੝ۓޑቹៜΚǴᒿ๱ΓᜪЎϯӵ੿ჴᇟق΋ኬӦᄽ຾Ƕ 15 Ծฅᇟق೯தࢂࡰ΋ᅿԾฅӦᒿЎϯᄽϯޑᇟقǶमᇟǵᅇᇟǵВᇟࣁԾฅᇟقޑٯηǶόၸǴԖਔ܌ ԖΓᜪ٬ҔޑᇟقǴхࡴ΢ॊԾฅӦᒿЎϯᄽϯޑᇟقǴаϷΓπᇟقǴ೿཮೏ຎࣁȨԾฅȩᇟقǴа ࣬ჹܭӵጓำᇟق฻ࣁႝတԶ೛ޑȨΓ೷ȩᇟقǴᙁԶقϐǴԾฅᇟقࢂΓᜪҬࢬکࡘᆢޑЬाπڀǶ 16 ҁೀ܌ࡰϐЎӷࣁȨ҅ᡏӷȩԶقǴԶߚаȨᙁϯӷȩԶقǶ

ڎԤೣࠌܒޟഺҡПԒȂ։ܚᒝϞȶϲਪȷȂӵϲਪ17_{ϞϛȂоຫל࣏ٽȂȶหԙڏސȂ} ᓍᡝၒԢȷ։࣏஠ܚᢎϞސหԙڏלȂӰԪМԅಒဴٗџࡾфڏސȇ൷לᖐՄِȂȶо ٱ࣏ӪȂڥឋࣺԙȷࠌ࢐לਠ(ဎಒ)࢐ࡾҰԅޟཎࡦܖ᜸឴Ȃᖐਠ(ॱಒ)ࠌߒҰԅޟࣺ ӣܖࣺߖีॱȂࠌᇭِಒဴᇄࡾфϞސࣺߖȄӰՄ൷Ԫᢎ܈௰ϞȂџޣषׇӒоߖф ಒဴᏰϞ྅܈юีȂࠌོᄇȮںܾȯޟඪϞȶထΡหຫоᅾཎȷ౰ҡᇲ၌ȂӰ࣏Ȯں ܾȯϛޟȶຫȷȂᄂሬΰ࣏ΙፒӫޟಒဴفಛȂӣਢѓࢂΟȶኵȷȃȶຫȷȃȶ᜝ȷ έএفಛȂΰक़ܚፙϞȶਪȃِȷ։ѓࢂӵȶ᜝ȷϞفಛϱȂኵȃຫȃ᜝ђ૖ϣ࣏၄ ᜌȂڏϛȶຫȷۨϛ໢Ȃശ࣏१ौȄȮںܾȯ൷࢐оȶຫȷ࣏ਯЖȂ஠ኵȃຫȃ᜝ȃ ћᖒ๖࣏ΙএᐌᡝȂӰኵՄۡຫȃᢎຫՄᛮ᜝ȂᐃຫՄۡћоᢎӡ϶ȂӰԪܾຫᗶ࣏ ԤفಛϞಒဴȂծϚӔ࢐ڎຫಒဴܖܪຫಒဴȂ࢐ΙᆍܻࣨڎຫᇄܪຫϞ໢ȂڎԤଽ ࡙ຫ኉ШᔣཎဎޟყԒಒဴȂ喜֤๿ᙴ൲ޟ๖ᄺࡦདȂלԙӣਢڎരຫ኉᜸Шڷޢឈ ཐਂޟࡦᆰПԒȄӰԪרঈӵԪ௥ڧȶِਪຫȷ࣏ಒဴفಛϞ྅܈ȂՄᄇܻԃդȶᅾ ཎȷȂࠌۦ໸ᇳ၌Ȅ ӵȮںܾȯϛȂᇯ࣏૖ᅾཎޱȂ୲ԤҳຫȂ٥ቄ࣏դਪȃِϚ૖ᅾཎȉоȶਪϚ ᅾِȂِϚᅾཎȷΙѯȂဲᙚݧСȈȶᒝਪܾϞଢ଼ȂΞϲϞᡐȂϚٗоᅾܾϞܚِȄ ِϞȂࠌϚٗоᅾۼែϞཎζȄȷ18_{೻㠰ޟȶਪȷࡾޟ࢐ȮںܾȯȃȶِȷࡾȮںܾȯ} ϱܚٺҢޟᇭِМԅȃȶཎȷࠌࡾѓែЪหΤڡܚߒႀޟശߑ֤ဎȄȶณࠌထΡϞཎȂ ڏϚџَнȉȷޟȶထΡȷࡾޟ൷࢐ȶѓែЪȷȄȲᛮ᜝ήȳСȈȶѠޱѓែЪϞд ЈήζȂӉࠌᢎຫܻЈȂॽࠌᢎݲܻӴȄᢎനᛚϞМȂᇄӴϞۣȄߖڥ፝٘Ȃሉڥ፝ ސȄܻ࢐ۖհΤڡȂо೽ડ݂ϞኈȂо᜸࿲ސϞ௑ȷ19_{Ȃ؃ၾҁਲ਼ᐃ૱ౝЅȮΞড়ܾȯ} ᇯ࣏ȈȶႪॳРТӵЈȂ࢈ȺᢎຫܻЈȻȌȌόᐩӵӴȂ࢈ȺڥݲܻӴȻȌȌԙຫϞ ᒝୁȂਝݲϞᒝۅȂ࢈ȺЈᆎຫȂӴᆎݲȻζȷ20_{ȄӰԪȶᢎຫȷϞȶຫȷޟ಑Ιএ֤} ဎ࢐ȈЈຫȂ੫ᘈ࢐ڎᡝՄάшᅖᡐϽȄ ဲᙚݧȶܻ࢐ۖհΤڡȷѯСȈȶѓែЪᢎനᛚϞМȂࠌЈΤڡਝϞȄȺܾԤЊ ྃȂ࢐ҡڍቈȂڍቈҡѲຫȂѲຫҡΤڡȄȻȌȌσΡഅЯຫоຫЈȂڡџޣζȄՄ ᠞ܾޱឧо࣏ۼែϞਢȂЈҐԤΤڡȂৼѶϞؼȄȺЈ࠭ຫȂҰӡ϶ȂထΡຫϞȻȂ 17 ϤਜࡰᅇӷޑϤᅿᄬ೷చٯǴࢂܿᅇ೚཈ǵᎄ౲ǵ੤ڰ฻ΓਥᏵᅇӷޑ׎ԋ܌բޑ᏾౛ǴԶߚӃ҇ޑচ ۈ೷ӷݤ߾ǶฅԶǴӧϤਜр౜ࡕȐਔ໔നᒨࢂܿᅇȑǴΓॺ೷ӷਔ߾ӭ٩Ϥਜ౛ፕࣁᏵǶ 18 ـȐֆȑဤᙌኗǺȠܰݙȡȐԏܭѤ೽ϩᜪᘀਜ໣ԋǴᏵమၰӀύҒࢨ໳Мт҇୯ΜѤԃЦ᠙অံӑҁ ቹӑȑǴ݈ᐏǺ᛬ЎрހޗǴ1972ԃǶ 19 ـȠख़тֺҁڬܰݙ౧ߕਠ୎૶ȡ।166Ƕ 20 ـȐమȑ׵ၰѳኗǺȠڬܰ໣ှᝪ౧ȡǴమӀᆣीюΟᎩ૛୸тҁǶ

ࠌЈϐԤΤڡϞຫȷ21_{Ȃ೻ᇳ݂ȶΤڡȷ࢐ӑЈԆӵޟȂհ࣏ထΡޟѓែЪѫ࢐஠ڏห} ԙڎᡝٱސȂ༈፝ࡣΡȂᡐฒלޟԆӵ࣏ԤלޟԆӵȄΡঈѫԤӵᡐϽڷད჋ϛϗ૖ ሴ౱Ȅ೻㠰ሳԤᢎ܈ӑܻᇭِϞཎȄΙૡᇯ࣏Ȃސ፴ᏢҢޟี৤ӵࠉȂڐണڙ࡙ӵࡣȂ ശࡣϗԤᢎ܈ಒဴȂծӵϛ୽සኋޟྛᓞ೎࡬ԁࣺІȂᠻᝉแ஠Ԫ౩၌࣏ȶฒᢎ܈Ϛ џ૖അюӈդݍՙپȄഺഅю࢚ΙސຫਢȂЖϛ҆ӑԤཎЖຫȄЖຫלԙࡣϗ૖ᢎސ ڥຫȄ22_{ȷӰԪȂȶᢎ܈ȷԙΟഺҡ࿲ސޟкᢎଢ଼ΨȄרঈџоҥԪுюȶᢎຫȷϞȶຫȷ} ޟ಑Πএ֤ဎ࢐ȈڡຫȂѺޟ੫ᘈ࢐оӑЈᢎ܈ԆӵȂά૖Ͻԙ࿲ސȄ ۵ਪȮںܾȯࠌ଄ၷ࣏ȈȶυСȈਪϚᅾِȂِϚᅾཎȄณࠌထΡϞཎȂڏဎџ َϐнȉυСȈထΡϞҳ଻оᅾཎȂ೩ڡоᅾ௑ୃȄ23_{ȷϚҢȶຫȷԅȂՄҢȶ଻ȷԅȄ} Ιૡᇯ࣏Ȃȶ଻ȷࡾȶڡ଻ȷȂȶຫȷࡾȶڡຫȷȂ೽՗ҏ഍հȶຫȷȄȶຫȷᇄȶ଻ȷ ӣ឴Ռณࣨޟଢ଼ސ᜸Ȅȶຫȷޟনཎ࢐ȶσຫȷȄ೨བȮᇳМ၌ԅȯСȈȶຫȂࠒູ σᛚȄ24_{ȷࢲҝຘݧЕȮᗺߨυȯСȈȶΡהَҡຫȂՄਰڏყоདڏҡȄ࢈፝ΡϞܚ} оཎདޱࣱᒝϞຫȄ25_{ȷȂһЕȮںܾȯϡȈȶȮںܾȆᛮ᜝ȯСȈȺຫζޱȂ჋ζȄȻ} ԪᒝѠںܾຫԅ։჋ԅϞ୅অȄȌȌȮںܾȯҢຫ࣏ࣺ჋ϞဎȂԃҢܾ࣏ᙏܾȃᡐܾ ϞဎȂࣱܻுဎȂߨܻԅלுဎζȄ26_{ȷרঈџо౩၌࣏Ȃȶຫȷᇄȶ଻ȷޟܚࡾ֤ဎ} ࢐ࣺӣޟȂ഍࢐ࡾԤڎᡝ௑ޑޟԆӵސȂ೻ᇄۼែЪȶᢎനᛚϞМȷζ࢐ࣺ֛ӫޟȄ ܚоџ௰กȮںܾȆᛮ᜝ȯඪюޟȶᢎຫȷϞȶຫȷޟ಑έএ֤ဎ࢐Ȉད჋ȂѺޟ੫ ᘈ࢐ຎฒծάԤၬџ൶Ȅ ൷ΰक़ՄِȂџޣȶຫȷڎԤέቹཎొȂϷտ࣏ȈЈຫȃڡຫᇄད჋Ȃ೻έቹཎ ొٮߨΙਢΙӴӣਢҡԙȄΙૡᇯ࣏Ȯںܾȯӵੈ୦ਢф൷ϐ፛ҡȂȮںܾȆᛮ᜝ȯ ࠌ࢐ᏽ୽ϛȃࡣ෈ޟ౰ސȄ௃েȃ୦ᇄںڗࢌऍґ෈ȂΡޟᢎ܈ငᐣΟΙএ௃ד೚ȃ Ϋ࿿ө౩ܒี৤ޟႆแȄՙںߑ෈ȶЈȷޟડܒڗࡣ෈൷ϐင෵৵ȂᓍࡣᑹଔΟћ࢑ ೚ȞЈຫȟȂѺᇄЈࡔޟᢎ܈ׇӒϚӣȂћ࢑೚ܚ๿१ޟȂϚ࢐ԇۤڷᐣѬޟ࢚՝ശ 21 _{ـȐֆȑဤᙌኗȠܰݙȡȐԏܭѤ೽ϩᜪᘀਜ໣ԋǴᏵమၰӀύҒࢨ໳Мт҇୯ΜѤԃЦ᠙অံӑҁቹ} ӑȑǴ݈ᐏǺ᛬ЎрހޗǴ1972ԃǶ 22 ـᠭ᜻ำ๱ǺȠϾᑉၲڬܰ҅ကࣴزȡǴȐԏܭύ୯ᏢೌࡘགྷࣴزᒠтȑǴ҉کǺ޸ЕើЎϯǴ2008 ԃ9ДǶ 23 ـ஭ࡹ₥๱ǺȠଭЦ୴ۧਜڬܰ࿶໺ਠ᠐ȡǴч٧Ǻύ๮ਜֽǴ2008ԃ4ДǶ 24 ـȐᅇȑ೚཈ኗǵȐమȑࢤҏຊݙǵȐ҇୯ȑᎹჴӃ҅ံϐȠᇥЎှӷݙȡǴᆵчǺᎿܴЎϯ٣཰ިҽ Ԗज़ϦљǴ1994ԃ7Д11ހǴ।464Ƕ 25 ȐঞȑϾᡉၲ฻ኗǴഊቺܴញЎǺȠߕញॣࡾࣿѰ໺ݙ౧ȡǴȐమΜΟ࿶ݙ౧ҁǴҔЎᒧኴᙒҁਠۓȑǴ ᆵчǺ᛬ЎӑਜᓔǴ1979ԃ7ހǴ।86Ƕ 26 ӕ߻ຏǶ

ଽޟк৚ȂՄ࢐ᜰݧӨএڎᡝޟ࢑ຫᡐϽܚᄇᔖޟڎᡝޟΡٱᡐଢ଼Ȅ೻ߒ݂Ȃӵӑ઩ ਢ෈ȂΡঈޟࡦᆰ൷Ϛ࢐о࢚ᆍശଽޟݍՙ࣏ತྃȂՄ࢐ᜰݧ౪ᄂϛޟڎᡝٱސȄࡣ پΡঈҥՃᄆȶЈຫȷȃȶڡຫȷάംᅚٖөΟᄇ౪ᄂ௑ცޟϷݙȄ௃Ȯࢌऍȯџо ࣼюΡঈᄇȮںܾȯڡຫ௃߬ӈڗᛄᅸڗ֏ۡޟᄘ࡙ȄȮࢌऍȆࢍϴέΪΠԑȯ଄ၷ ΟሁᙏдᇄѬᏎᜰܻ֗ҕޥጌᡐܾޟᄇၗȂѬᏎСȈȶޥጌฒலۈȂ֗Ջฒல՝ȂՌ ѠоณȄ࢈ၑСȈȺଽ࣏۬ጊȂ౏ّ࣏ഘȄȻέࡣϞܻۗϬ࣏ஸȂкܚޣζȄӵܾڡȂ ႪॸୁСȺσֵȻȂЈϞၾζȄȷ؇ݧСȈȶୁ࣏ЈυȂᎪ࣏፝߮ȂՄӵୁΰȄ֗Ջ ܾ՝ȂนσՋ஼ֵȂषЈΰԤႪȄ27_{ȷ೻㠰юᇭᡙΡȂయฒ൵ڠᢎ܈ȂՄ࢐ᄇȮںܾȯ} ޟڡຫհюཱིޟၛភ(ད჋)Ȃ௃ՄएюΟᐣѬี৤ޟೣࡡȂ஼፡ΟΡٱޟ१ौȂߒ౪ю ౩ܒޟࡦᆰȄ ԪѴȂᄇܻȶِϚᅾཎȷޟ೻ᆍҭࣽȂרঈᗙџоҢȮ೅υȯޟΙএ൳ِୈ࣏၄ шȈ ਤϦ᠐ਜܭ୸΢Ƕ፺ࡧࡻ፺ܭ୸ΠǴញ෎ᢜԶ΢ǴୢਤϦГǺȨඪୢϦϐ܌᠐ ޣՖقٕǻȩϦГǺȨဃΓϐقΨǶȩГǺȨဃΓӧЯǻȩϦГǺȨςԝخǶȩ ГǺȨฅ߾։ϐ܌᠐ޣǴђΓϐᕪᎷςϻǼȩਤϦГǺȨჲΓ᠐ਜǴ፺ΓӼள ᝼ЯǻԖᇥ߾ёǴคᇥ߾ԝǼȩ፺ࡧГǺȨԽΨаԽϐ٣ᢀϐǴࡻ፺Ǵ৪߾Ғ ԶόڰǴ੯߾धԶόΕǹό৪ό੯ǴளϐܭЋԶᔈܭЈǴαόૈقǴԖኧӸో ܭځ໔ǹԽόૈаേԽϐηǴԽϐηҭόૈڙϐܭԽǴࢂаՉԃΎΜԶԴࡻ፺Ƕ ђϐΓᆶځόё໺ΨԝخǴฅ߾։ϐ܌᠐ޣǴђΓϐᕪᎷςϻǼ28 ӵȮ೅υȯϛȂ։о൳ِᇳ݂ငᡛᜲоҢᇭِߒႀȂՄܚᒝޟȶِϚᅾཎȷȂ൷ ࢐ࡾ೻ᆍᇭِϚ૖ᄇȶཎȷ໌՗ׇӒߒႀϞ௑ݷȄڏтԃചᐠӵȮМ፭ȯϛ൷ߒႀΟ ȶ㠲௉ཎϚᆎސȂМϚ່ཎ29_{ȷޟฒۊȇቓቖޟȮМЖᓏᓸȅડࡦȯጕϛζࡾюȈȶП} ڏ⛗ᑱȂ੉ॻ᜝ࠉȂᄲнጕԙȂј׷Жۖ30_{ȷȂߖфၑΡյӎϛ؁оԪእၑȈȶձӎߛ} ྱΡޟዥளωനȂ᠍൉ӵרޟᓞഥپӱॴᙓ/ؐԩӵרޟඡϛ௳ಳȂѫဣήΙаᙢՓޟ ՁЩȄרװѺࢃଔඨӵൾ᜞Ȃ՗Ρࣼڗ഍౴லᡙ╗Ȅ/঻Ȃרࡩ૖ਔӱॴўޟωനȂᡱ 27 ـȠߕញॣࡾࣿѰ໺ݙ౧ȡǴ।86Ƕ 28 рԾȠಷηǸѦጇǸϺၰȡǶـᒲᑊǺȠಷηᝪᆇȡȐԏܭᝄᡫঢ়ค؃ഢᗿፏηЎ৤ȑǴ३ෝǺܿࠄӑ ୍рހޗǴ1957ԃ3ހǶ 29 ـȐਕȑഌᐒኗǵ஭Ͽந໣ញǺȠЎ፟໣ញȡǴ΢ੇǺ΢ੇђᝤрހޗǴ1984ԃ1ДǶ 30 ـቅቈ๱ǵЦ׳ғݙǺȠЎЈᓁᓪ᠐ҁȡǴᆵчǺЎўণрހޗǴ1984ԃ߃ހǶ

тঈ჋רኺࣼএׇӒȄ31_{ȷ഍࢐ᄇܻМԅಒဴ༈ႀޟМണȶ᜝ȷϞϚ૖ႀȶཎȷȂоՍ} ή๋ϞࠉޟМࡦј׷ϞԙМႆแȂࡾюޟ഍࢐ࣺ᜸խޟ྅܈Ȅ ᆣΰܚᇳȮںܾȯϛԤᜰᇭِޟਯЖ୰ᚠ࢐ȶِϚᅾཎȷȂȶِϚᅾཎȷޟনӰ ࢐հ࣏ထΡޟѓែЪܚཐڧޟȶЈຫȷ࢐Ιᆍӑ՗Ԇӵޟᢎ܈ȂѓែЪѫ૖አᔣЈຫ ՄหԙΤڡȂܚלԙޟȮںܾȯϞِά࢐ᄇѓែหΤڡޟአᔣڷ௰ᅋȄȶҳຫȷ೻Ι ߒႀഊ৷ࠌװΡޟݧཎΨЕөΟڎᡝٱސȂٮौؑΡп፝ད჋Ȃ௃Մ࡮ඈٱސޟনߑ ޑᄘȄӰԪȂȶِϚᅾཎȷޟਲ਼ҏনӰӵِܻᇳޟސӇҏ٘шᅖᡐϽȂΙҍל፝ᇭِȂ ࠌԙۡਿȄȮںܾȆᛮ᜝ȯᄇȶِȷȃȶຫȷȃȶཎȷޟࡦՃႆแϛആ៩юΟЈΡࣺ ҺޟࡦᆰȂтঈӵᢎЈຫਢϚ࢐ΠϯޟȂՄ࢐ЈᇄΡӵȶຫȷޟᡗҰᇄਐਔϛࣺϣ၄ ᜌࣺԙȂ௃Մംᅚٖө౩ܒޟ঱ᏰࡦᆰȂՄࡣԙ࣏छᏰޟ१ौஅᙃȄ

಑έ࿽! ຫཎϞ໢!

ҥΰक़џޣȂኄဎޟȶຫȷԤȶኵȃຫȃ᜝ȷέ᜸فಛȂӣਢԤڎຫڷܪຫڍဎȂ ӵڎຫΰȂࡾޟ࢐ڎᡝϞސຫȂ࢐ਲ਼ᐃܻཐۢငᡛޟѴӵԆӵȂζ൷࢐໌՗ޢᢎܚு ϞސȂרঈџоആႆȶຫȷՄ݂ጂཐޣȂծӵܪຫΰάӰܻܳȶຫȷȂٺுרঈӵܻ ၌᠞ȶຫȷϞਢȂഅԙΙᆍ౵ᚔޟџ૖Ȃᐣپ࣏Ο၌ؚ೻এ୰ᚠȂຫཎϞ໢לԙӻᆍ ᜰ߽Ȃ։ࡣжܚᒝȶِཎϞᒱȷȂӰԪӵၛភȶຫȷȶཎȷϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ਢȂॶӑ҆ሯ ӑᕣ၌ȶཎȷϞ֤ဎȄ ȶཎȷҏࡾထΡϞཎȂ࢐ငڐМҏϛޟထΡϞȶཌԟȷȂኄဎՄِȂџоװȶཎȷ ౩၌࣏ΙᆍҏᡝȂᗙџо౩၌࣏רঈܚौතҰޟܚԤМҏޟઍᄂཎဎȄȶཎȷܚ׸ᅋ ޟ౩၌ᇄ၌ភޟᡒᒮُՓӵܻȈѺ࢐ΡޟЖසלԙ౩၌ޟଔᘈȂζ࢐Жසלԙ౩၌ޟ ኿ޟȂ౩၌൷࢐Ιএᄂ౪ȶཎȷȃװණȶཎȷޟႆแȄӵȮںܾȯϛȂඪڗȶཎȷϞ ྅܈Ȃϫ࢐Ιএ዁ጙޟלࣺȂࡾޟ࢐ΡঈޟࡦདཎᜋȂᇯ࣏Мԅᇭِ้ಒဴفಛѫ૖ ߒႀΡঈЖϛޟΙഋϷȄՄौᕣ၌ȶཎȷȂॶӑ൷ौӑᕣ၌ಒဴفಛȂӵȮںܾȯϛ ശ૖ୈфߒޟಒဴفಛ։࣏ȶຫȷȂӰԪȶҳຫоᅾཎȷȂџо၌࣏ȶҳຫȷՄࡣП ૖ȶᅾཎȷȄณՄȶҳຫȷ࢐ထΡܚ௴ڥҢоᄇࡣжȶᅾཎȷޟПԒȂרঈӵ၌᠞ਢȂ ॶӑ҆໸ȶ݂ຫȷȄ 31 էӀύǺȤᡫགȥǴȠէӀύ໣ȡȐԏܭȠᆵ᡼၃Γᒧ໣ȡ14ȑǴᆵࠄǺ୯ҥᆵ᡼ЎᏢᓔǴ2008ԃ12 ДǶ

ᄇԪȂодආڷдЉϞޟၛភശ࣏ᆠौȄдආӵȮںܾ౱ٽȆ݂ຫȯϡȈ ϻຝޣǴрཀޣΨǶقޣǴܴຝޣΨǶᅰཀವऩຝǴᅰຝವऩقǶقғܭຝǴ ࡺё൨قаᢀຝǹຝғܭཀǴࡺё൨ຝаᢀཀǶཀаຝᅰǴຝаق๱Ƕࡺقޣ ܌аܴຝǴளຝԶבقǹຝޣǴ܌аӸཀǴளཀԶבຝǶฅ߾ǴقޣǴຝϐᒙ ΨǹຝޣǴཀϐ⎑ΨǶࢂࡺǴӸقޣǴߚளຝޣΨǹӸຝޣǴߚளཀޣΨǶຝ ғܭཀԶӸຝోǴ߾܌ӸޣΏߚځຝΨǹقғܭຝԶӸقోǴ߾܌ӸޣΏߚځ قΨǶฅ߾ǴבຝޣǴΏளཀޣΨǹבقޣǴΏளຝޣΨǶளཀӧבຝǴளຝ ӧבقǶࢂࡺ᝻ᜪёࣁځຝǴӝကёࣁځ۴Ƕကवӧ଼ǴՖѸଭЯǻᜪवӧ໩Ǵ ՖѸФЯ32_ǻ дආᇯ࣏Ȃȶຫȷ࢐ߒႀȶཎȷޟώڎȂȶِȷ࢐ߒႀȶຫȷޟώڎȂѫԤȶຫȷ ϗ૖ׇᐌӴߒႀȶཎȷȂѫԤȶِȷϗ૖шϷӴߒႀȶຫȷȄȶِȷӰȶຫȷՄҡȂ ܚо೽ႆȶِȷџоுȶຫȷȇȶຫȷӰȶཎȷՄҡȂܚо೽ႆȶຫȷџоுȶཎȷȄ Ӱ࣏ȶຫȷ࢐Ңپߒႀȶཎȷޟȇȶِȷ࢐ҢپߒႀȶຫȷޟȂܚоுȶຫȷџןȶِȷȂ ுȶཎȷџןȶຫȷȄȶِȷᗶ࢐ӰȶຫȷՄҡȂծܳݫܻȶِȷȂ࢐Ϛོுڗ౰ҡ ȶِȷޟȶຫȷȇȶຫȷᗶ࢐ӰȶཎȷՄҡȂծܳݫܻȶຫȷȂζϚོுڗ౰ҡȶຫȷ ޟȶཎȷȄӰԪȂѫԤϚܳݫܻȶِȷڷȶຫȷȂϗ૖׺՞ٱސޟҏ፴ڷ੫኉Ȅӣኺ ޟ྅܈Ȃ఼ȅдЉϞϡȈȶᅕᏐݫຫȂӻڥߣོȷ33_{ȂдЉϞҢȶݫȷԅȂߒႀޟ࢐҆} ໸१ຜծϚџܳݫϞཎȂࢋϚןຫȂάϚݫຫȂӵϚןຫޟࠉඪήȂాᅍᅾमӴีථ ཎȂ೻ϗ࢐дЉϞޟઍཎȄ ณՄȂՙਣޟዉ໨୊34_{ࠌࡻϚӣޟᢎᘈȂӵȮِᅾཎ፣ȯϛඪڗȈ} Ԗႜӕ։ηୢܭၴ౲ӃғГǺШϐፕޣǴаࣁقόᅰཀǴҗٰۘخǴԿЯ೯ω ၲ᛽ǴࠍаࣁฅǶऩϻጯϦϐፕ౵ηǴᗛഡϐقω܄ǴವόЇԜࣁፋ᛾ǶԶӃ ғаࣁόฅǴՖࠌǻ 32 ـȐ᚟ȑЦ൸ኗǵȐঞȑǸٔ䍷ݙϐȠڬܰౣٯȡǴ΢ੇ఼޹ኴӑܴ࿤᏿ΒΜԃтҁǴ1925ԃǶ 33 ـȐమȑЦϻϐኗǺȠڬܰѦ໺ǸᛠᜏΠ໺ಃΟകȡǴమӕݯѤԃ෩ໂම୯૦ߎഊ࿯࿿тӀᆣ΍Үಭξ ਜଣံтҁǶ 34 ȐՋਕȑኻ໚ࡌȐ?ɡ300ȑǴӷ୲ҡǴрيᇬߐγ௼Ƕ࣬໺дȨ໡Ԗ౛གྷǴωᝯऍឃǴᏰӜчԀȩǴ྽ ਔޗ཮΢ԖǺȨ෪ੇᇲᇲǴኻ໚୲ҡȩޑ໺ᇝǴىـځӜᖂόλǶдࢂ྽ਔӜγҡ஖ޑѦปǴࡕٰӕࣁ ᇳЦউ܌্ǴԝਔωΟΜᎩྃǶࢬ໺Πٰޑኻ໚ࡌޑȠقᅰཀፕȡӄЎ໻268ঁӷǴӄᒵϐǶ

ӃғГǺȨϻϺόقԶѤਔՉోǴဃΓόقԶ᠙᛽ӸోǶ׎όࡑӜԶБ༝ς๱Ǵ ՅόߩᆀԶ໵қаᄆǶฅ߾ӜϐܭނคࡼޣΨǴقϐΪ౛คࣁޣΨǼԶђϞ୍ ܭ҅ӜǴဃ፣όૈѐقǴځࡺՖΨǻ၈а౛ளܭЈǴߚقόᄣǹނۓܭ۶Ǵߚ ӜόᒣǶقόᄣדǴ߾คа࣬ௗǹӜόᒣނǴ߾᠙᛽όᡉǶ᠙᛽ᡉԶӜࠔਸǴ قᆀௗԶ௃דᄣǶচځ܌аǴҁځ܌җǴߚނԖԾฅϐӜǴ౛ԖѸۓϐᆀΨǶ టᒣځჴǴ߾ਸځӜǹట࠹ځדǴ߾ҥځᆀǶӜ೴ނԶᎂǴقӢ౛ԶᡂǹԜซ ᖂวӣᔈǴ׎ӸቹߕǴόள࣬ᆶࣁΒخǶवځόΒǴ߾قคόᅰخǴրࡺаࣁ ᅰخǶȩ ࠉΙഋϷΝ࢐኉Е፣ኳϞᇳȂоЕю࣏ϧቄȶђϞ୍ܭ҅ӜǴဃ፣όૈѐقȷ೻এ ਲ਼ҏ୰ᚠȄࡣΙഋϷࠌׇӒ࢐൷Ԫ୰ᚠ৤໠ޟӱ๎Ȅ௃೻ΙࢲၗȂרঈॶӑࣼڗȂዉ໨ ୊ᇯ࣏σՌณޟၼ՗ȂထΡޟᠧᜋоЅٱސޟלޑ഍࢐ϚٷᒦᇭِՄԆӵޟȂᇭِܖޱ ӪᆎٮϚ૖׽ᡐٱސޟלޑᇄҏ፴Ȅڏԩᇯ࣏ᇭِȃӪᆎޟհҢѫ࢐ୢտٱސȂល݂ၾ ౩ȂҬޟӵܻё஼ҺࢺȂծȶӪȷȃȶِȷٮϚ࢐ٱސҏ٘ڎԤޟȂѺѫ࢐юܻΡঈҺ ࢺޟП߯Մ౰ҡޟȄ಑έȂᇯ࣏Ӫᆎ࢐ᓍ๿ٱސՄᡐϽޟȂᇭِ࢐Ӱ࣏ٱ౩Մᡐ᎐ޟȂ Ӫᇄސȃِᇄ౩ޟᜰ߽ԁШלᇄኇޟᜰ߽ȂϚ૖ȶࣺᇄ࣏ΠȷӴസນ໠پȄዉ໨࡚ޟ౩ ፣࢐ԤΙۡၾ౩ޟȂծ࢐ڏܚୈޟȶӪȷȶِȷӣȶސȷȶ౩ȷޟȶϚுࣺᇄ࣏Πȷޟ ፣ᘞȂӵ౩፣ΰીЍᝒ஝ޟ፣ᜌȂӰԪרঈᇯ࣏ዉ໨୊ޟȶِᅾཎ፣ȷȂࣺᄇԤٲᙏ൐ ڷݡᘞȂծڏᇯ࣏ಒဴفಛ૖ᅾཎޟ೻Ιএᢎ܈ȂࠌᇄϬРϞಒဴᏰԤ᜸խϞ೎Ȃӵ࿋ ਢџᇳ࢐ΪϷᆠ៦35_{Ȃѫ࢐ܚٺҢޟಒဴفಛϚᔖоᇭِܖМԅಒဴ࣏фߒȄ} ശࡣӔ၄क़ȶِȷᇄȶཎȷϞᜰ߽Ȃᜰܻȶِȷᇄȶཎȷޟᜰ߽Ȃӻјџᘪઽ࣏ έᆍϚӣޟཎَȂΙ࢐ȶِϚᅾཎȷϞᇳȂΠ࢐ȶுཎןِȷϞᇳȂέ࢐ȶِᅾཎȷ ϞᇳȄڏϛȶِϚᅾཎȷܚ౰ҡޟኇ៪ΙޢӵछᏰጒᛟϛڧڗࣺ࿋ޟ१ຜȄ ᜰܻȶِϚᅾཎȷޟᢎᘈȂӵӑ઩ਢфலலೝ਌юپଆ፣ȂڏϛѓࢂΟڍᆍϚׇ ӒࣺӣޟᇳݲȈΙ࢐ᇯ࣏Ιૡޟᇭِ࢐Ϛ૖ׇӒߒႀٱސਲ਼ҏၾ౩ȂծထΡџо೽ႆ ੫੆ޟಒဴپතҰٱސޟਲ਼ҏၾ౩ȄԃȮںܾȆᛮ᜝ȯϛޟȶਪϚᅾِȂِϚᅾཎȷȃ 35 ӧҺᝩཇЬጓϐȠύ୯ণᏢўȡಃΒнǴ।201Ȑ1979ԃ3Д2ހȑǵߠѦᚴЬጓϐȠύ୯ࡘགྷўᆜȡ΢ нǴ।197Ȑ1980ԃ5Д2ހȑǵ৊ژѳȠύ୯ণᏢўᆜȡ΢нǴ।444-445Ȑ1980ԃ8Дȑǵص⢧Рǵ׵ ᒸӄЬጓϐȠύ୯ণᏢўȡ΢нǴ।407Ȑ1982ԃ12Дȑǵ໱ࠨޑȠύ୯ђжণᏢޑᡄᒠว৖ȡύнǴ ।528-529Ȑ1984ԃ10Дȑǵ໱϶ើȠύ୯ণᏢўཥጓȡಃѤнǴ।122-123Ȑ1986ԃ9Дȑǵኴӹਗ਼Ƞύ ୯ণᏢўȡ΢нȐ1981ԃ2ހȑύǴ֡ჹኻ໚଼ϐᇥ๏ϒଯࡋޭۓǴᇡࣁځᇥᗨԖόڬӄϐೀǴฅځ܌ ߄౜рϐȨԿၰคقǴߚҥقคаܴځ౛ȩޑࡘᆢǴ߾ё଺ࣁقཀϐᒣޑಖ่Ƕ

ȶထΡҳຫоᅾཎȷȂ։࢐ԪཎȇΠ࢐ᇯ࣏Ȃٱސޟਲ਼ҏၾ౩࢐ฒݲҢᇭِߒႀޟȂ ζ൷࢐ᇳȂᇭِ࢐Ϛ૖༈ႀٱސޟਲ਼ҏၾ౩ޟȂԃȮՂυȯޟȶၾџၾȂߨலၾȇӪ џӪȂߨலӪ36_{ȷȃȶޣޱϚِȂِޱϚޣ}37_{ȷȇȮ೅υȯޟȶσၾϚᆎȂσ៝Ϛِ}38_ȷ ้้ȂϚ፣࢐Ꮠড়ܖ࢐ၾড়Ȃ഍ᇯ࣏ઍғޟՍ౩࢐ՍଽޟלՄΰཎဎϞცࣨȂӵ೻Ꮠ ၾࣼپ࢐ฒݲоלՄήቹԩޟᇭِܚ૖ߒႀޟȄڗΟᚭਣȂҜᏰᑹ౾Ȃ೽ႆ఼ፙޟП Ԓپ໌՗ȶ៝Ӫݙ౩ȷȂՄ࿋ਢޟ౩഍࢐ܪຫޟ྅܈Ȃڏϛፙ፣ڗޟȶິฒ፣39_ȷϞᢎ ᘈᡝ౪ӵȶِȷȃȶཎȷᜰ߽ΰȂ։ᇯ࣏ȶၾȷ࢐ฒӪޟȂ࢐Ϛџ૖೽ႆᇭِܖМԅ ้ಒဴپ໌՗ᇳ၌Ȃ೻࢐ȶِϚᅾཎȷࡦདޟᡝ౪Ȃкौ࢐ᇳ݂ᇭِڷМԅ೻᜸ಒဴ فಛȂ࢐ฒݲᄇȶཎȷ໌՗ઍғၛភȄ ᜰܻȶுཎןِȷޟᢎᘈȂ೻ᆍᇳݲޟࠉඪ࢐޻ۡڷܛᇯِ૖ஊ༈ႀཎȂѓࢂЈ ၾȃܒڼ้ԇۤȃΡҡ้ശਲ਼ҏޟၾ౩Ȃζџо೽ႆᇭِ༈ႀюپȄϚႆȶுཎןِ ᇳȷޱޟ१ᘈٮϚӵԪȂՄӵܻ஼፡ِѫ࢐ுཎޟΙᆍώڎȂுཎϗ࢐ҬޟȂϗ࢐ശ 36 рԾȠԴηȡಃ΋കǶـȐֺȑणᔈϡ໣ຏǺȠԴηၰቺ࿶ђҁ໣ຏȡǴᆵчǺཥЎᙦрހޗǴ1989 ԃǶ 37 рԾȠԴηȡಃϖΜϤകǶ 38 рԾȠಷηǸϣጇǸሸނፕȡǶȐـᒲᑊǺȠಷηᝪᆇȡȑǶ 39 Ц൸ᇡࣁǴϺӦ࿤ނԖ΋ঁ಍΋ޑਥҁǴ೭ঁਥҁ൩ࢂคǹคҁيค׎คຝǵόёӜރǴؒԖҺՖڀᡏ ޑೕۓ܄Ǵՠࢂ΋ϪԖ׎ԖຝǴёаӜރޑڀᡏ٣ނ೿ਥᏵѬωૈԋҥǴ܌аค൩ࢂಖཱུਥҁǶдΨע ೭ঁਥҁᆀࣁȨၰȩǶคҁٰค׎คຝǵόёقᇥǴՠࢂӢࣁ΋Ϫ٣ނ೿ा࿶ၸѬωૈғӸǴ܌аעѬ КേࣁၰǶ ġ ԴηᇡࣁϺӦ࿤ނޑਥҁࢂค׎คӜޑၰǴЦ൸߾຾΋؁עၰޑ֖ကޔௗှញࣁคǴᇡࣁ٣ނޑౢға Ϸ٣ނфૈޑჴ౜೿ࢂҗѬ،ۓޑǴӢԜѬࢂ࿤ނےЬǺȨϻނϐ܌ағǴфϐ܌аԋǴѸғЯค׎Ǵ җЯคӜǶค׎คӜޣǴ࿤ނϐےΨǶȩ࿤ނϐے൩ࢂ಍ឪ࿤ނǵ،ۓ࿤ނǵౢғ࿤ނޑಖཱུჴӧǶġ Ц൸עԖ׎ԖӜޑڀᡏ٣ނᆀࣁȨԖȩǴעค׎คӜޑܜຝҁᡏᆀࣁȨคȩǴ٠வҁ҃ᡏҔޑفࡋᇥܴ Ԗکคޑᜢ߯ǶȨᢀځ܌җǴ൨ځ܌ᘜȩǴΥ٣೿ᔈȨᖐҁ಍҃ȩǴ೭ኬωૈעඝ٣ނޑਥҁ܈ےЬǶ ൩ϺӦ࿤ނٰᇥǴείШࣚޑ࿤ނόӕѝࢂ߄य़ޑ౜ຝǴ೭٤౜ຝޑङࡕᗦᙒ๱΋ঁ׳ਥҁک׳চۈޑ ےЬǴٗ൩ࢂคǴѬ،ۓΑ࿤ԖޑӸӧǶ࿤ނаȨԖȩޑБԄғӸǴԶȨԖȩࡽ໒ۈܭคΞ٩ᒘܭคǴ ӢԶȨคȩ൩ࢂ࿤ނޑਥҁǶġ аคࣁҁޑࡘགྷ߄౜ܭΓᜪޑޗ཮ڋࡋک୯ৎޑݯ౛ǴٗᘶሺڋࡋǴࣗԿϘကচ߾ǴΨ೿ࢂԖǴӢࣁѬ ॺ೿ाа΋ۓޑБԄ߄౜рٰǶٗౢғᘶሺڋࡋޑܿՋǴٗϘကङࡕޑܿՋǴࢂคǶ೭ঁคǴΨ൩ࢂΓ ॺޑЈǴ੝ձࡰڋۓᘶሺǵೕۓϘကޑচ߾ޑဃΓک፣ޣޑЈǶġ ཷࡴଆٰǴคࢂค׎คຝࣗԿೱӜᆀΨؒԖޑӸӧǴԖ൩ࢂԖ׎Ԗຝ܈ԖӜёᆀޑӸӧǶคࢂԖޑਥҁǴ ԖࢂคౢғрٰޑǶाעඝՐԖǴाஒԖ଺ளӳǴѸ໪२ӃעඝՐคǹעඝՐคǴ൩ૈעඝՐԖǴעԖ଺ ӳǶ೭ࢂЦ൸ჹШࣚుڅޑᢀჸǴΨࢂЦ൸ჹ྽ਔᏂᏢၸܭख़ຎᘶሺڋࡋǴϸԶόૈࡐӳӦೣᄇᘶሺڋࡋ ޑϸᔈǶ၁ёୖـᗬ᎔ǺȤ᚟ਕҎᏢᜢܭȨԖคϐᒣȩޑϣ৒ϷځণᏢཀကȥǴȠξܿ௲ػᏢଣᏢൔȡǴ 2001ԃ4Дǹጰੇ㶚ǺȤவȨԴηȩډȨԴηݙȩ࣮Ц൸຦คࡘགྷޑჴ፦ȥǴȠቶܿቶኞႝຎεᏢᏢൔȡǴ 2000ԃ4Дǹᗬ៌आǺȤவЦ൸ޑ຦ค஖ҁፕ࣮୤ЈЬကণᏢౢғޑᇡ᛽Ϸޗ཮ਥྍȥǴȠଧՋৣጄεᏢ ᏢൔȡȐণᏢޗ཮ࣽᏢހȑǴ1998ԃ2ДǹЕહǺȤЦ൸຦คፕᙁຑȥǴȠᏢೌ௖઩ȡǴ1995ԃ6ДǶ

१ौޟȄԪԃȮ֖ЪࢌऍȆቷᔖ។ȆᚔᒝȯϛᇳȈȶЉ᜝ޱཎϞߒζȄᠧڏߒՄణڏ ཎȂਈȄ࢈ѠϞΡுڏཎࠌ޾ڏِؼȄ᠙ِޱоِᢎཎζȄ᠙ِՄཎϚџޣȂڏᇄᐝ ِฒᐅ40_{Ȅȷᇯ࣏ுΟܚِϞཎȂζ൷џоװِן௬ȄȮ೅υȆѴސȯϛһᇳȈȶ┷ޱ} ܚоӵധȂுധՄן૴ȄᒧޱܚоӵڊȂுڊՄןᒧȄِޱܚоӵཎȂுཎՄןِȄ ֎ԊுЉןِϞΡՄᇄϞِࠚȊ41_{ȷȄΰक़дආޟȮںܾ౱ٽȆ݂ຫȯȂ։᝷ܛٮี৤} Ο೻ΙᏰᇳȄ ՄӵȶِᅾཎȷޟᢎᘈϛȂоΰक़Ϟዉ໨୊࣏фߒȂԃΰܚक़ȂȮِᅾཎȯ፣к ौ࢐ࡾөِϚᅾཎᇳϛޟ಑ΠᆍᢎᘈȂ੫տ࢐٥ᆍᇯ࣏ᇭِӵ༈ႀٱސਲ਼ҏၾ౩ਢయ ฒհҢȂӰՄк஻ϚҢᇭِޟᢎᘈȄٮҥԪࡾюȂषȶِȷฒҢȂ࣏դѠϬထ፱ᗙौ ϚୄӴ୛ܻғӪڷϚ૖ўِڹȉтШၶғጂӴល݂ΟِཎϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ȂܚᒝȶՍၾฒ ِȂߨҳِฒо݂ڏ౩ȷȂ೻࢐ฒৠތដޟலᜋȇȶِ፞о൶౩ȂϚᒸ౩Մ๿ِȷȂ ၖ࣏ΙᔖࡻԤϞᄘ࡙Ȅ ՍԪȂרঈுޣȶِȷȃȶཎȷ྅܈ࡣȂڏᜰ߽ӵᚭਣҜᏰޟȶِཎϞᒱȷϛш Ϸுڗี৤ȂЕҧюέএкौᢎᘈȂ։ȶِϚᅾཎȷȃȶِᅾཎȷЅȶுཎןِȷȄ ೻έএᢎᘈᄇࡣжޟछᏰᢎ౰ҡ౏ሉՄ१σޟኇ៪Ȅณ൷ΰ࿽ܚक़Ȃרঈџ஠ȶِȷ ઽΣȶຫȷԪΙಒဴفಛϛȂ໌՗ശࡣޟលភȂרঈᇯ࣏ᔖоȶຫȷ࣏ۖȂՄоȶཎȷ ࣏ತȂоຫ࣏ۖȂ໷ຫՄ՗Ȃоཎ࣏ತȂϚݫܻຫȂϗᆗ࢐ׇᐌȄ

಑Ѳ࿽! ҳຫᅾཎ!

ȮںܾȯِȶຫȷȂඪю೨ӻڎԤछᏰཎဎޟࡦདȂڏϛȶҳຫоᅾཎȷ࢐ശ൲ ԤཎڨޟΙএȄȮںܾȯϛޟຫȂ༊өত୊ᑟᄂȃᎃӎРཱིȂߒ౪юΙᆍᑖྃؑᄂȃ ত࢙ϣᔼޟࡦད੫ՓȄΰक़џޣȂӵȮںܾȯϛ஠ȶِຫཎȷࣼԙ࢐ΙএᐌᡝȂڏђ ૖࢐ϣࣺࡾਖ਼ޟȂӰԪᇄၾড়ඪюޟȶຫȷσ౴ڏ፸Ȅၾড়१ຜຫޟȶຎȃฒȷȂଡ ؑຫѴϞຫȃຫѴϞڨ้Ȃ೻ڷȶҳຫᅾཎȷσϚࣺӣȄȶҳຫᅾཎȷ஠ȶຫȷհ࣏ ȶཎȷϞၷᡝȂ݂ҩِᇭӵႀཎП७ޟ׋३ܒȂծϚ஠ِȃຫȃཎϷᚔȂՄ࢐ᄇܻᜰ ߽໌՗ᒱᜌޟ౩၌ȄȮںܾȯܛᇯȶਪϚᅾِȃِϚᅾཎȷޟٱᄂȂᄇܻȶِȷᇄȶཎȷȂ 40 ـഋڻྯਠញǺȠֈМࡾࣿਠញȡǴᆵчǺ๮҅ਜֽǴ1985ԃǶ 41 рԾȠಷηǸᚇጇǸѦނȡǶـᒲᑊǺȠಷηᝪᆇȡǴԏܭᝄᡫঢ়ค؃ഢᗿፏηЎ৤Ǵ३ෝǺܿࠄӑ୍ рހޗǴ1957ԃ3ހǶ

ȮںܾȯΙП७ϐငᄆឈڗȶಒဴȞ૖ࡾȟȷᇄȶཎဎȞܚࡾȟȷϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ȂԆӵ ๿ȶџ้ӣȷڷȶϚџ้ӣȷޟᄇҳϞϛȂѪΙП७άᇯ࣏೽ႆᎌӫޟ૖ࡾȞಒဴȃ ຫȟџоׇӒߒႀܚࡾȞཎȟȂх૖ࡾȞຫȟᇄܚࡾȞཎȟ೽Ȃџᇳ࢐ሴӑ࿋фಒဴ Ᏸ೨ӻȄ൷Ԫרঈџ௃ڍП७پ፣क़Ȃ಑Ι࢐࣏դौȶҳຫоᅾཎȷȂ಑Π࢐࣏դȶҳ ຫȷ૖ஊȶᅾཎȷȄ ӵ࣏դौȶҳຫоᅾཎȷȉΝ࢐Ӱ࣏ȶਪȷᇄȶِȷ֯Ґ૖ׇӒȶᅾཎȷϞ࢈Ȅ ȶਪᇄِȷޟᜰ߽Ȃࡾޟ࢐ਪ७Мԅᇄοᓞᇭِޟᜰ߽Ȃਪ७Мԅᇄοᓞᇭِ࣏֯ώ ڎȂҬޟӵܻߒႀϱЖܚࡦܚདȄѺঈӣ឴ܻᇭِޟጒᛟȂڏтԃ޴ᡝᇭِȃᓏ༭ᇭ ِȃॱዅᇭِȃछ೚ᇭِ้้ȂҥܻߒႀޟПԒϚӣȂڏߒႀלԒޟ׋३ܒζ൷Ԥ३Ȃ ༉૖֕౪юᄇٱސ࢚ᆍᇯᜋȂ೻ٲϚӣޟᇭِӨԤցᄒȂζӨϚࣺӣȄኄဎՄِȂᇆ ᗐζ࢐឴ܻ޴ᡝᇭِޟጒᛟȂᅈ୮ζ࢐឴ܻॱዅᇭِڷοᓞᇭِޟጒᛟȄӰԪၼҢ ȶਪȃِȷ೻ᆍಒဴਢȂڏ׋३ܒσȂӰԪ૖ߒႀޟཎొ൷ωȂܚоौᒵᐅΙᆍၶϚ ོೝ׋३Ϟ੫੆ಒဴȂҢоߒႀၶׇᐌϞཎొȂҥԪӣਢঙരڎຫᇄܪຫޟȶຫȷ൷ ԙ࣏ശᎌӫޟಒဴفಛȄ ᄇܻ࣏դȶҳຫȷ૖ஊȶᅾཎȷȂᇐӰȮںܾȯϐк஻ȶҳຫоᅾཎȷȂϐ݂ጂ ࡾюᇭِฒݲшϷߒႀཎဎȂҥܻȶِȷϚ૖ႀȶཎȷȂ೻ഋϷ࢐֜ԝΟၾড়ޟࡦᆰȇ ӰԪоȶҳຫȷհ࣏ȶႀཎȷϞПԒȂ೻၇ࠌάأڥΟᏐড়ޟᎴϷȂ஠ȶ᜝ႀȷޟȶ᜝ȷȂ ᘗσ࣏ኄဎޟಒဴȂ։ܚᒝޟȶຫȷȄӰԪȶҳຫȷٮϚ࢐ᄇȶِȷޟඳణȂࣺІӴȂ ࢐࣏ȶِȷϞѴѪײΙএ؁૖ȶႀཎȷޟߒႀПԒȄܻ࢐ȶҳຫȷ൷ԙ࣏౩၌࿲ސڷ ߒ௑ႀཎޟ१ौПԒȂζџоᇳȂȶຫȷ࢐ȶِȷᇄȶཎȷϞ໢ޟᐝወȄ ҥࠉڍ࿽џޣȂԪ೎Ϟȶຫȷ௴ಒဴفಛϞཎȂܚԤޟনۖڡຫಒဴ഍ѫԤᗴఒ ޟຫ኉ཎဎȄҥܻȶထΡ೩ڡᢎຫȂف᜝ౙՄ݂ӡ϶ȷȃȶ࢐࢈֗υۨࠌᢎڏຫՄޖ ڏ᜝Ȃଢ଼ࠌᢎڏᡐޖڏћȷȃȶӉоᢎθЈМȂॽоᄆܻӴ౩Ȃ࢐࢈ޣࡗ݂Ϟ࢈ȷȃ ȶထΡԤоَЈήϞ㋆ȂՄᔣ፝ڏלৠȂຫڏސۣȂ࢐࢈࣏ϞຫȷҥԪџޣȶຫȷ౰ ҡ࢐ȶᢎȷޟ๖ݎȂџޣڡຫᡝفپՌܻထΡȶᢎȷޟࣀଢ଼ȄܚᒝޟȶᢎސڥຫȷȂ ࡾޟ߯࢐௃ᢎᄆ࿲ސڗڙԙΤڡޟᐌএࡦᆰႆแȄ൷ԪרঈџޣȂȶᢎސڥຫȷ࢐ᄇ নۖלຫޟඡණȂՄȶҳຫᅾཎȷ߯࢐ӵȶᢎސڥຫȷޟஅᙃΰȂӔ໌՗໠৤Ȃϐင ԙ࣏ငႆࡦདᅧᠥࡣޟཎຫȂо൶ؑкࡊᢎϞಛΙȄ ҥԪџޣȂȶҳຫȷҬޟӵܻȶᅾཎȷȂȶҳຫоᅾཎȷϞܚоԙ࣏џ૖ȂΙ࢐ ಒဴفಛᄇՌ٘൬ϭޟ຺ູܒᄇߒႀഊငඪюΟौؑȇΠ࢐ཎຫ౰ҡޟႆแᡝ౪Οཐ ޣжࣨޟ੫੆ПԒȂ೻ᆍཐޣޟߒႀሯौ൶ײᇄϞࣺᎌᔖޟഊ৷ȇέ࢐ȶຫȷڷȶِȷ

ӣኺ࣏֯ಒဴفಛȂΙኺڎԤ׋३ܒȂծհ࣏ȶώڎܒȷ൬ϭȂࠓ࣏ȶຫȷѴϞཎޟ ߒႀඪټΟฒ३џ૖Ȅ ᆣΰܚक़Ȃרঈџޣȶҳຫоᅾཎȷϗ࢐૖ᡱಒဴᏰϛޟȶ૖ࡾȷڷȶܚࡾȷׇ छ֕౪ޟПԒȄᄇܻȶҳຫᅾཎȷޟଡؑȂԙΟϛ୽ѠڐछᏰϛޟΙσ੫ՓȄϛ୽Ѡ ڐछᏰϚծ१ຜȶཎȷȂζϚןȶຫȷȄଶΟȮںܾȯϞѴȂڏтԃചᐠȲМ፭ȳ42_ȃ ѧުყȮΠΪѲၑࠢ43_{ȯȃдᆰȲόЫ፣ȳڷȲόЫ೦}44_{ȳȂഌᅨޟȮݓࢶଽम}45_ȯȃ 42 ȤЎ፟ȥޑЬԑӧܭ૸ፕᅿᅿԖᜢܭЎᏢബբޑୢᚒǴ२ԛעബբ࿶ᡍǵബբၸำǵቪբБݤǵঅᜏמ ѯ฻ୢᚒቪ຾ЎᏢץຑޑ᝼ᚒǴ੝ձޑࢂа፟ፕЎǴӢࣁ೭٤ЎᏢୢᚒǴЀځࢂڀᡏޑബբǴѸ໪৒೚ Ԗ΋ۓޑޜқаϷኳጋǴӢԜѬஒ፟ፕٿঁЎᡏ่ӝ٬ҔǴགྷѸ೭ࢂഌᐒԖཀஒ೭΋ጇЎക྽ԋጄҁǴ аЎញЎǴ೭΋ঁᖐ୏Ǵҁي൩ж߄๱բޣགྷाமፓપᆐޑǵቩऍޑЎᏢǴаϷଓ؃ЎᏢᐱҥޑࡘགྷǶ ᒲדᅚȠፕЎ፟ᡏڋБݤϐബཥϷځᐕўԋӢȡᇥǺȨբޣа፟բፕǴஒፕޑфҔ஌Ϊ፟ޑᡏڋϐϣǴ ѝࢂቚமΑ፟ᡏޑфૈǴ܌аӭᡏനࡕϝฅပჴܭ΋ᡏǶȩ ഌᐒޑ౛ፕǴவਥҁ΢ᇥϝฅឦܭᅇж߄ຝ܄׎ຝޑጄᛑǴдा؃բৎ༟೷ޑ׎ຝ೏༟ނ׎՟Ǵՠд౥ ഖࢂೀܭᅇ҃ਕ߃ᙯשਔයޑ౛ፕৎǶΨ൩ӢԜǴഌᐒ΋Бय़дԖ๱ుࠆޑᙑᢀۺǴќ΋Бय़ΞԖ࡚๱ གྷाၢಥᙑ໺಍ޑཥᢀۺǶ ൩᛬ೌ΢ޑמѯٰ࣮ǴȤЎ፟ȥǺȨځ཮ཀΨۘѯǴځᇾقΨ຦ְȩǴЎകޑᄬࡘѸ໪ѯǵְǴΨ൩ࢂд ܌ཱུΚ௢஖ޑ׎Ԅऍޑࡘགྷ٩ᏵǴඟҢΑࣁ᚟ਕЎᏢޑว৖ᖿ༈Ϸځ੝ቻǴȤЎ፟ȥޑόىǴ߾ӧܭഌᐒ ҁيࡘགྷޑֽज़ǴҾკӧออޑ΋ጇЎക㚊य़Ǵှ،೚ӭബբ΢ޑୢᚒǴᡉฅࢂԖ܌όىޑǴԶᇥډϤ׎ ԄЬကޑว৖ǴԖځᐕў΢ޑӢનǴঁΓޑࢌጇЎകΨ೚ૈ୼ั༾ቹៜ᏾ঁᖿ༈Ǵՠ٠όࢂ،ۓ܄ޑाનǶ 43 љޜკȠΒΜѤ၃ࠔȡǴځ၃ᄺ౛ፕቹៜࡕж၃ፕࣗుǴតෲޜᡫޑᇟقϷ౛ፕǴࣁύ୯ऍᏢ஥ٰΑଅ ᝘ǶȨښѦϐԑȩǵȨᜩѦϐठȩǵȨຝѦϐຝȩǵȨඳѦϐඳȩࣁљޜკፕ၃ޑਡЈཷۺǴࣁ΋җჴ ߇຀ޑၸำǴமፓόܥݝܭёޔௗགڙޑښၰ܈ඳຝǴ൨؃ຬຫ౜ჴǴᜤаඓඝޑښၰ܈ඳຝϐుᇻཀ ნǴȨѤѦȩᇥаІ။ޑᇟԄǴ೸ၸჹᇟق׎Ԅޑှ੃Զຬຫډ׎Ԅϐ΢Ƕ ӧബբޣᔈڀഢޑЬᡏ୷ᘵ΢ǴљޜკගрΑຬຫ߫ךǴᆶၰࣁ΋ޑЬᡏፕǶдᇡࣁബբЬᡏѸ໪ߥ࡭ ຀ᓉЈ܄Ǵຬಥლ߫ޑ״ᑛǴόࣁѦނ܌ಕǴаȨၰȩࣁ൥܄ϐӻǴБૈᆶϺᐒࠨӝǴ߇ӣԾฅϐნǶ ੿҅ຬຫ߫ךϐΓǴωૈགڙډຬຫШ߫ϐऍǶ೭ᅿຬຫ߫ךޑቩऍЬᡏǴ໻аൂપޑБԄǴགڙډ΋ ᅿપฅᓉᢀǵόੋϷճ্ᜢ߯ޑቩऍඍ৹Ƕ ȠΒΜѤ၃ࠔȡᙖ๱׎ຝϯޑᇟقǴа௃ඳҬᑼǵࡘᆶნିٰຝቻόӕޑ᛬ೌ॥਱Ƕஒ၃ښᆶཀნᖄᛠ ଆٰǴၮҔ׎ຝࡘᆢǴ٬ΓவȨԖज़ȩޑঁձ׎Ԅύ࣮ډȨคज़ȩޑғࢲཀຝǶȨຬຫȩޑቩऍཀ᛽ό ໻᝶֖ܭȠΒΜѤ၃ࠔȡύǴᆶځ၃ፕᢀᗺȨѤѦȩᇥΨ܌ࠨӝǶљޜკᐱ੝ޑ၃ᄺऍᏢـှǴቹៜࡕ ж၃ፕৎǴӵᝄԳޑȨ֮৴ᇥȩǵЦγᅼޑȨઓᜩᇥȩǵЦ୯ᆢޑȨნࣚᇥȩ฻Ƕ 44 ౜ӸۘԖЦᆢฝፕΒጇǺȤξН೘ȥǵȤξНፕȥǴฅԜΒЎࢂցࣁଵૼϐբǴԵ᛾ޣࣗӭǴӧԜόӆ ӭॊǶҁೀ໻൩ځϣ৒ԶقǴԜٿጇЬाӧᇥܴȨᛤฝξНޑמѯȩǴځύගډȨΥฝξНǴཀӧ฽ӃǶ ΡξЁᐋǴκଭϩΓǶᇻΓคҞǴᇻᐋค݄ǶᇻξคҡǴᗦᗦӵ࣭ǹᇻНคݢǴଯᆶ໦ሸǶԜࢂ೘ΨǶȩ ό໻ჹύ୯ฝǴЀځࢂξНฝޑޜ໔܄ࡌᄬ຾ՉΑਥ୷܄ޑှញǴӕਔѬΨӛΓॺሥࣁ׎ຝޑ೸៛рᛂ ᠀Ծӵǵซӵઓٰϐ฽ǵ၃ᄺᅐୠޑฝ॥ǵฝ௃Ǵ 45 ֺж೾ᅚޑξНฝፕ๱Ƞ݅ࢨଯठȡǴ൩ςගډȨଯᇻȩǵȨుᇻȩǵȨѳᇻȩޑ܌ᒏȨΟᇻȩǴԶд ޑȤԐࡾკȥ߾ᆕӝᡏ౜Α໺಍ξНޑബբ౛ۺǶȨଯᇻȩǴ٠όࢂܥݝܭӷय़ޑȨۚଯఈᇻȩǶ೾ᅚ ᇥǺȨԾξΠԶһξ៹ǴᒏϐଯᇻǶȩΨԖ΋ᅿᇥݤћբȨᙝຎȩǴॹԖ٤ࡺཀעԾρܫӧեೀޑཀࡘǴ ࣮ϙሶ೿ࢂଯε໢଻ǵ਻༈ዳ㈈ǴຎѳጕΨ୷ҁ΢ೀӧฝय़ޑΠᆄǴҔٰඔኒ஖ξ৚ᔂӆӝ፾όၸΑǶ чֺणቨޑȤྛξՉਓკȥ൩ࢂၮҔଯᇻݤޑڂࠠ٫բǶȨుᇻȩࡪྣ೾ᅚޑᇥݤǴ߾ࢂȨԾξ߻Զᑍ ξࡕǴᒏϐుᇻǶȩᇥқΑ൩ࢂॷ๏ᢀ౲΋ᚈίٚ౳Ǵ࣮ளډ࿤НίξǴЫЫᓹᓹ೿ᐚᕭӧฝय़ޑЁκ

үᔿޟȮवҞڷۦหᇭᓃ46_{ȯ้Ȃ഍࢐ԃԪȄܻ࢐לԙΟཐܒᇄ౩ܒᒊӫȂᡒᒮᇄຫ኉} ٮԆȂܪຫᇄڎຫࣺᅤȂ೻࢐ϛ୽ѠڐछᏰޟ੫юϞ೎ȂӰ࣏ଡؑȶຫȷȂܚоלৠ ҡଢ଼Ȃо௑ଢ଼ΡȂ൲Ԥ᜷ڨȄ ڷՙПϚӣޟ࢐Ȃϛ୽ຜȶཎȷᇄȶຫȷȂՙПࠌலலװ੫ۡޟȶຫȷҢپШ᜸ ලႇܒޟȶཎȷȄԃѠהᛸޟהזߡ඼оᅔ߫ޟω۔ўШൕछȂᇯۡछ൷࢐ᅔ߫ޟω ۔ȂՄ࿋ឃਿܜۻІ୰ȈΙϾᅔ߫ޟҔ଻ȃΙ࢜छޟ፩ฤȃΙএछޟഝ᛺ࠢ࢐Ϛ࢐छ ਢȂהזߡ඼ζϚுϚܛᇯ࢐छޟȂ೻൷ڷтՌϏӑࠉۡဎޟȶछ࢐ᅔ߫ޟω۔ȷ౰ ҡΟҭࣽȄהזߡ඼оԤ३ޟຫўߒႀฒ३ޟཎȂ҆ณོ౰ҡҭࣽڷᒿᇲȄณՄȂՙ ПһԤ౏ϸᡝᇯڗȶຫȷᇄȶཎȷϞᜰ߽Ȃӵ൶ؑछޟҏ፴ਢȂ๿ΨܻཎȞ౩ȟȂϚ ܻ֨ຫȞᇼȟȂԃѠהᛸޟ౳ႀরܜ඼ȃሀܜպց੫ȃኈᙰպց੫ȃឃਿܜۻȃࢧܜ ყȃٳ٨඼ӻኈȇᛳ଻ޟਭӡ܀඼ȃලࣄΛȃထ༹Ѡ඼ΛȇཎσցޟထԜ଻඼ȅߡ࠸ ٥ȃᆰࢠȇ़୽ޟেЉੱി٨ȃࠤۉҡȃ೉ख़ੱȃിպȇݲ୽ޟسኈᛳȇኈ୽ޟᓯۓ ო೽ȃ຀ٚȃஶኈȃᅈኈȃ༃ਿᅭȃᗂݓȃҳල඼ȇ߼୽ޟٙᅭѻഡЉ඼அ้Ȃ഍࢐ ዥ૿ܻछᏰ౩፣ंـޟ๿ӪᏰޱȂтঈ༊Жܻछޟ੫፴ᇄೣࡡȂ௃ՄלԙΟᛁσޟᡒ ᒮفಛ47_Ȅ ൷೻ΙᘈՄِȂՙПᇄϛ୽छᏰᄇȶཎຫȷޟቋ঄ᢎ߯ԤΟ৯౴Ȅϛ୽१ຜຫȃ ଡؑຫȂоҳຫᅾཎȂཎຫӫΙ࣏ٷᘪȂ೻ᘈԙՙПѠڐछᏰϚџӌЅޟ੫ᘈȇѪΙ П७ȂζғӰ࣏ஈ๿ܻȶຫȷȂϚ૖ԃӣՙПѠڐछᏰસᆞѫଡؑ౩ܒϷݙȂо౩݈ ΡȂоᡒᒮ݈ΡȂӰՄ౰ҡસᆞ໔Ͻܖ౩ܒޟᏰࣂȂԃᄂᡛछᏰ48_{้Ȅ࿋ณȂՙПޟȶཎ} ϐ໔ǶԿܭຎѳጕ߾ӭೀΪฝբޑ΢ᆄǴᜪ՟ܭ౜ӧᇥޑȨചᕒȩǶϡж໳ϦఈޑȤΐঢ়ഓ᠚კȥǴ΋ ࢴဂξ಴಴ǵྛዏ଑ᙯޑคज़॥ӀǴคᅪ೿ࢂࡨుᇻݤ܌፥ǶȨѳᇻȩޑຎѳጕ߾ೀӧฝय़ޑύ໔܈ޣ ࢂύ೽ୃ΢ޑՏ࿼Ƕ೾ᅚ๏ѬޑۓကࢂȨԾ߈ξԶఈᇻξǴᒏϐѳᇻǶȩϡжইᠶޑբࠔӭև౜р೭ኬ ޑຎ᝺ਏ݀ǴႽдޑȤᅕಷࣿ᠚კȥǴёࣁ΋ٯǶόፕࢂȨଯᇻȩǵȨుᇻȩǵȨѳᇻȩٗᅿࠠԄǴ೿ ࢂख़ຎฝय़΢և౜ޑཀნǴԶߚ׎՟ᆶցǶ 46 ύ୯మжᛤฝ౛ፕ๱բǶҡᔱ๱Ƕ၀ਜќ΋ހҁӜȠฝ᛼ȡǶӄਜ18കǴӃᖱচ౛Ǵԛॊၮ๙ǴനಖЇ р౛ፕЬ஭Ǵᄬԋֹ᏾ԖᐒޑξНฝ౛ፕᡏسǶӧ೭΋ᡏسύǴբޣעฝ౛ฝݤޑᇡ᛽ගଯډӹۖᢀޑ ଯࡋǴጁځচہᡂϯǴڀԖၨமޑ౛ፕ܄ᆶس಍܄ǴԖкϩޑᡄᒠΚໆǶԜਜϸჹᔕђǴЬ஭Ȩॷђа ໒ϞȩǴȨ฽Ꮐ྽ᒿਔжȩǴȨཛྷᅰڻঢ়Ѻ૛ዺȩǴख़ຎวචฝৎঁ܄٠ჴ౜ബբԾҗǴჹύ୯18Шइ Ǵ ੝ձࢂ20ШइаࡕޑξНฝࣗԿ᏾ঁύ୯ฝวғΑख़εቹៜǶ 47 ـԙӀወǺȠՋБऍᏢўȡǴч٧ǺΓ҇ЎᏢрހޗǴ1979ԃ2ހǶ 48 ȨჴᡍऍᏢȩࣁၮҔЈ౛Ꮲکނ౛Ꮲύۓໆϩ݋ݤٰෳۓࢌ٤ڈᐟނ܌ЇଆޑΓޑቩऍགڙޑᏢࣽǶ၀ Ꮲࣽޑ໒ബޣቺ୯Ј౛ᏢৎG.T.຤׆યȐ1801ɴ1887ȑ࠹ᆀǴд܌໒ബޑཥޑऍᏢࣴزሦୱࢂ΋ᅿȨԾ ΠԶ΢ޑऍᏢȩǴᒥൻޑБݤࢂȨவ੝ਸډ΋૓ȩǴԶόࢂႽ໺಍ޑ׎Զ΢ᏢऍᏢٗኬȨவ΋૓ډ੝ਸȩ ܈ȨԾ΢ԶΠȩǶ຤׆યᇡࣁǴ܌ᒏȨԾΠԶ΢ȩǴ٠όࢂࡰऍᏢᔈࡌҥӧণᏢৎঁΓޑऍག࿶ᡍϐ΢Ǵ Զࢂᇥᔈ၀௦ҔჴᡍޑБݤس಍ӦࣴزکКၨ೚ӭόӕޑΓޑऍག࿶ᡍǶ

ຫȷڷϛ୽ޟȶཎຫȷȂЎڏڷȮںܾȯޟȶཎຫȷٮϚ࢐ࣺӣޟȄҥܻϛՙޟМϽ धශϚӣȂ౰ҡޟਢ໢ࣺ౴Ȃ࢈ᄇܻȶཎȷȃȶຫȷޟᇯᜋζ࢐Ԥ৯տޟȄณՄȂ൷ ᄂ፴ՄِȂϛՙछᏰᄇܻȶཎȷȃȶຫȷޟၛ၌ȂһԤࣺӣϞ೎ȄݍՙڍПᄇܻȶཎȷ ࡾࡦདဎ౩ȃȶຫȷࡾלຫഅ࠮ȂࠌԆӵ๿ࣺӣޟَ၌Ȅ ൷ΰक़џޣȂȶཎȷᇄȶຫȷȂᄂሬΰ࢐ΠՄΙȃΙՄΠޟȄΠޱᔖࣺϣ၄шȂ Ϛ૖୑ኀȂϗ૖ᡱȶཎȷȶຫȷϞ໢ޟᜰ߽ுоׇᐌȄ

಑Ϥ࿽! ๖ᇭ!

ȶཎຫȷഺᄺޟࡦདȂ࢐ϛ୽ѠڐछᏰϛޟ१ौϱৠȄྛՌܻȮںܾȯޟȶᢎސ ڥຫȷȂокᡝޟछཐငᡛ࣏அᙃȂၼҢкᡝᐿ੫ಁӎڷШᑹޟࡦᆰПԒȂঅօད჋ ΨՄႀԙȶҳຫоᅾཎȷȂȶҳຫоᅾཎȷ೻ΙڼᚠȂڎԤ࣏ྃ१ौޟछᏰ౩፣ཎဎȂ ൷ࡊᢎܒՄِȂᡱΡ᜸ޟछᏰཎᜋ໌՗ڎᡝޟᄂސ໦ࢲȂഺഅюቷछޟஅҏࡦᆰלԒȇ ൷кᢎՌឈܒՄِȂएᡗΟܾڡޟלຫޢឈܒ੫኉ȂӰԪȮܾȯڡϞຫཎᜰ߽ӵࡦᆰ ПԒڷϱӵ๖ᄺ᜸࠮ڍП७ڎԤΟཎਟϞѴޟ౴፴ӣᄺᜰ߽Ȃ஠ד೚ಒဴڷቷछಒဴ ೿๖ӵΙଔȄȮںܾȯ஠ཎᇄຫޟಛΙȂୈ࣏ᡝ౪ҡڼϞၾޟПԒȂཎϚಳᚔཐܒᄇ ຫՄԆӵȂຫԆࠌཎџٷԜȃຫᡐࠌཎᡐȂຫιࠌཎฒܚٷߣȄ൷छᏰޟُ࡙ᢎϞȂ ཎຫ࢐ҥཎᇄຫࣺϣٷԆȂӓӣഺᄺՄԙޟȄ ᚭਣۖȂȮںܾȯȶҳຫоᅾཎȷޟ঱ᏰڼᚠғԒᙽϽ࣏ΙᆍछᏰ౩፣ԙݎȂᙽ Ͻ࣏Ιএ१ौޟछᏰጒᛟșȶཎຫȷȂڏϛάоȮМЖᓏᓸȯ࣏фߒȂཎຫন࢐Ιএ ঱Ᏸጒᛟޟ୰ᚠȂቓቖӵᖂ๖ࠉΡ᛺೚ഺհငᡛޟஅᙃΰ࡚ҳΟछᏰཎຫ፣ޟᡝفȂ тධȮںܾȯоភМᏰȂоȶཎຫȷ፣МࡦȂᄂюܻԪȄണᏰၖȮМѬ೽ဎȆܾఀȯ ஠ȮںܾȯϞȶຫȷڷȮၑငȯϞȶШᑹȷٮ፣49_{Ȃ߯࢐ȶܾຫȷ૖ᙽϽ࣏छᏰȶཎຫȷ} ޟਲ਼ҏ౩ҥȄ 49 ȠڬܰȡӄਜӭҔКᑫቪԋǴѬᡏ౜рচۈКᑫ᛬ೌޑ୷ҁ੝ቻǺҔ಄ဦس಍کᇟقЎӷӅӕബ೷Кຝ کᑫຝǴځКကکᑫကڀԖࢬ୏܄کόዴۓ܄Ǵ೭ᅿКᑫ᛬ೌфճ܄ࡐமǴՠΨڀԖ΋ۓޑቩऍфૈǶ ȠڬܰȡޑКᑫჴࣁύ୯၃ᄺ᛬ೌύКᑫЋݤޑᔲᙡǶ ȠڬܰȡᆶȠ၃࿶ȡӕࢂך୯Ӄછਔයр౜ޑٿ೽࿶ڂЎ᝘Ƕ࣬ӕਔж္࣬ӕޑࡘᆢБԄǵᇟق߄ၲБ ԄکЎᏢຝቻЋݤޑၮҔǴȠܰ࿶ȡޑᢀނڗຝᆶȠ၃࿶ȡޑКᑫࡽԖ࣬ӕ࣬߈ϐೀǴΞԖܴᡉৡձǶ όӕޑфҔǵόӕޑҞޑǵόӕޑϣ఼Ξ٬ΒޣԖܴᡉৡձǴ೭ᅿৡձᘜਥ่ۭ൩ࢂȨᢀނڗຝȩᆶȨԎ ނقדȩޑৡձǶ

Ȯںܾȯϛޟȶཎຫȷ፣ȂആႆдආЅᚭਣҜᏰড়ޟ१ཱིၛភȂᄇࡣжޟМ᛺౩ ፣ЅМ᛺׳ຟ౰ҡΟ౏ሉޟኇ៪Ȅᚭਣо६ȂᄇМ᛺ഺհ௰தȶِѴϞཎȷЅȶ᜷Ѵ ϞमȷޱϚмڏΡȂڏᆠડғ࢐ྛՌȮںܾȯᄇܻȶཎȷᇄȶຫȷޟ౩፣ϞϛȄᚭਣ ϞࡣȂоȶཎຫȷ፣МޱфϚмΡȂԃѧުყȃनᔖᡣ50_ȃдטࣺ51_้Ȅ ᆣՄِϞȂȶཎຫȷ࢐Ρ᜸छཐငᡛϞڎ౪Ͻᢎ܈לᄘȄȶཎຫȷጒᛟџоԙ࣏ छᏰޟஅҏጒᛟȄкौ௃ڍএП७׺՞ΟΡ᜸छཐငᡛࣀଢ଼ޟਲ਼ҏ੫኉ȈڏΙȂछཐ ငᡛ࢐Ιᆍᢎ܈ܒȃཎᜋܒࣀଢ଼ȂӰԪቷछཎຫϚӣܻ౪ᄂငᡛȇڏΠȂछϚᚔຫȂ छϚᚔ௑Ȃछཐᆠડ։࢐ཐܒᆠડȄȶҳຫоᅾཎȷ೻এ୰ᚠȂฒཎᜋϛߒ౪ΟΡ᜸ छཐငᡛޟᆠડ੫኉ᇄϱӵ๖ᄺȂԪғȮںܾȯᄇϛ୽छᏰޟᐿ੫ଓᝦȄ

кौ୤ՃਪҬ!

Ȟ఼ȟ٪ϯ้ȈȮ१ѐ׈ҏںܾݧ౵ߣਮଡ଼଄ȯȞ఼Ϊέငݧ౵ҏȂҢМᒵዂᙠҏਮ ۡȟȂᇃѕȈ᛺МӟਪᓢȂ1979ԑȄ д݂ۨእȈȮѤ஛ჾՄؑॱȈںܾಒဴछᏰȯȂӫ޳ȈԊᔕσᏰюގޥȂ1999ԑ಑ˬ ގȄ ങيၼእȈȮںܾᇄϛ୽МᏰȯȂࠒܿȈԻ߆ࢸМ᛺юގޥȂ1999ԑ಑1ގȄ ቓᆪकȃऱ݂๼እȈȮܾᏰᇄछᏰȯȂᇃѕȈσ৤Ȃ2001ԑߑގȄ ࠺ΙొእȈȮܾငछᏰΪΠᖿȯȂᇃѕȈڐᙠ᛺೚ড়৳юގȂ2005ԑߑގȄ дࢌϗእȈȮںܾᇄϛ୽ѠфछᏰȯȂѕٵȈҕఊюގޥȂ2006ԑ಑1ގȄ 50 चᔈᡕӧȠ၃᛭ǷϣጓȡڔϖϓǺȨբ၃εाόၸΒᆄǴᡏ਱ᖂፓǵᑫຝ॥ઓԶςǶȩԜࣁचМፕ၃ᄺ ബբҁᡏ੝ቻޑਥҁϐፕǶӧдٰ࣮Ǵ၃ޑ୷ҁाન൩ࢂȨᡏ਱ᖂፓȩکȨᑫຝ॥ઓȩǴԶΒޣޑᜢ߯ ߾ࢂ࣬ᇶ࣬ԋǵલ΋όёޑǶ ຝջ၃ޑቩऍཀຝǶᑫǵຝӝ᠗ԋ΋ঁ၃ᏢཷۺǴ߾ࢂࡰ၃ᄺബբύаԾฅགวޑБԄٰബ೷ޑቩऍཀ ຝǶचᔈᡕӧຑᅇ၃ਔჺҔȨᑫຝȩޑཷۺǴӵȠ၃᛭ǸϣጓȡڔΟᇥǺȨȠΜΐ२ȡϷፏᚇ၃Ǵᒿᇟ ԋᜩǴᒿᜩԋ፪Ǵᜏᝯ਻ମǴౣคё൨ǶԶᑫຝ࣓᝙Ǵཀठు஀Ǵ੿ёаݘଲઓǵ୏ϺӦǶȩӧдٰ࣮Ǵ ᅇжђ၃Ǵ॥ᜩԾฅǴڗຝਔததளϐคཀǴӵд܌ᇥǺȨคཀܭπǴԶคόπΨǴᅇϐ၃ΨǶȩȨள ϐคཀȩǴ҅ࢂᑫຝޑڗຝБԄǶᑫຝϐѦǴचМ׳ख़॥ઓǶӵ݀ᇥᑫຝ׳ӭӦаϐࠔຑᅇ၃ǴٗሶǴ ॥ઓ߾׳ӭӦҔٰࠔຑ౰ঞϐ၃ǶӵдӧȠ၃᛭ǸϣጓȡڔϤ܌ᇥǺȨ౰ঞ๊ѡǴᑫຝ࣓᝙Ǵѡཀు஀Ǵ คπёـǴคၞё൨Ƕύঞᗊ෧॥ઓǴఁঞε៛โମǴё٠ፕЯǻȩȨ॥ઓȩࡰ΋ᅿӳ၃܌ڀԖޑ॥๮ ઓᜩǴᜪ՟ᝄԳ܌ᒏȨᑫ፪ȩǶ 51 ܴжЦ׊࣬ϓǺȨق۴ჴ߾ჲᎩښΨǴ௃ޔठԶᜤ୏ނΨǴࡺҢаཀຝǶȩЦϻϐעЦ׊࣬೭ѡ၉բΑ วචǶ၃Ȑ᛬ೌȑޑҁᡏ൩ࢂཀຝǶ

дਏඈእȈȮσܾϞछȈںܾޟछᏰසኋȯȂѕٵȈѕٵσᏰюގޥȂ2006ԑ಑1ގȄ ቓᆪकእȈȮںܾछᏰȯȂݡᅕȈݡᅕσᏰюގޥȂ2006ԑ಑1ގȄ

৘ቔऍእȈȮܾȃࢌऍᇄᏐᏰࡦདंـ፣໱ȯȂᇃѕȈϛ๼МϽఀىᏰོȂ2007ԑߑ ގȄ