࢈ݾҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋Ȉ
સ࢈ݾښ࡚
ᄈѯᢋԒߝښ࡚࡛ᄻޠኈ
*
ࢋзᘀ
**ҴᇄᢋτᏱঢ়ึःفܛֆ౪ఁ௳
ဩՂ୦
ҴᇄᢋτᏱঢ়ึःفܛᆉς
* ҐНޠߒጉӶ 2010 ԒᇄᢋަཽᆌւᏱཽԒཽαึߓȂΫϸདᗃҴϜҔτᏱ ަཽᆌւقച݃߀ֆ౪ఁ௳ޠோЗຠ፤ȄᏱёڎ՞ୢӫຠቸޠᆡ៧ࡿҔȂηᡲ ձڨઊًӼȂӶԫΚڂयᗃȄҐН࣐ऌཽ၅ֆॏฬȞNSC 98-2410-H-002- 129-MY2ȟޠഌϸःفԚݏȄ ** ձ EmailȈ[email protected] 2010 Ԓ 6 У 24 СԞጉȇ2011 Ԓ 2 У 18 СጃۢёีȄ
ᄣ्
ѯᢋՍ 1990 ԒхߒۗҖԒߝޠდᇅःឋȂᐤစ࢈ȃҴ ݳഌߟȃঢ়Ᏹᇅަཽყᡞޠᇅଇ፤ȂഷࡤӶ 2007 ԒႇݳȄҐ Нၑშ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠᢏᘉȂഇຝѯᢋҖлϾႇโϜԒߝ࢈๋؛ឋႇโޠ ښ࡚ȶ؛ᘉȷםᄙȂٯйէпНᝧःفȃԪ઼ၦਠϸݚȃঢ়ፚ๊Р ԓ࣐စᡜၦਠޠஆᙄȂϸݚҖԒߝߴᓏښ࡚࡛ҴႇโϜȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ם ᄙпІښ࡚؛ᘉޠᡑϾȂԄեኈҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠ౪܉ȃւઊᇅښ࡚ኻ ᇽȄשউึ౫ӶҖлϾࡤޠЎ࢈ۻښ࡚ښङᇅ්ഐᆨޠ࢈ݾᝰލ ίȂҖԒߝޠ࢈๋ःᔤڨӼϰϾޠ࢈ݾᇅަཽΩ໕ኈȂᏳय࢈๋ϛ ഀ៊ȂࣦՎםԚ࢈ݾޫᙾޠҖл֩ძȄҖлऐખژҖлϾޠႇโϜȂ ҖԒߝᡞ౫ѯᢋ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠ᠍ΩೱӉϸයϾȂпІަཽყᡞᇅӼϰϾ ޠ੬ܓȂᗷดԥֆܼϛӤ౪܉ޠ܅ԫލȂᙥԫᏘᆺၷޠ࢈๋ӔᜌȂկ ࠔηၷܿആԚ࢈๋؛ឋႇโޠᘜᕞȄҖлᙾޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ᇅ؛ᘉ८ ӪϸݚяึȂҐНӍშණٽСࡤःفѯᢋަཽ࢈๋ႇโϜޠϛӤࡧՄڦ ৸ȂпІࣻᜱښ࡚౪፤ᢏᘉᄈґٿϸݚѯᢋަཽᆌւ࢈๋ޠཏోȄ ᜱᗥԆȈަཽ࢈๋ȃҖԒߝȃ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ȃ؛ᘉȃѯᢋ൧ȃᏳ፤
ѯᢋҖԒߝޠდІึߞႁΫϥԒȂ1993 Ԓϲ࢈ഌަཽѨᗝ፝ Ᏹঢ়І࢈ۻࣻᜱ՞ӔӤಣԚȶҖԒߝښ࡚ःឋϊಣȷȂఃҖ ԒߝӶ࢈ۻഌߟޠτߟȄစႇΫԒпαޠލឋȂഷࡤܼ 2007 ԒႇήȄ ࣐Κঐၯ຺ѯᢋҖлϾਣޠϵӔ࢈๋ȂҖԒߝณᅹΚঐхߓܓ ޠپȂѠпᙥԫસҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋ึϟޠᜱ߾ȄӶݎٴަཽᆌ ւःفϜȂᄈܼԒߝ९ޠឋᚡತᑗϛЎޠःفԚݏȂԟޠᏑঢ়НϾ ᡞقȃ࢈ݾစᔽᏱژึᆌւঢ়ޠଇ፤ȂԒߝ࢈๋ഃᅛڨژᜱݨȇկ ࣻၷϟίȂҖлϾኈޠឋᚡࠍၷЎដІȄԄݏѬᎨΚૢݎٴަཽᆌ ւःفȂৡܿூژҖлϾᄈަཽ࢈๋ȞєࢃԒߝ࢈๋ȟԥҔ८ኈޠӠ ຬȄҐНၑშ२ུᔯຝঐ፤ᘉȂٯпѯᢋҖԒߝښ࡚࡛Ҵޠ࢈๋ႇ โ࣐ᄈຬȂᇴ݃שউሰ्࣐ಡᑷޠᢏᘉпᕤ၍ঐ२्ឋᚡȄԫޠ २ᘉӶܼଷΠަཽ࢈๋໕ޠᘘпѵȂשউޠηᢏᄇژࣻᄈᔗޠ࢈ ๋ࠣ፵ණЁȉᕤ၍ѯᢋҖԒߝឋᚡޠᏱঢ়Ȃᄈԫτཽ྆ࡼۢޠᄙ ࡚ȂҦԫ߰ܨяΚঐӶ౪፤ᇅစᡜቺԪໍΚؐᔯᡜҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋ึ ޠୱᚡȄ ԥᠧܼԫȂҐНӍშпЩၷަཽ࢈๋Ϝޠ࢈ݾښ࡚፤࣐ःفҖԒ ߝ࢈๋؛๋ᐡښޠ౪፤ᢏᘉȂ၍មϟޠښ࡚ܓᜱᖓȂᙥԫ၅α ঐःفޠુπȄשউ࡛ឋၽңఐߗᑺକޠུښ࡚лဏ࣐ϸݚޠຝِȂӱ ࣐ѻѠпၱࢌԥݎٴᆌւःفޠ४Ȃп࢈๋؛๋ႇโޠቸឋᐡښ࣐ ౪၍ᄈຬȂᡲשউ౪၍ҖлϾႇโϜȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᙾᡑᄈܼަཽ࢈๋ႇ โޠኈȄҐНޠҭޠӍშ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠຝِϹΤ࢈๋ϸݚȂ၍មϛ Ӥਣޠ࢈ݾᐡཽȃښ࡚ІᇅϟޠϤȂٯ׳൷࢈ݾښ࡚ᄈܼ؛๋ႇโޠኈȄӶί८ޠϸݚϜȂשউॷӒᐍ౪яݎٴԒߝឋᚡޠ ःفึȂٯࡿяڐःف४Ȅ௦ໍΚؐଇ፤࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠ౪፤ຝِȂ ᐍӬяΚঐϸݚѯᢋԒߝ࢈๋ึޠ౪፤࢝ᄻȄঐِ࡚яึȂשউ КϸݚϛӤਣޠҖлϾࢳܛആԚޠښ࡚؛ᘉםᄙȂᙥԫଇϛӤޠ Җл࢈ݾࢳफ़ԄեᡑҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠښ࡚ᇅಣӬȂՅ ם༮ҖԒߝښ࡚ޠึРӪȄҐНוᏖஆܼпαޠϸݚȂ౪၍ѯᢋަཽ ࢈๋ႇโϜޠ؛ᘉښ࡚ཏోȂໍΚؐϾשউᄈܼҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋ึ ޠ౪၍Ȃණٽ܂ࡤϸݚѯᢋަཽᆌւ࢈๋ޠϛӤЇࡧڦ৸Ȅ
ະȃѯᢋԒߝ࢈๋ޠНᝧःف
ԟݎٴᆌւೞۢ՞ܼᏑঢ়НϾᡞقίޠᆌւᡞښȂӱԫԥȶঢ়Йစ ᔽԓᆌւঢ়ȷȞOikonomic Welfare StateȟȞChow, 1987; Jones, 1990, 1993; Lin, 1999ȟܗȶݎРᆌւዂԓȷȞWhite & Goodman, 1998ȟޠಜᆏȂݎٴ Ꮡঢ়НϾϜঢ়ఋᇅۡఋޠኈȂٻԟݎٴঢ়Ԓߝښ࡚մ࡚ึȄӶԫ ӤਣȂݎٴུᑺϏཿпစᔽึ࣐ॷ्ࠍȂഇႇঢ়ᐡᏣޠ๋ܓϔႲ ٻݎٴစᔽึԚ࣐зࣩۊᙻȂӱԫݎٴޠᆌւᡞښηೞᆏ࣐ȶҢܓᆌ ւၦҐлဏȷܗȶึᆌւঢ়ȷȞܿᘀȃѡϱНȂ2003; Holliday, 2000, 2005; Holliday & Wilding, 2003; Kwon, 2005ȟȄݎٴ੬ੇޠ࢈ݾनෂȂпࡅ ᠍࢈ᡞлᏳঢ়өᆎ࢈๋ޠึȂԒߝښ࡚Ϝளпަཽߴᓏޠᙜཿቺϸ ᇅަཽښ࣐яึᘉȂݎٴঢ়пစᔽึ࣐ҭዀȂηӱԫ४ښݎٴ өԒߝМяޠᘘȞHolliday & Wilding 2003; Kwon, 2005ȟȄӶঐनෂίȂᐄ KuȞ2007ȟޠϸȂѠпҖԒߝःفୣϸ ࣐ήᆎቺԪȂΚ࣐࢈๋Ȟpolicyȟ८ӪȂܛᒞ࢈๋ःف८ӪȂ߾ࡿវម࢈
ۻ؛๋ޠႇโȂ၍មڸӬ౪Ͼ࢈๋ښ࡚ᇅࣻᜱٲޠȂޠः فଭᄈ౪ܓᒶᐆࣃᇅՃԒစᔽԋӓϸݚȃঢ়৴ᡑ᎑ᇅҢԇ᠍ȃଓଡ଼დȃ ߴᓏຳ౦ޠࢋ๊ȄಒΡঐ८Ӫ࣐ᆌւقಜȞwelfare systemȟȂпঐ؆ ਠ࣐ஆᙄȂ౪ᜱܼΚঢ়ޠަཽ࢈๋ឋᚡᇅލ፤ȂпІӶ੬ۢঢ় ίȂණٽᄈᆌւޠၐಡ౪၍Ȃ፞Ԅঢ়ϜЗ፤ȃᐤѭښ࡚፤๊Ȅڐή ᜱܼᆌւᡞښޠःفȂҼ֊Ӷঢ়ᇅစᔽޠᜱ߾ϜȂӬݳйಣᙒϾޠ੬ ኊፓӬᡞقಜܓӵһᙒӶΚକȄӶԫӤਣȂηԥབٿབӼޠःف්Ӫၯ ϟޠᡞښЩၷःفȄ пԫϸᢏᄇ౫ԥޠѯᢋԒߝ࢈๋ःفНᝧȂѠпఽྀࣽяڐ ४ȂӶ࢈๋८ӪαȂՃစᔽԋӓ࢈๋ȃҖԒߝޠଓଡ଼౪ȃр ҭ๊Κᆎଇ፤РӪȂࡿяঢ়৴ᡑ᎑ᇅަཽॴᓏޠኈȂпІଓ൳२ϸ ପޠҔဏࠍȂկःفࠔુнӼϰِΩІ࢈ݾӱષޠኈᘉȂ܈ ࢈๋नࡤޠཏᜌᄙȞեߝ١ȃڻᝌ߀Ȃ1999ȇڻᝌ߀ȃᛴखᛞȃѽࡅȃ ചϊकȃڻᆓȂ2001ȇ೩ਐ݃ȃڻᝌ߀ȃեߝ١ȃݔ࡛ظȂ2001ȇര ൊȂ2005ȇ᎓ఽᗹȃ᎓НᎄȂ2005ȇቔۡݡȃݔҔȂ2003ȟȄӶᆌւق ಜȞwelfare systemȟޠःفϜȂଇ፤ҖԒߝޠ࢈๋םԚпІҖԒߝ ޠ࢈๋ۢ՞Ȃ௱ҖԒߝҐȶᙜϾȷȃȶቺϾȷޠৰܓ၅ֆȂ ᙾᡑԚΚयܓޠȶ҂๊ȷȞequalityȟᄈࡠȞеҔȂ2003ȇܿᘀȂ2005ȇ ݔቈȃ༂ޚȂ2000ȇ݃ึȂ2001ȇᑌ࢈ࢍȂ2004ȇቔҞ៍ȃചҔ ҖȂ2005ȟȄٳःفࡿяԒߝښ࡚ޠ੬ܓȂดՅુнᄈܼښ࡚םԚޠ၍ មȄҖԒߝޠ؛๋ႇโ၈ȂᒹಁӼጤસӶښ࡚ࡺშϟϜȂ๊ࡠःف џࡺෲԚΚ༶ᐍშȄഷࡤȂӶᆌւᡞښޠϸݚቺԪϜȂя౫೩Ӽ пΚঢ়Ԓߝ࢈๋࣐ःفᄈຬޠःفȂӶѯᢋഌϸԥരൊȞ2007ȟȃ ChenȞ2005ȟȃKuȞ2001ȟȃLinȞ2005ȟȃShiȞ2010ȟȄߗԒᑺକпԒߝޠ ၯЩၷ࣐ःفᄈຬȂBonoli ᇅ ShinkawaȞ2005ȟпښ࡚፤ޠڦ৸ଇ፤
ݎٴϏཿঢ়ϜޠԒߝឋᚡȂٯዊٴᏱޠӔӤଇђпጢȄFu ᇅ HughesȞ2009ȟڸ Ko, Oh ᇅ OgawaȞ2007ȟࠍπ๗ᄻޠ८ӪȂଇ፤ ݎٴԒߝ࢈๋ޠ९ȄٳःفࠔᘁЎಡҖлᙾޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ᙾᡑᄈܼ Ԓߝ९ޠኈȄ ٲᄃαȂשউϑစᢏᄇژР८ޠःفლၑȈҦܼҖлϾޠᙾᡑ ݎٴަཽ࢈๋ޠึᎉᄑȂєࢃԒߝӶϲޠަཽ࢈๋ഃᅛ්ӪІԓޠښ ࡚ᘘȂٻூᏱۗݨཏ࢈ݾҖлϾᄈݎٴᆌւᡞښޠҔ८ኈȄᏱ ႈᇰ࣐࢈ឪᝰލȃަཽၽᄈܼࡅ᠍உ࢈ឪםԚᔇΩȂ҇Ӳᔗᆌւᘘ ޠຨؒȞരҴဩȂ1994, 2000; Aspalter, 2001; Kwon, 1999; Tang, 1998ȟȄ ֊ٻӶҖл࢈ݾϜȂަཽ࢈๋ηளளೞ࿌ձ᠗ᒶҖޠКࢳȂᙥԫލڦڐ ᒶಊМࡼȇѬ्࢈ឪᝰލབᐮ੩Ȃᄈܼᆌւ࢈๋ᘘབԥ݃ᡘޠਞݏȂӱ ԫױҖлϾ࿌ձΚঐ२्ޠᢏᄇࡿዀȞݔቈȂ1994; Haggard & Kaufman, 2008; Ku, 2001; Peng & Wong, 2008; Wong, 2004ȟȄ᠍Ω๗ᄻၾᔜࠍޠ ᡑȂٻூᒶᖟښ࡚Ԛ࣐ᆌւഷٺޠߵᐡښȂҖлϾᐮึҖഌߟ౫ޠ ަཽΩȂђα࢈ݾഌߟᔗུޠᒶᖟࠍΡΩ໕һϤၽձίȂ࣐ѯᢋޠ ަཽᆌւึழٿུޠΩȄשউڴᔗኻޠࣽݳȂᇰ࣐ҖлϾޠጃΚ ঐ२्ޠᆌւᘘ௱ΩȇկηҔӱԫ౪܉Ȃשউᇰ࣐҇࢈ݾښ࡚ ࢝ᄻџᢏᄇفഥٳΩ໕ึදձңȂՅߩހࡿҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋ޠӱݏ ᜱ߾ȄᐍᡞՅّȂٳःفᡲשউᄈܼݎٴІѯᢋޠԒߝښ࡚ᡑ᎑ԥ ޠ౪၍Ȃկᄈ࢈ݾښ࡚ܛആԚޠԒߝ९ښङґໍΚؐޠϸݚȄӕȂ Ӷٳঢ়ޠԒߝ९စᡜϜȂ࢈ഌߟޠྜྷᇅڟ።Ԛ࣐௱ѯᢋ ҖԒߝޠ२्ᜱᗥȂկ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᙾᡑӤኻཽᡑഌߟޠϤዂԓȂ пІަཽΩ໕ޠᇅᆔၿȂՅשউᄈܼᘉٸᙠХુޠ౪၍Ȅԥᠧܼ ԫȂҐНლၑഇႇ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠ౪፤ຝِȂЇࣹҖлᙾίԒߝښ࡚ᡑ᎑ ޠРӪᇅՃԒစᔽԋӓޠᆌւཏోȄ
ȃ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠ౪፤ᢏᘉ
ҖлϾᄈܼަཽ࢈๋ޠኈȂѠпఐߗᑺକޠུښ࡚лဏȞnew institutionalismȟȂЏڐ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ϜȂទூΚঐུޠᢏᘉȄᏒᆔུښ࡚ лဏܛୣϸяٿޠࢻࣃϟȂϛӤޠഋ৸࣐ϛӤஆҐۢІःفஆᙄȂ կᄈܼښ࡚Ԅեኈঐᡞ࣐ԥࣻծޠःفяึᘉȄ1Ӷঐᇰޤஆᙄ αึޠ࢈ݾښ࡚፤Ȃ੬րݨ२࢈ݾႇโϜҢޠ᠍Ωᜱ߾Ȅ࿌੬ۢޠ ᐀ԥښ࡚Ͼޠጓ᠍ΩਣȂৡܿђښ࡚ጓܼуϟαȂϾՍٙ ޠ᠍ΩȇӤਣҦܼښ࡚Ґٙᄈঐ࣐םԚ४ښȂηጓښ࡚Ϝޠ ϟϤࠍȂӱԫӶঐᄈښ࡚ޠࡠᇅᎍᔗϟίȂםԚΚۢޠၾᔜ ࠍȂՅኈ࢈๋яޠ๗ݏȄҴஆܼႇџޠུښ࡚лឋःفȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ ፤ໍΚؐӶҔԓޠښ࡚ःفϟѵۗᜱݨ᠍Ωȃ౪܉ڸ࢈ݾޠߩҔԓ ԋ௷ȂІڐᄈ࢈ݾ๗ݏޠኈȞPeters, 2005: 16-21; Thelen & Steinmo, 1992: 4ȟȄAmentaȞ2005ȟ߰።᠍ΩൠࣻϤِΩޠ࢈ݾႇโȂݨ२؛ȃ ؛ᘉᄈܼښ࡚ܛആԚޠᜱᗥձңȂҦԫםԚпίංঐ౪፤ଇ८ӪȄΚȃښ࡚ޠഀ៊ᇅᡑ᎑
࢈ݾښ࡚፤ΚР८።ښ࡚ःفޠ࢈ݾܓ੬ኊȂѫΚР८ηᏏϜโ ౪፤ޠ࡛ᄻȂӍშ၍؛ᇅ๗ᄻȃᢏᇅཌྷᢏᄈҴޠڎᜳ֩ძȄঐڦ ৸ᇰ࣐Ӷښ࡚ᇅޠᜱ߾ϜȂ࢈ݾښཽ࡚ښङᇅޠ࣐ȂՅښ࡚ ޠৰ߰؛ۢϛӤਣޫनෂίޠ࢈ݾ࣐Ȅښ࡚ޠᅌϾΚঐጦᄛՅࡼ៊1 Ᏹུښ࡚лဏୣϸ࣐ȶᐤѭښ࡚፤ȷȃȶަཽᏱښ࡚፤ȷІȶ౪ܓᒶᐆښ࡚ ፤ȷ๊ήᆎःفഋ৸ȞDiMaggio & Powell, 1991; Hall & Taylor, 1996; Immergut, 1998; Koelble, 1995ȟȄ
ޠႇโȂӶښ࡚ᛨۢޠਣȂښ࡚Ґ࣐ٙՍᡑȂם༮࢈ݾ๗ݏᇅ࢈๋Ȅ կȂښ࡚ԥਣϛᛨۢޠȂӱ࣐ѻཽڨژѵΩޠፑᔟՅԥऐดޠᡑȂ ਣښ࡚Ї࣐࢈ݾޠ๗ݏᇅ࢈๋ܛם༮ȂԚ࣐ᘟບԓְᒌȞpunctuated equilibriumȟȄّܿϟȂښཽ࡚Ӷ੬ۢޠְᒌዂԓίᆱࡼΚࢳਣȂϟࡤ ҢᡑȂᡑࡤޠښ࡚൸२ུםԚѫΚঐְᒌȂ៊ၽίџȄϛႇښ࡚ ޠᡑ᎑РӪٯϛΚঐҘࡰϛᡑޠޒᄙȂՅӶϛጃۢӱષޠኈίȂҦ ΚঐְᒌᘜᕞژίΚঐְᒌޠႇโȂٻښ࡚ӶᡑϟϜᅌϾȞKrasner, 1984: 240-242ȟȄ ൸ԫՅّȂښ࡚ᡑ᎑ٯߩӶښ࡚೪ॏޠښϟϜȂՅΚᆎା࡚ፓ ᚖޠႇโȂᐤѭٲӈڏԥΚۢޠӱݏᜱ߾ȂӤਣᐤѭηڏԥୌึܓᇅϛ ࠍܓȞImmergut, 1998: 23ȟȄӶϛӤਣᘉޠདྷݳཽҢᡑϾȂၰ ৸ٸᒧѬᇴяᐤѭࢉٲȂࠔϛ၍មԄեᇅ࣐եึҢٳࢉٲȂӱԫښ ࡚፤Ҽ።ϛጃۢޠᐤѭୌดܓȞcontingencies of historyȟȄښ࡚ٯߩ࢈ݾ ๗ݏޠӓഌȂښ࡚ᇅ౪܉ȃւઊ๊ڐѻӱષࣻϤ።Ӭޠᜱ߾ȂϘᜱݨޠ ฑᘉȄӤਣȂښ࡚፤௵ڦޠҴൠ၍មښ࡚ᄈޠኈȂΚР८ᇰ ࣐ښ࡚ւઊॏᆘޠϤ๋ȂѫΚР८ښ࡚ηࣩۢяւઊጓ൝Ȃߞί ٿᑗತԚΚၽձዂԓȞThelen & Steinmo, 1992: 13-22ȟȄѫΚР८Ȃښ࡚ ޠึᄙޠȂަཽ๗ᄻІ࢈ݾ౪܉ȃւઊ๊ӱષȂഎཽኈژ๗ᄻᇅ ޠһϤᜱ߾Ȃܛпϸݚޠِ࡚҇ҦႇโٿϹΤȂ൷׳੬ۢަཽ๗ᄻ ᇅႇโޠᑀ੬ܓᇅᡑܓȄ
Ρȃ؛ᘉ
࢈ݾւઊޠ౫ഇႇᡞڸܜၸᐤѭӠଅޠښ࡚ם༮Յ ԚȂ࢈ݾႇโҦᏵݳȃ࢈ݾښ࡚ȃঢ়๗ᄻᇅւઊყᡞᜱ߾ȃпІҔԓᆪܛםᄻȄӶ౫ᄃޠ࢈ݾᄃ౫ϜȂښ࡚ηٯߩ؛ۢ࢈ۻ๋ڸ࣐ޠ ΚӱષȂՅၑშޠւઊȃ๋ȃпІϟޠ᠍Ωϸପ ๊๊Ȃဋܼښ࡚ܛҢޠ࢈ݾძϜȂҦڐ࢈๋ᒰΤᇅϤȂژഷࡤ࢈๋ ᒰяІЇ㔴ޠϤᐤโȞImmergut, 1998; Pontusson, 1995; Thelen & Steinmo, 1992: 22ȟȄ ҦܼөޠᏵ࢈ᇅᒶᖟښ࡚ϛӤȂ࢈๋ښۢᐡᜱࣻϤᖓ๗ޠРԓढ़ Ȃӱԫ࢈ݾښ࡚αޠ؛ᘉ՞ဋηϛӤȄ࢈ݾښ࡚፤؛ᘉဋܼ࢈๋ ؛ۢޠᐡښϟϜȂᇰ࣐ؑΚښ࡚४ښഎڏԥ؛ޠᆙښȂҼ֊؛๋ൠ ᇅᒶᖟዂԓޠᐡښϟϜȂঢ়࢈ݾښ࡚ޠ๗ᄻЇ؛๋᠍ࡅϜڸϸයޠ โ࡚Ȅ؛๋᠍ࡅ຺ϸයȂঢ়ᄃ౫ڐҭዀޠ؛ᘉ൸຺ӼȂӶ࢈ݾ؛๋ൠ Ϝ֖߰౫ϛӤޠݸȄ࿌ښ࡚ԇӶ؛ᘉਣȂ൸ཽᄈ࢈ۻښۢ؛๋ڸጃ ߴႇ੬ۢ࢈๋๗ݏޠΩᄻԚ४ښȂѠпႲُӶڏԥ᠍Ωϸයޠ࢈ݾښ ࡚ϜȂ࢈ۻޠ؛๋ႇโཽၷߞȞBonoli, 2000: 43-51; Tsebelis, 2002ȟȄ2ӱԫȂ Ӷ᠍Ωϸයޠښ࡚Ϝၽձޠ࢈ۻȂп۾ᡨѵഌւઊ؛๋࣐Ȃ ѵӶાΤ࢈๋؛๋ႇโϜȂ߰ூпښڐኈΩȂӱԫڟ୧ȃፚց ޠ࢈๋؛ឋႇโԚ࣐ΚᆎѠޠึ๋Ȅ࢈ݾښ࡚ٯߩΚԚϛᡑȂᒶᖟ ᄙᇅ᠍ΩϜȃ᠍ΩϸයޠಣӬ෭ಌȂᏳयϛӤޠ؛๋ዂԓȄ ࢈ݾښ࡚፤२Ӷښ࡚Ѡණٽޠ࢈ݾᐡཽίȂ౫ڐᄈ࢈๋ ๗ݏޠኈȂഇႇ᠍Ωϛᄈᆏޠᜱ߾Ȃளܼᓻ༗ޠښ࡚ᇅ ජඬ२्ޠښ࡚՞ဋȂٯ᐀ԥၦྜጇȂ௷ᔡུޠᇅȃЖໍུޠឋᚡȃ
2 ҐНЖᐄޠ՚РНᝧϜȂBonoliȞ2000ȟᇅ ImmergutȞ1992ȟޠᢏᘉЩၷࣻߗȂ ።ޠښ࡚८؛ᘉȞveto pointȟޠኈΩȂݨ२ޠښ࡚םᄙޠձңȄ TsebelisȞ2002ȟޠڦ৸ࣻծȂࠔ።؛Ȟveto playerȟޠ८ӪȂ Ϝܼޠւઊፑᄈ࢈๋ޠኈȄשউޠϸݚຝِ௦ߗ Bonoli ᇅ ImmergutȂ Щၷ་Ӫݨ२࢈ݾښ࡚८ޠ࢈๋ኈਞݏȂӱ࣐שউᇰ࣐ޠւઊԥѠ ᇅਣᡑޠȂٯйৡܿڨژښ࡚८ጓ᠍Ωᜱ߾ޠ࢝ᄻښङȄ
ܗ२ུ༮ആུޠښ࡚ࠍȞImmergut, 1992ȟȄՅ՞ܼ৶༗ޠښ࡚ᇅ ηཽഇႇᢏ܉ᝏ݉ޠКࢳȂၑშп॓८ޠឋᚡ༮ആРԓȂѐᡘࢌூւઊ Іࢌԇޠښ࡚๗ᄻୱᚡȂᙥԫލڦڐуᇅޠӤᇅМࡼȂ௱ᙛࢌூւ ઊᇅࢌԥ᠍ΩޠлࢻཏُȄ
ήȃ࢈ݾښ࡚ȃ᠍ΩϜโ࡚ᇅ࢈๋๋
ښ࡚ЖᏳໍ؛๋ϤޠᜱᗥȂଇښ࡚ໍΚؐᕤ၍࢈ ๋яޠႇโȇՅӶښ࡚ቺ८ϟϜȂூᜱݨښ࡚ϜޠޠϤп Іښ࡚ޠᇷӱᇅ४ښȄϛӤޠঢ়ӶϛӤޠᐤѭႇโЖϜȂኈ౫Ӷޠ ښ࡚ึȂՅ֖౫яϛӤޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ȄւઊყᡞޠཿМପȃᏵ࢈ښ࡚І ڐуښ࡚೪ॏηཽኈ؛๋ȈӶ؛ᘉၷӼޠ࢈ᡞϜȂ᠍ΩೞϸයȂӱԫ ᄈ؛๋ࢋђᄃ፵ܓޠኈȄดՅȂښ࡚ܓӱષηٯߩ؛ۢ᠍ΩϜ ࡚ޠΚӱષȂՎЎᗚԥڎঐӱષȂپԄᒶᖟ๗ݏڸᆌւᖓ࿘ηཽᄈᆌւ ឋᚡޠ࢈๋ႇโҢࣻ࿌ޠኈΩȞBonoli, 2000: 43-51ȟȄ࢈ݾښ࡚ٯϛ Κঐ۟ҴޠኈӱષȂՅ࢈ݾښ࡚ڸᒶᖟΩȃࣻᜱȃ᠍Ωၦ ྜ๊Ӷ࢈๋ᆪϜޠ҂ᒌᜱ߾ȂഎཽӶ࢈๋ႇโϜӔӤձңȄ ImmergutȞ1992ȟҦԫໍഷစڑޠःفȈԃЩၷ࿆ςȃݳȃ࿆ڑ ήঐঢ়ޠᚃᕜ९ښ࡚ঐȂლၑӤኻޠ࢈๋ණϜȂᇴ࣐݃եҢ ϛӤޠ࢈๋๗ݏȂٯវមԫήঐঢ়ޠᚃᕜ९ᐤѭႇโȂᘉяኈ࢈๋ ໍ࢈ݾޠлӱȄԃึ౫лӱӶܼᏵ࢈ښ࡚ᇅᒶᖟښ࡚ޠৰ Ȉ࿆ڑޠަཽҖлឪංоΚឪᑀτȂජඬΠ࢈ᡞقᇅཽȄӱԫӶ ᒶᖟनෂίȂםԚᛨۢӼȂӶᚃᕜ९ਣ߰ޣ௦Ҧ࢈ൠȞexecutive arenaȟ؛ۢȂٻூւઊყᡞءԥޫȂӱԫԚѓޠ௱९ȄݳȞಒѳ ӔڸȟӶᏵ࢈ᡞښαȂ࢈ഌߟޠ؛ۢ҇စҦҴݳഌߟ״ঠȂӱԫ؛๋ޠл्ဤӶҴݳൠȞlegislative arenaȟϜໍȄկҦܼᒶᖟښ࡚ ആԚϛᛨۢޠཽᖓ࿘Ȃٻூւઊყᡞစளഇႇၾᇴႁژమؒޠ๗ݏȄ࿆ ςࠍٸᐄϵ؛ۢτ࢈ޠঢ়ȂҦܼ࢈ഌߟȃҴݳഌߟԚޠ؛๋എ Ѡпೞϵܛ௱ᙛȂӱԫ࿆ςϡւઊყᡞ྄τޠᐡཽџښឋᚡп؛ ๋Ȃηٻூ࿆ςӶԥΩޠ؛ᐡښίȂᚃᕜ९ҦܼւઊყᡞޠЇᄈՅ ґႇᜱȄԫःفᇴ݃ଷΠւઊყᡞޠཿМପȂᏵ࢈ښ࡚Іڐуښ࡚೪ ॏηழٿ؛๋ኈȄ ஆܼпαޠᢏᘉଇ፤ȂҐНᔤᢏᄇѯᢋԒߝ࢈๋ႇโϜޠւઊ ᇅ౪܉ȂԄեڨژࢌۢښ࡚ᕘძޠࠍЖᏳȂՅ༙ᆺԚ࣐࢈๋ޠ ΩȄ२ᘉӶܼϛӤޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ԥϛӤޠ࢈ݾၾᔜࠍȂՅٳࠍηණٽ ࢈ݾϛӤޠ᠍Ωၦྜᇅւઊ๊ᇷӱȂໍՅם༮ޠԂᇅҭ ዀȂٻяϛӤޠ؛๋ᒶᐆȞSteinmo & Tolbert, 1998: 168ȟȄٯ ښ࡚ᇰۢᢒ൹Ӷ੬ۢޠਣޫᐤѭ࿌ϜȂᜱྲᐤѭѠණٽΚᆎึޠ ᢏᘉȂٻःفښ࡚౫ຬဋܼၷቷᗰޠٲӈഀᚈϜଇȄѯᢋҖԒߝ ࢈๋ᐤစڎ්࢈ۻІަཽყᡞޠЇ᙮ଇ፤Ȃऐખ२२ሬᛥȂϘܼ 2008 Ԓ ۗࢋҖԒߝߴᓏȄ൸ԫ࢈๋۾ᰏޠ๗ݏՅّȂҖлᙾܛழٿޠ ঢ়๗ᄻȃަཽᇅዂԓᙾᡑ࣐ݎٴᆌւழٿᆌւ፵ᡑޠਞᔗȂӶ ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠᢏᘉίߴޠȇӱ࣐࢈ݾൠޠϤᄙϛӤȂη ཽᄈܼঢ়ޠԒߝښ࡚೪ॏആԚৰȄ࢈ݾښ࡚ٯณݳႲ೪Ӊե੬ۢ࢈๋ ๗ݏޠҢȂՅ࡛ᄻяΚᜱᗥܓޠ᠍ΩϤࠍȂϛΚۢழя࢈ ๋ᘘᇅІԓޠ࢈๋๗ݏȄӱԫȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ဋܼᐤѭϜޠ࢈စȂ ଇ؛๋ႇโϜޠᘟ៊҂ᒌІ࢈๋ȂηЩၷఽྀᕤ၍ҖлϾႇโϜ࢈ݾ ښ࡚ޠᙾᡑȂпІڐᄈܼԒߝ࢈๋ޠኈȄ ஆܼпαޠ౪፤ᢏᘉȂשউпშΚߓұҐНޠϸݚ࢝ᄻȈ
შΚ! ҖԒߝᐤโःف࢝ᄻშ שউޠϸݚࡿя࢈ᇅҴݳᜱ߾ȃ࢈ᐡᜱ؛๋ዂԓȃпІަཽყ ᡞޠᇅȂӔӤם༮ҖԒߝ࢈๋ԚםႇโϜޠښ࡚ᇅ᠍ΩϤᜱ ߾ȂᏳयഷࡤޠ๗ݏ්ӪϸҴԓޠԒߝߴᓏึȄӶѯᢋҖлϾޠϛӤ ࢳϜȂٳӱષޠӔӤձңםᄙϛᅿࣻӤȂӱԫӶҐःفϜȂשউ ਣזӗܝߞȂᢏᄇѯᢋԒߝ࢈๋ϜޠϤݸᇅ؛ᘉޠܛӶ ൠȂӶႲᇅߩႲӱષޠኈίȂفښ࡚ᡑ᎑ޠРӪȄ௦ίٿޠϸ ݚໍȂٸᐄ࢈๋םԚޠਣזୣႥԚϛӤࢳޠҖлႇโȂᙥԫᄕᡘࠊ ঢ়ᐡᜱޠ࢈๋ႇโӱષ ኈԒߝ࢈๋ޠѵഌަཽӱષ ҖԒߝ࢈๋ቸឋႇโ ࢈ȃҴݳഌߟޠ Ԓߝ࢈๋౪܉ȃւઊ ؛ ᘉ Ϥᜱ߾ȃ࢈๋ᆪ ᒶᖟȃ࢈ឪᎉ ަཽၽ ऽȈ ঢ়ȃᏱȃҴې ҖԒߝ ࢈๋
ख़ޠښ࡚؛ᘉᡑϾȂԄեኈϛӤޠԚҐᇅਞઊȂՅϾܗ ৶࢛ٳւઊყᡞޠ๗࿘Ȅ3Ꮢᆔٸྲ࢈๋ࢳ࣐ϸݚٸᐄȂөঐࢳ ޠ၍មฑᘉл्ಂܼښ࡚८ޠ؛ᘉםᄙᡑϾȂпІڐᄈ࢈๋םԚޠ ኈȄ שউޠϸݚп WongȞ2004: 8-10ȟޠҖлᐤโ࣐ՄᘉȂѯᢋޠ Җлᇅᆌւୣϸ࣐ҖлऐખȃҖлᎰڿȃҖлϾήঐਣȂӱ࣐ήঐ ࢳޠდϸητयಓӬҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠᐤѭึᐤโȄשউϜࣽژ࢈ ឪණяޠᆌւຨؒេงަཽ࢈๋ޠึ߄ȂηҦܼ࢈ݾښ࡚ᡑϾोҢ೩Ӽ ؛ᘉȂײయҖԒߝτᐍӬޠѠܓȄ4 1987 Ԓޠ࢈ݾ၍ᝓІّ፤ࡧདྷ ၍Ȃೞຝ࣐ѯᢋޠȶҖлऐખȷȞdemocratic breakthroughȟȄԫࡤӶഐ ឪ࣐৶༗ყᡞຨؒԚ࣐ލڦᒶಊޠ२्ᕘȂҖлϾ௱ަཽᆌւޠѠ ܓȄשউᐄԫଇ፤ߒؐޠ࢈๋םԚࢳȂ२ᘉܺӶ࢈ۻഌߟϟޠၽձȇ ӱ࣐Ꮢᆔ࢈ឪᝰލழ࢈ݾҖлϾᇅՍҦϾޠΩ໕ȂЇᄈឪߵٻࡅ᠍࢈ۻ ݨཏަཽ࢈๋ޠ२्ܓȂۣޠდпІҴݳᇅ࢈ޠϤٸดߒ ޠ؛๋ਰЗȂ܅ԫޠᝰӬႇโཽኈ࢈๋ٗӪȄਣזໍΤȶҖлᎰڿ Ȟdemocratic consolidationȟਣȂӶԫࢳᗷดໍΤҖᒶᖃಜޠਣхȂࠔ ϬᙠҖឪජඬ࢈ᇅҴݳޠӼ࢈ۻਣȇԫਣҖԒߝޠႇѠ ܓၷτȂկٸดࡡܼۣഌߟޠდȄ2000 Ԓп৶༗хّՍ۩ޠ ҖໍឪαӉࡤȂԫΚࢳ࣐ȶҖлϾȷȞdemocratic deepeningȟਣȄ
3 ձΫϸདᗃຠቸᄈܼᘉޠණᒻȄ 4 Wong ѯᢋޠםϸ࣐ȶࡅ᠍ึлဏȃҖлऐખȃҖлϾȷήঐࢳȂ ᔯຝϛӤҖлϾࢳϜȂ؛๋ႇโޠᡑᄈӓҖୋߴ࢈๋םԚޠኈȄשউ ٻңуޠϸȂђΤ࢈ݾᏱࣩᆏᒞѯᢋ࢈ݾᐤโ࣐ȶࡅ᠍лဏȃҖлᙾȃҖ лᎰڿȷޠಭᄜȂӶҖԒߝޠःឋႇโϟϜȂ࢈๋ႇโୣϸ࣐ȶҖлऐખȷȃ ȶҖлᎰڿȷᇅȶҖлϾȷήঐࢳȄҭޠђΤᆌւᇅ࢈ݾႇโϜޠᙾ ᡑȂпȶऐખȷȃȶϾȷ๊ԆಂȂߓख़ᆌւ࢈๋Ӷ࢈ݾҖлϾϜစᐤښ࡚ᡑ᎑ ޠႇโȄ
࢈ឪᎉᗷดழٿҖлึޠᛨۢܓȂࠔηؐΤᒶᖟᝰލޠൠȂަཽ࢈ ๋ளள࣐࢈ُϏڏȂஉ࢈ᎉڸᒶᖟႇโܨяϛӤᆎޠҖԒߝឋ ᚡȂկηҦܼ࢈᠍ᄙޠᙾಌቩђ؛ᘉޠҭȂഌߟϟࣻϤඡهȃፑ ऐȂпІࣻᄈᔗޠ᠍ΩᇅೱӉߞȂӱԫҖԒߝޠःឋႇโ८ᖞښ࡚ܓ ޠሬᛥȄ ԫѵȂӶѯᢋޠԒߝ९ႇโϜȂަཽၽпІऽঢ়ณᅹӶΚٳ ᜱᗥਣڔึදΠ२्ձңȂЏڐӶ 2000 ԒࡤޠҖໍឪஉ࢈ਣԄԫȄ ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ޠᢏᘉՅّȂٳѵഌӱષޠձңΩٸด҇ໍΤ؛๋ ϲȂᇅ࢈ȃҴݳഌߟڻఌпኈ࢈๋Ȃܛп܅ԫϟޠϤᗚڨژ࢈ ݾښ࡚ޠጓȄஆܼঐӱȂпίޠଇ፤л्ϜӶҖлϾႇโϜ࢈ݾ ښ࡚ޠᡑ᎑ᄈԒߝ࢈๋םԚޠኈȄϸݚϜޠစᡜၦਠٿՍܼԪ઼ၦਠᐍ ౪ȂпІשউӶ 2009 ԒϜໍޠঢ়ፚϲৡȄл्ޠፚᄈຬᇅ ҖԒߝ࢈๋ښۢႇโޠစཽ࡛Іഽߴۣসȃ࢈ଡ଼ېসȃަᆌყᡞስ ೠȃпІᏱঢ়Ȅ5ᙥٳᇅޠཏُȂէпڐуНᝧၦਠМ ࡼשউޠښ࡚౪፤ᢏᘉȄ
နȃҖлϾޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ᇅ؛ᘉᡑϾ
ԄեኈԒߝښ࡚࡛ᄻȉ
ѯᢋҖԒߝޠდІึߞႁΫϥԒȄ6 1993 Ԓϲ࢈ഌަཽѨᗝ፝ Ᏹঢ়І࢈ۻࣻᜱ՞ӔӤಣԚȶҖԒߝښ࡚ःឋϊಣȷȂఃҖ5 пίࣻᜱፚၦਠޠЖң௵ୢӫࠍȂѬпፚഃԆጉޠጢဵዀұȂٯܼНҒ ޠߤᓄϜᇴ݃Ȅ 6 ࣻᜱޠდᐤѭ፝ՄȈϜ݃ȃࡃඐНȃ᎓ີȞ2007ȟȇച≊ඐȞ2007ȟȄ
ԒߝӶ࢈ۻഌߟޠτߟȄ1994 Ԓ࢈ଲစཽ࡛ԚҴȶԒߝښ࡚ϊಣȷȂ ӶԫϊಣϜःឋяȶҖԒߝښ࡚დൣ֚ȷȂկഈ 1995 Ԓޠୋߴ ᒳՅᘜԒߝ࢈๋ޠяȄՎ 1996 Ԓ२ུఃଇ፤Ȃέӱ 1999 ԒޠΟΡ ΚτӵᎫՅಥЦҖឪஉ࢈ਣ௱ҖԒߝޠѠܓȄ2000 Ԓпࡤစ࡛ ཽ२ུᔯଇȂпަཽᆌւཽឋޠ௱࣐лໆȂࠔލឋґݏȇӶ 2004 Ԓϟ ࡤϛӕпϊಣޠРԓଇȂՅᙾ࣐࢈ۻഌߟޠდڟ୧Ȃഷࡤܼ 2007 ԒႇήȄΚۗණяȶཿଡ଼ϸҴȃϲోᐍӬȷޠᐍӬРȂڐစ ᐤঐޏҐޠލ፤ȂഷಥпϸҴԓϊᐍӬРႇԞൠȂҼ֊ҦөঐԒߝ ߴᓏөՍၽձȂӕѫѵ೪ҴȶҖԒߝߴᓏȷోᇑۧґђΤӉեࢌԥԒߝ ߴᓏޠ഼ᎸထȞپԄঢ়৴лஐȟȂᡘұяϛӤ౪܉пІւઊӶڐޠᝰ ഃႇโȄΚঐᜱᗥޠୱᚡ߰Ӷᐍঐ࢈๋ႇโϜȂҖлϾܛ༌Ͼޠ࢈ݾښ ࡚९ԄեᏳٯ༙ٳϛӤޠ౪܉ᇅւઊȂᏳयഷࡤޠϸҴԓϊᐍӬ Р๗ݏȉ שউᇰ࣐ϸݚୱᚡޠᜱᗥӶܼҖлϾႇโϜޠᏵ࢈ښ࡚ᇅ࢈᠍ᄙ ᙾᡑȂӱ࣐࢈ݾښ࡚࡛ᄻяΚᜱᗥܓޠȂᡲӶڐϜ࢈ݾ ԥܛᒶᐆȞImmergut, 1992: 239ȟȄ࢈ݾښ࡚࡛ᄻ؛ᘉޠ᠍ΩϜܗϸ යȂഀழኈೱӉޠᘫ឵Ȃ࢈ॷߞ᠍ΩϜޠښ࡚ᇅτዂᆌւښ࡚ᜱ ߾ஞϹȂளॐۢяᐍӬԓޠᆌւዂԓȇՅ᠍ΩϸයȃӶښۢ࢈๋ႇโ ϜєࢃၷӼ؛ᘉޠ࢈ݾښ࡚Ȃࠍ་Ӫܼၷϊዂޠᆌւښ࡚ȞBonoli, 2000: 43-51, 2001: 239ȟȄ࢈ݾښ࡚ᄈ᠍ΩϜޠኈȂϛᔗೞࣽԚΚᆎڿ ۢϛᡑޠ੬ኊȈᐄϛӤޠᒶᖟᄙȂѯᢋޠҖԒߝ࢈๋Ӷ᠍ΩϜڸ ᠍Ωϸයϟ෭ಌȂЏڐӶЎ࢈ۻޠݸϜȂԒߝ࢈๋ึԚ࣐ፚց ڟ୧ࡤޠޑȄҦԫ௱፤ȂѠпױѯᢋҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠึᐤโୣϸ࣐ή ঐࢳȂөԥϛӤޠ࢈ݾᄙᇅᐡཽȂኈԒߝ࢈๋ޠٗӪȂُߓΚޠ ϸȄ
ߓΚ ҖԒߝᐤโϜޠҖлᙾϾᇅ᠍ΩϜ࡚ Җлऐખ ҖлᎰڿ ҖлϾ ਣ 1988-1995 1996-1999 2000 Ԓϟࡤ ࢈ݾึ โזᏳӪҖл ᒶಊᏳӪҖл ᒶಊᏳӪҖл ҖԒߝึ ϮܼІԓ ᇅϸҴԓښ࡚ࡧᆱ ഃᅛ්Ӫ ϸҴԓښ࡚ࡧᆱ ીݣϛΚ өঢ়ލቂ ᠍ΩϜ࡚ ା Ϝା մ ၦਠٿྜȈՄ WongȞ2004ȟঔᇨձ пίޠϸݚα८ୣႥޠήঐҖлࢳКȂϸݚϛӤਣᘉޠ࢈ ݾښ࡚ᇅ᠍Ωᜱ߾ᡑϾȂԄեኈԒߝ࢈๋ޠึРӪȄשউޠ२ЗЏ ڐܺӶఐߗޠҖлϾࢳȂη൸Җໍឪஉ࢈ਣޠึȇӱ࣐ঐ ࢳڏᡞ֖౫ѯᢋ࢈ݾښ࡚೪ॏԄեᡑΠ࢈ݾ᠍ΩϤޠҐ፵ȂՅኈ ަཽ࢈๋ȞЏڐԒߝ࢈๋ȟښۢޠРӪȄ
ΚȃҖлऐખਣȈ࢈ឪᝰލᇅۣ
ፑίޠԒߝ९ૣឋ
ҖлऐખޠѯᢋȂӶഐឪޠึᖑ௱ҖԒߝਜ਼αᘩ८Ȃय़ٻஉ࢈ޠ ҖឪݨཏژҖԒߝឋᚡޠ२्ܓȄѯᢋޠҖлᒶᖟழҖл࢈ݾޠם ༮Ȃ࢈ឪᝰލӶҖлऐખί᐀ԥឋโښ᠍ȂѯᢋޠҖлึηԚ࣐ȶᒶ ᖟழޠҖлȷȞelection-driven democracyȟȄᒶᖟᗷดٻҖԒߝޠឋᚡ Ԛ࣐ѠȂկࠔᏳयϛΚኻޠೱӉਞᔗȂӶା࡚ᝰލទூᒶಊޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ ϜȂឋᚡлᏳޠ࢈ݾᇷӱᡑூȞBonoli, 2001: 244; Scharpf, 1997: 183ȟȄ Ӷഐឪ҇ණяԥΩޠ࢈ُᇴ݉ᒶҖȂᇅஉ࢈ឪ܅ԫޠᝰލቩೱӉ ਞᔗȇӱԫҖឪ༗҇ᄈӶഐឪޠຨؒяӲᔗȂ࢈ଲКდҖԒߝ߰ᄈԫᒶᖟ࢈ݾਞᔗޠӲᔗȄӶҖлऐખਣޠԒߝ࢈๋ଇ፤ȂӶഐឪ ܛழޠަཽၽᔇΩђഁΠஉ࢈ឪޠҴݳཏȂԥᜱᐍঐ࢈๋࢝ᄻІР ӪޠःᔤࠔϬ४Ӷஉ࢈ޠ࢈ഌߟϲഌȄ Ӷ 2000 ԒϟࠊȂҖឪӤਣජඬҴݳഌߟᇅ࢈ഌߟȂ឵ܼӼ࢈ ۻޠޒᄙȄӶኻޠ࢈ݾਣᐡίȂ1990 ԒҖໍឪॷԪӶཽϜҴ٘Ȃණя ҖԒߝޠឋᚡȂ࣐ѐᡘ࣐ӶഐឪޠِՔȂҖໍឪᑗ྄ϮΤҴݳႇโȄ ࿌ਣߵໍҴݳېসᑗ྄ණޠӱҖឪϲഌҴݳණࢻโޠᡑȈ 1988 ԒҖឪΫήӓཽϟࡤȂᡑҖឪҴېޠණࢻโȂҴݳېসѠп ϛሰစҦ࢈ଲକ૪ݳȂՅҦҴېউՍණȂණାҴېᄈ؛๋ޠኈ ΩȞज፲Ȃ1989: 111-113ȇ೩ϮᡡȂ1989: 29-30ȟȄԫѵȂҴݳېসණ ഀဎߟᘥ७մȂηٻூණ࣐ৡܿȄҖԒߝޠឋӶ࢈ឪᝰލȃ ҖឪҴېණࢻโᙾᡑȃණഀဎߟᘥ७մ๊࢈ݾӈޠପӬίȂ ΚР८ҖໍឪҴېងྷහ๊Ϋϳ՞ҴݳېসᔤڏՃᆌւԒߝኸپ ૪Ȃ࣐ҖԒߝۧґࢋਣޠႇ෯ȄѫΚР८Ȃ1994 Ԓ 3 У 8 СȂҴݳଲಒΡ۪ಒήཽಒϥԪཽឋϜȂԒߝޠࣻᜱණϑҦϛӤޠл ᆔᐡᜱდяϛӤޠ૪ȂϸրၼېཽၼҖԒߝߴᓏپ૪ȃϲ࢈ഌ ૪ᔤޠҖԒߝҴ्ᘉȃഽېཽܛდϟഽԒߝҴ्ᘉȂҦήঐ ϛӤлᆔᐡᜱϸրණяԒߝРȂӕһҦစཽ࡛ᐍӬቸឋȄ7 Җឪஉ࢈ਣ឵ܼӼ࢈ۻȂӶҖԒߝޠ௱αഷԥѠܓȄԫ ਣޠ२τ࢈๋Ȃ܂܂ҦΚঐࣻᜱഌཽѣڐуөࣻᜱഌߟԚҴϏձϊ ಣȂڟ።࢈๋РଭȄᆎӼϰ࢈ഌߟᇅޠ؛๋ዂԓȂםԚ࢈๋ႇโϜ
7 ҖԒߝݳІѯᢋަཽߴᓏᡞقߞܓޠަཽ࢈๋Ȃӱԫਗ਼Іззххϟ ޠଓଡ଼ȃ᠍ઊȂӱԫଭᄈ౫ᄃሰ्яึȂҴݳଲՄ໕౫ᄃІښ࡚࡛ᄻȂ ፝စཽ࡛ȃၼېཽȃϲ࢈ഌᄳഽېཽᔗ౦ࣻᜱসՎҴݳଲറၛȂӶၼېཽȃ ϲ࢈ഌȃഽې๊ཽήРཏُીݣϟίȂ࢈ଲࡿұ࢈ଲစཽ࡛ԚҴȶҖԒ ߝښ࡚ࡿᏳϊಣȷІȶҖԒߝښ࡚დϊಣȷȄ
࢈ഌߟϲഌޠಁӼ؛ᘉȞݔ݃Ȃ2001Ȉ144-5ȟȄҖԒߝޠ௱ॷ Ӓܼ 1993 ԒҦϲ࢈ഌԚҴȶҖԒߝښ࡚ःឋϊಣȷۗȂԚȶ࡛ᄻ שҖԒߝښ࡚ϟ࡛ឋਫȷȂණяȶҖԒߝߴᓏݳ૪ȷȂ௵ަཽߴ ᓏښȂණяȶΚښҖԒߝߴᓏȷᇅȶϸҴښҖԒߝߴᓏȷȄӤΚਣ ࢈ଲഽېཽᇅ࢈ଲၼېཽϸրდԚȶഽԒߝȷᇅȶᚕၼԒߝȷ ࡛ឋਫȂଛ࢈ଲһ࢈ଲစཽ࡛ቸឋȄᅮࡤȂ࢈ଲစཽ࡛ಣԚȶԒߝ ښ࡚ϊಣȷ௦៊ϲ࢈ഌޠःឋȂٯӶණяȶҖԒߝښ࡚დൣ ֚Ȃпަཽߴᓏښ࣐лໆȂ௱ోᇑӓҖ࣐ጓ൝ޠτᐍӬРȄ пӓҖୋߴޠτᐍӬዂԓ࣐پȂ֊ѠࣽяҖឪ࢈ۻޠஉ࢈ᏆΩȇկ ҖԒߝᒳࡤ҇ҴڔԞຳȂпІစႇߞਣϘژӲԞਞઊޠ੬ ܓȂٻூঐ࢈๋ޠ௱҇Ҧ࢈ഌߟໍȞڨ 002Ȃ007Ȃ013ȟȄ ԫਣᐤစߞஉ࢈ޠҖឪȂڐᄃુнఽޠަཽᆌւ౪܉Ȃഌཽۣᒶ ᐆަཽߴᓏښ࡚ȂஆܼߞεпٿࢌԥޠॗϵఁІഽߴښ࡚۾៊ȂוగӶ ԫஆᙄαໍᐍӬȄѫΚР८Ȃ࣐ΠӱᔗҖໍឪஉ࢈ᑫҀึིܺՃࢼຯޠ ॴዙȂӕђп 1995 ԒӓҖୋߴޠᒳȂҖឪ࢈ۻ߰пঢ়ଓ࢈࣐Ҧ۾ ጦҖԒߝޠឋȂ༊ႇІԓޠȶՃԒၼҖᆌւҢࣁࢼຯȷ࣐Җ Ԓߝښ࡚ᄃࢋϟࠊޠႇ෯௪ࢋȄ
ΡȃҖлᎰڿਣȈۣлᏳޠԒߝښ࡚
ᐍӬލឋ
1996 ԒีᎄစҦҖᒶԚ࣐ᖃಜȂѯᢋޠҖлϾໍΤᎰڿࢳȄ1997 ԒѯᢋᏵ࢈ᡞښޠ९࡛ҴᚗॷߞښȂጃҴҦᖃಜښٗӪᚗॷߞښޠᏵ࢈ ᡞښȄл्ᡞښ੬Քᖃಜڸᖃ౪ΡӔӤ᐀ԥ᠍ΩȂӶϛӤޠ࢈ስ Ϝ᐀ԥϛӤٲଡ଼ޠ࢈ᄃ᠍ȂᖃಜҦҖಊᒶяȂՅᖃ౪ڸϲረᄈཽ॓ೱȞ༂ވݎȂ2008Ȉ101ȟȄঐ࢈ݾښ࡚ᡑ᎑ȂᄈܼԒߝ࢈๋Ң२् ޠኈȄҖлᎰڿႇโϜȂᒶᖟޠᝰލቩђ؛ޠӌ໕Ȃկஉ࢈ޠҖឪ Ӽ࢈ۻϬ᐀ԥഷτޠឋโښ᠍ȄစҦࠊΚঐࢳޠҴݳېস௱пІ ࢈ഌߟःឋȂᘘτՃစᔽԋӓϑစԚ්࣐ഐޠӔᜌȂԫਣޠ࢈ଲࣻ ᜱഌཽւઊፑ߰Ԛ࣐ᜱᗥޠ؛Ω໕Ȅ 1995 ԒՃၼࢼຯႇࡤȂᄈܼ࢈ഌߟםԚໍΚؐޠ࢈๋ᔇΩȂ҇ Ꮢഁᔤ׃ՃԒစᔽԋӓޠښ࡚РȂпռᐍঐ࢈๋ࢻӪႈԓࢼຯึȄ 1996 Ԓ 11 У࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽۗໍಒΡࢳޠდȂϸրԚҴ ȶҖԒߝښ࡚დࡿᏳϊಣȷІȶҖԒߝښ࡚დϏձϊಣȷȂࡿᏳϊ ಣ॓ೱҖԒߝښ࡚І࢈๋ϟቸឋϏձȂϏձϊಣ॓ೱ௱ҖԒߝښ࡚ ϟःفდϏձȂٯःف๗ݏණൣȶҖԒߝښ࡚ࡿᏳϊಣȷ࣐؛๋ ϟՄȄ8 1997 Ԓ 10 УҴݳଲಒή۪ಒѳཽޠཽឋϜȂҖឪҴݳېস ৹Ў๊༌ߵᏒԟᒳҖԒߝښ࡚Ȃණя༌ҢҖԒߝݳޠຨؒȄ9ӱ ԫȂ࢈ଲდȶҖԒߝȷޠଓྜ๗ᄻȂп።ାᕋཿใ࣐ଓ࢈ஆᙄޠ ȶࢼຯԒߝȷІ॓ᛵຳဏଡ଼ԓޠȶߴᓏԒߝȷڎڂചРԓȂଛһҴ ݳଲቸឋȄდϊಣޠདྷݳϬดࡼԒߝߴᓏϜᔗ၏ϲ֥ޠߴຳᛵһᇅ
8 ȶҖԒߝښ࡚დࡿᏳϊಣȷ॓ೱҖԒߝښ࡚І࢈๋ϟቸឋϏձȂҦစ࡛ ཽлӉېসᇅϲ࢈ഌഌߞӔӤᐋӉѣȂᗝ፝ሠఅഌȃଓ࢈ഌȃစᔽഌȃ ࢈ଲлॏȃ࢈ଲၼཿېসཽȃ࢈ଲഽϏېসཽȃѯіҀІାҀϟॷߞ ᐋӉېসȄȶҖԒߝښ࡚დϏձϊಣȷ॓ೱҖԒߝښ࡚ಡഌდϏձȄಣ ଷᗝሠఅഌȃϲ࢈ഌȃഽېཽȃၼېཽȃစᔽഌȃଓ࢈ഌȃлॏȃѯᢋࣹ ࢈ۻȃѯіҀ࢈ۻᇅାҀ࢈ۻ๊ࣻᜱ՞хߓѵȂٯᗝ፝ԥᜱަཽߴᓏȃଓ ࢈ȃစᔽІݳࡢ๊ঢ়ᏱȂӔѣ 3 ԪࡿᏳϊಣېসཽឋІ 2 ԪϏձϊಣې সཽឋȂԚҖԒߝښ࡚өಡდϏձȂᔤڏҖԒߝښ࡚დൣ֚Ȟ ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȂ1998ȟȄ 9 є֥Ҵݳېসնȃ༂ؿ۞๊ߵ࡛፝ҴٙЗሬᛥစᔽԋӓᆪȇݔ࢈ࠍȃݔ ྜύȃቔ౿ً๊Ϋϥ࡛፝ϜѶлᆔᐡᜱȂ२ຝϜҖሬᖓ࿘ϟ፝Ȃᑗ ྄ӲᔗᐍӬҖԒߝښ๊࡚Ȅ
рࡠႅᄈ๊ࠍȂܛпȶࢼຯԒߝȷѬᎍңܼົႇ 65 ྒȃՅйۧґስڦ ӉեଞӅߝܗߴᓏрޠҖȂܗСࡤስڦԒߝрմܼ 2000 ϰȄ ԫਣ࢈ഌߟϲഌഷᜱݨޠୱᚡԒߝߴᓏᡞقᐍӬޠѠܓȄစ࡛ ཽוగܛԥҖഎાΤҖԒߝߴᓏᡞقϜȂࠔኍӶᒳਣᔇΩ ίȂณݳІਣڟ።өߴᓏᡞقϟޠৰȄ10 1997 Ԓစཽ࡛߰пȶཿଡ଼ϸ ҴȃϲోᐍӬȷޠᐍӬР࣐лȂ࿌ਣޠۡԠӶܼᆱࡼ౫ԥॗϵఁІഽߴ ޠཿଡ଼ၽձȂѫѵ࡛ҴΚঐᑀҴޠஆᙄԒߝߴᓏȇկӤਣηᡲॗϵఁІ ഽߴණٽΚयޠஆᙄԒߝȂӕҦөлᆔᐡᜱდᇅܛூࣻᜱޠߤђԒߝȄ կȂစཽ࡛ޠঐණឋࠔڨژڐуԒߝߴᓏлᆔᐡᜱԄഽېཽІሠఅഌ ޠЇᄈȇЏڐࠊ࿌ਣֳ᐀ᛂτޠஆߝ๗ᎸȂᅹኍڐуԒߝߴᓏԄϵߴޠ ᖬณݳᎍ࿌౪ȂᏳयࢌԥഽߴஆߝޠ᠍ઊڨȂӱՅ؛ЇᄈȄࡤ ӶᕖூϵߴᖬҦϜѶ࢈ۻႲᆘМᔗޠଊਁࡤȂηӤኻԉϵߴᑀҴ ᡞقၽձޠҴൠȞጿۤᑮȂ2008Ȉ68-74ȟȄҦܼ࿌ਣޠҖԒߝდϊಣ ឵ܼөঐԒߝߴᓏлᆔഌཽΚକђȂစཽ࡛ᗷดၯഌཽޠڟ።ᐡᄻȂ ࠔณ݃ጃޠ࢈՞ᓻ՞ܓȂܛпณݳೲᄖڐښ࡚ᐍӬޠ౪܉Ȅ ՎԫࢳȂښ࡚ϸҴၽձޠРӪϑ֚ጃۢȄ1998 ԒԚȮҖԒߝښ ࡚ېଋःفൣ֚ཋጢȯȂ௵ަཽߴᓏښпІȶཿଡ଼ϸҴȃϲోᐍӬȷޠᐍ ӬРȄႲܼۢ 2000 ԒۼࠊᄃࢋȂпᐍ࡛Ҵަཽԋӓښ࡚Ȃࠔӱ 1999 ԒΟΡΚτӵᎫՅ۾ጦᄃࢋȞ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȂ1998ȟȄ11ᐍᡞՅّȂ ӶөঐߴᓏлᆔᐡᜱࡼՍٙւઊޠםίȂঐࢳޠԒߝ࢈๋ณݳ්
10 ࿌ਣޠစཽ࡛ΩდߞቔҞ៍ߓұȈȶȌȌԄݏש्ሃӶϵϰڎξԒ ᒳȂ൸ѬԂ᎑൸౫ޒȂѬᐍӬຳ౦ȂϛᐍӬཿଡ଼Ȅȷُ 1996 Ԓ 9 У 26 СᖓӬ ൣൣᏳȄ 11 ଓ࢈ഌӶःᔤҖԒߝଓྜਣȂᔤۢϵઊீڕޠစᕋ᠍ԞӲп࣐ႇ෯ਣ စຳٿྜȂᕋཿใҦ 5%።ାറ 6%࣐ߞܓޠᒳଓྜȂկЖึӍཿࣩޠ ЇኇȄ
ӪߴᓏᡞښᐍӬᗛໍȇՅй֊ٻӶጃۢཿଡ଼ϸҴޠ࢈๋РӪࡤȂϜѶ࢈ۻ ϬᙠӶᐋነଓ࢈॓ᐋޠኍίȂءԥ੩ޠ௱ཏȞڨ 001Ȃ005Ȃ 006Ȃ009ȟȄՅп२τЉد࣐౪Ҧ௱ᒷҖԒߝߴᓏޠᄃࢋȂᓀѷΠѯᢋ Ԓߝښ࡚࡛ҴޠᐡཽϟๆȂٻூ௦ίٿޠҖԒߝ࢈๋ึӕԪ८ᖞུޠ ښ࡚ՅщᅗᡑȄ
ήȃҖлϾਣȈښ࡚؛ᘉޠፓᚖϾ
Ӷ 2000 Ԓ࢈ឪᎉࡤȂѯᢋᏵ࢈ᡞښޠᚗॷߞښя౫᠍Ωᜱ߾ᇅښ ࡚؛ᘉޠᡑϾȂᄈܼԒߝ࢈๋Ң२्ኈȄӱࣻᄈӼښޠ೪ॏȂ2000 Ԓᖃಜᒶᖟٻூ࿌ᒶചЬࡶ༊ԥ 40%ޠҖཏМࡼȂആԚᖃಜ࢈᠍Ҕ࿌ܓ ӡᐡȄڐԪȂ᙮ឋߟᘥҦٿӓᡞҴݳېসήϸϟΡӤཏ७࣐ΡϸϟΚȂ ٯቩђစᖃಜӤཏ၍යཽܗঈረޠȂҴݳଲᄈܼᖃಜӉڽޠ࢈ଲ ߞϛཽሇܿණяϛ߭ӉȂпռᖃಜп၍යཽϟ᠍Ω࣐ЇښޠКࢳȄ ӕȂᗷٸᏵݳಒϥΫή࢈ଲ࣐ȶঢ়ഷା࢈ᐡᜱȷȂկ 1997 Ԓಒ ѳԪঔᏵ፮ϡᖃಜӉڽ࢈ଲଲߞޠ๙ᄈӉڽ᠍ȂϛҴݳଲӤཏȂᖃಜ ߰ϔਗ਼࢈ଲߞޠ࢈ስȂ࢈ଲߞޠӵ՞ࠍԚ࣐ᖃಜܼ࢈ᒳٲޠ ᄎߞȞဩპྂȂ2005Ȉ93ȟȄӱԫᚗॷߞښӪᖃಜ་ఈȂӶѯᢋ࢈ݾښ ࡚ޠၽձίȂᖃಜϛޣ௦ᄈ࢈๋॓ೱȂആԚ࢈ᇅҴݳޠᄈࡒȄ 2000 ԒҖໍឪॷԪᕖூஉ࢈᠍ȂᖃಜࠔณݳජҴݳଲȂηґ२ຝᏵ ࢈ᄜپȂϛпཽޠӼឪ࣐ረටȂՅпӤ࢈ឪসяӉȂя౫Ўϲ ረޠ८ȂӱԫҴݳଲᇅᖃಜȃ࢈ଲᒌޠםቺяϛጐȞڨ 001Ȃ 002Ȃ009ȟȄѫΚР८ȂӶᖃಜᇅҴݳଲӼ឵ܼϛӤឪࣃਣȂȶᚗᓟ଼ٚȷ ޠ౫ຬٻூ࢈᠍ೱӉᜳпᘫ឵Ȅ2000 ԒҖໍឪചЬࡶ࿌ᒶᖃಜȂկҴݳ ଲϬпҖឪ࣐ӼឪȂȶഌ࢈ឪᎉȷޠ८םԚᏵ࢈ښ࡚ޠ᠍ೱϛఽІᄈܓޠ࢈ឪᝰލनෂȂҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠึႅژ౮ᓜȞڨ 001Ȃ005Ȃ009ȟȄᖃಜᇅ࢈ଲߞϟޠೱӉඳक़ᐡښณݳ҂ᒌȂณݳί ႁՅԥΩȃҦαՎίޠ؛๋ڽцȂٻூҖԒߝޠდႇโϜޠ࢈ഌ ཽԄစཽ࡛Іϲ࢈ഌᙂࠊࡤȂוᏖӶ්ഐ࢈ឪྜྷڟ୧ࡤڦூӔᜌȂӕ ໍҖԒߝޠᄃࢋᇅ௱Ȅ12 ԫѵȂ2000 ԒՎ 2008 ԒചЬࡶஉ࢈ਣȂඳႇϳ՞࢈ଲߞȂ ᄈܼҖԒߝޠ࢈๋௱ആԚೄτޠᒷᅘਞݏȞڨ 001Ȃ012ȟȄᏵݳ αᗷ፮ϡ࢈ଲଲߞȶഷା࢈ॷߞȷޠ՞Ȃկᄃ፵α፞Ӽ२τ࢈๋ ҦᖃಜࡈұȂӕህпᖃಜڏԥӉڽረටȃ၍යҴݳଲ๊ښᒌޠ᠍Ωਗ਼ΤΩ ໕ȂӱԫᖃಜڏԥȶಜӬȷђαȶಜݾȷޠᚗ२᠍Ωӵ՞ȂՅ࢈ଲଞ۩ ࢈๋დޠಒΡጤᄎࡤ՞Ȃ༊୳ڽȄ࢈ଲߞ౦ስϲረԚসӪ ཽ॓ೱȂՅڏԥᄃ᠍ޠᖃಜࠔณӪཽ॓ೱȂӱԫӶ࢈ᇅҴݳښᒌޠ ᐡښαณݳְᒌȂӤኻᏳय᠍ೱᜱ߾ѷᒌȂ࣐ҖԒߝޠ࢈๋ึᇍαജ ኈȄ࢈ݾᏱ༂ؿᆓᢏᄇ्Җໍឪஉ࢈ȂՅཽٯءԥӉեΚឪජඬႇљ ৱԪਣȂҖໍឪᇅѯᢋყ๗ᖓ࿘ឪ๗࿘ȂϬณݳජඬཽӼȞ༂ؿ ᆓȂ2003Ȉ3ȇ༂ވݎȂ2008Ȉ157ȟȄԃึ౫Җໍឪ࢈ۻޠႲᆘӶҴݳଲ ᎐ႅ֩ᜳȂђα࢈ឪඍିȂٻூ೩Ӽ२्ݳณݳႇᜱȂആԚҴݳଲᝓ २ޫᙾȄӼ࢈ۻᔗ࣐ഷٺޠҖԒߝႇޠਣᘉȂկࠔӱୋߴᒳᇅΟ ΡΚτӵᎫՅᘜȂՅՎЎ࢈ۻޠ؛๋ϜȂᐮ੩Ͼޠ࢈ឪᝰލᇅኴᄈښ ᒌηԚ࣐ҖԒߝ؛๋ޠ؛ᘉȄ ߓΡᐍ౪ӼᇅЎ࢈ۻਣޠ؛๋ႇโᇅ๗ݏȂٳηߓ౫Ӷࢳ ਣޠԒߝ࢈๋ࠊࡤᘜȃښ࡚ᡓᒯె༅౫ຬȄ
12 2000 Ԓ 8 У 28 С࢈ଲಒΝΫΡԪ࢈ଡ଼ཽፚ؛ឋȈȶҦ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȃ Ґഌ൸ࠊख़ڎᇅஉ࢈ឪІӶഐឪҴଲឪყщϸᇴ݃пؒӔᜌࡤȂӕණଲཽଇ ፤ȷȄ
ߓΡ ҖԒߝდ࢈᠍ᄙޠᙾಌ ᖃಜ ࢈ଲߞ ࢈ଲߞ Ӊᙜ ࢈᠍ ၽձዂԓ ࢈᠍ᄙ Ԓߝ࢈๋ึ ีᎄ ഀ 1993.2.27-1997.9.1 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪႇљ ีᎄ ᒄߞ 1997.9.1-1999.1.22 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪႇљ ีᎄ ᒄߞ 1999.1.22-2000.5.20 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪႇљ ϲ࢈ഌȃစཽ࡛ණяҖԒ ߝ૪Ȃ௵ަཽߴᓏښȂཿ ଡ଼ϸҴȃϲోᐍӬȄ ചЬࡶ ভॵ 2000.5.20-2000.10.6 ȃҖӔݾ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ߹ 2000.10.6-2002.2.1 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ෭ᓃ㣚 2002.2.1-2004.5.20 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ෭ᓃ㣚 2004.5.20-2005.2.1 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ᗃߞי 2005.2.1-2006.1.25 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ង॒݀ 2006.1.25-2007.5.21 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ ചЬࡶ ߹ 2007.5.21-2008.5.20 ᖃಜлᏳ ৱԪґႇљ २ණήޏҐҖԒߝ૪Ȃ ґቸ้ȄөིՃࢼຯޠя ѯȞ2002.05ȟ २ུःᔤҖԒߝ૪Ȃܼ ࢈ଲཽႇȂґଛҴݳଲ Ȟ2006.01ȟȄ ȶѯᢋစᔽҘ៊ึཽឋȷ ᕖयȶҖԒߝᇅഽߴԒߝ ϾӤؐ௱ȷȃȶࣻᜱࢼຯᐍ ӬဤСȷȞ2006ȟȄ२ུःᔤ ૪Ȃ2007 ԒႇȄ ၦਠٿྜȈձՍᐍ౪
ȞΚȟིՃࢼຯޠਜ਼౫ᇅҖԒߝޠ౪܉ލឋ
2000 ԒࡤചЬࡶ൸ӉᖃಜȂ࣐Πպ౫ȶ333 ԋঢ়ᆌւȷޠ࢈ُȂ ᡦڵ࢈ଲःᔤȶՃᆌւࢼຯኸپȷȂԚ්࣐ഐፑऐޠᏳЭጤȄҦིܼՃࢼຯ឵ܼޣ௦ѠདڨژޠᆌւȂђαԫਣޠԒߝ࢈๋ึРӪϛ ݃ȂηءԥఽྀޠݳࡢጓȂЇՅӶঐР८ુЎښ࡚؛ᘉޠښङȂԚ ࣐ԫਣȃҖڎឪᝰލᒶಊޠឋᚡȄՅйӶލڦҴݳଲϜᜱᗥޠ՟Җ ҴېМࡼਣȂηΚڂႇΠȶ՟ҖིՃᆌւҢࣁࢼຯȷȂࣦՎ՟Җ ՃስڦིՃᆌւࢼຯޠԒឮ७࣐ 55 ྒȄژΠࡤٿޠՃၼࢼຯȂஉ ࢈ឪᇅӶഐឪᝰࣻђጇޠൠȂࢼຯ࡚ 2003 Ԓޠ 3000 ϰΚޣെቌ Վഷࡤޠ 6000 ϰȄ ϛӤޠིՃࢼຯึܺȂڿดӱᔗԒߝښ࡚ᒷґᐍ࡛Ҵޠ᠍ۤ௪ ࢋȂࠔηบԄዟԩܝޠ౾φΚૢȂΚҎ҉ࡤ߰ః࢈ឪᝰഃђጇޠඊ ᕘȂםԚԫਣࣻᜱԒߝښ࡚ᒶᐆޠᕘძښङӱષȞڨ 001Ȃ005Ȃ009ȟȄ Ӷ܂ࡤޠԒߝ࢈๋ଇ፤ϜȂིՃࢼຯึܺΚޣԚ࣐ߣᛥᐍӬܓԒߝښ࡚࡛ ҴޠϔᘚȄҦܼࢼຯШ॓ᛵຳဏଡ଼ȃڐܛѠُޠւઊηڏԥਞઊȂ ᡲڨઊҖಁҢ᠍ւཏᜌᇅስڦࢼຯޠࡠȇӤਣӶณۼࢿԓޠђጇίȂ ЇՅٻҐଇ፤ϜޠҖԒߝ࢈๋ःឋᅘȂϛܿᇴ݉ڨઊӕ࡚Ӳᘫژ ᛵຳᇅрᄈ๊ޠަཽߴᓏࠍȞڨ 001Ȃ003Ȃ004Ȃ005Ȃ011ȟȄ ᏒᆔϟϲȂࢼຯԓԒߝٟഁ၍؛п܂ॗϵఁпѵޠՃစᔽԋӓୱ ᚡȂᄈܼڐуࣻᜱҖԒߝښ࡚ଇ፤ޠښߓ౫Ӷଓ࢈ޠ௷ᔡਞݏȄӶᒶ ᖟᔇΩІϛӤަཽყᡞޠ्ؒίȞپԄഽϏყᡞ्ؒЩྲᒳ౪ȟȂҖໍឪ ࢈ۻ҇೪ݳӶҴݳଲᇅӼޠЇᄈឪᄯఌȂӤਣӶ֩ๅޠଓ࢈ޒݸί൷ ׳ଓྜȄԄեಥ๗ঐႇ࡚ަᆌၦྜޠ࢈๋Ȃԥ४ၦྜϜܼഷԥ ्҇ޠҭαȂ߰Ԛ࣐ࡤٿޠҖԒߝ࢈๋ࡧᆱȄ ѫΚР८Ȃ࢈ഌߟԥޠȶҖԒߝښ࡚დϏձϊಣȷܼ ᘜޠޒᄙȂࣻᜱޠდϏձ߰ᙾҦ࢈ଲစཽ࡛ᑀΩܜᐋȂԚ࣐ԫਣ ᜱᗥޠഌߟȄစཽ࡛२ུᔯଇҖԒߝდᄻདྷȂණяᓾᇌߴᓏ ښȃަཽߴᓏښІӓҖණኧ҂ᒌஆߝښ๊ήРȄঐਣᐡණяήٯ
ചঅூཏޠ࢈๋ःឋᙾȂഥަཽߴᓏښΚޣ 1990 Ԓхࡼ៊ࡧ ՄޠРӪȄΚР८ަཽߴᓏښޠდᒷᒷءԥဤᄃ࣐࢈๋ȂѫΚР८ စཽ࡛ޠлᏳۣসӼ࣐စᔽनෂяٙȂڨژөԒߝؾԥϾޠᗎ༗Ж ᏳȂпሇଓ࢈॓ᐋ࣐ҦԂঐவЙښ࡚Ȟڨ 001Ȃ006ȟȄᏒᆔԄ ԫȂԫਣޠ࢈ഌߟٯϛఽྀஉ࢈ឪାቺޠԂȂܛпᙥҦήٯചޠР ԓȂᗘռޣ௦ਗ਼ΤፓᚖϾޠ࢈๋ឋโȞጿۤᑮȂ2008Ȉ99-102ȟȄՅӶଓ ྜ௪ޠՄ໕ίȂ࢈ଲഄ؛ۢᓾᇌߴᓏښ࣐ґٿდޠРӪȂ௷Τ 2002 Ԓ 5 УӓަཽᆌւཽឋޠឋโȄѠпᇴՎԫࢳȂҦܼҖл࢈ݾ ആԚޠښ࡚؛ᘉᡑϾȂԒߝ࢈๋ٗӪӓᇅ 1990 Ԓхޠଇ፤τࣻഄ ৴ȈΚР८ȂཿۣᄈܼࢼຯԓԒߝޠۢᄙ࡚ȂӓณݳႆЦ࢈ឪᎉ ࡤޠ්ഐᝰލᡓᒯȇѫΚР८ȂࢼຯښޠᄃࢋηആԚ࢈ۻଓ࢈ؗ२ޠ॓ ᐋȂٻூԥޠښ࡚೪ॏࡧᆱҦަߴښᙾӪঐவЙԓޠᓾߴښȄࣦՎ࣐ ΠጦϏ୧ࣩᄈަᆌМяቩђޠᅹኍȂя౫ȶစᔽᓻӒȂަᆌኸጦȷޠ ፤።Ȅ
ȞΡȟަཽᆌւყᡞᇅঢ়ᏱޠِུՔ
௦ίٿޠ࢈๋ᙾึȂӤኻྜՍܼ࢈ឪᎉࡤަཽΩ໕ᑺକޠུ ؛ᘉȄ2000 Ԓޠ࢈ឪᎉȂҖໍឪпхߓЇᄈ༗Ωޠ࠽ᄙஉ࢈Ȃቩޠ࢈ ݾೱӉࠔ८ᖞЎ࢈ۻޠᏵ࢈֩ძȂঐਣޠҖໍឪ࢈ۻ࣐ΠϾҖ ཏȂηᡲަᆌ๊Җւઊყᡞ᐀ԥၷτޠឋโښ᠍ȂԚ࣐ѫΚঐུя౫ ޠښ࡚؛ᘉȄഷӫޠ߰ 2002 Ԓ 5 УޠӓަཽᆌւཽឋȂӼঐަ ᆌყᡞಣԚޠȶҖަཽᆌւ௱ϊಣȷȂၑშᏘᆺӔᜌȂՅӶԫࡤޠ Ԓߝ࢈๋ႇโϜᅌ२्ޠ؛ِՔȄஆܼ።ަཽӔᔽޠ౪܉ȂȶҖ ަཽᆌւ௱ϊಣȷлަཽߴᓏ࣐ଓྜ௪ޠРԓȂՅসЇᄈ࿌ਣ࢈ଲ឵ཏޠᓾߴښȞڨ 004Ȃ005Ȃ009ȟȄЏڐቔ߱ܣӉᖃಜ ۻ๋ୱםԚޠᗗ፤ᔇΩȂय़ٻചЬࡶ࿌८ܜᒜࡹྲަᆌყᡞޠຨؒȂ ්ӪަߴښდҖԒߝȄঐᔜቒܓޠ࢈๋ᙾȂٻூ࢈ଲϛூϛ२ ུાΤަཽߴᓏޠᒶȂდᒳȶϊҖԒߝߴᓏȷోᇑґђڐуԒ ߝߴᓏޠҖȄկȂԄӤݔ݃Ȟ2001Ȉ157ȟࡿяȂѯᢋަཽၽყ ᡞુЎኅހޠᡞಣᙒஆᙄȂၷᜳӶΚঐᅟߞޠ࢈๋ႇโϜࡼ៊ึҢ ኈΩȄ܂܂Ӷ੬ۢឋᚡᏳЖίȂϛӤყᡞϟ๋ܓޠ๗࿘ܗᖓӬঐ րҴېӶឋཽϜึᖑȂᘉӶԒߝ࢈๋ႇโϜٸᙠԄԫȄစႇ 2002 Ԓޠ ӓަᆌཽឋࡤȂΚഌϸަᆌყᡞᡞᇰژಣᙒᖓӬЖᏳឋᚡޠ्҇Ȃܼ 2003 ԒϜӬಣȶހ๚ᖓ࿘ȷȂוగ࡛ҴକϵҖަཽޠΩ໕Ȃᇅަཽစᔽ ޠឋᚡȄӶԒߝ࢈๋Р८Ȃހ๚ᖓ࿘ණяᚗቺԒߝᡞقޠлȂוగѯ ᢋԒߝᡞقᐍӬ࣐ஆᙄԒߝᇅߤђԒߝȂኻޠಣᙒসηӕԪםԚ࢈๋ ښۢޠᔇΩȞހ๚ᖓ࿘Ȃ2003ȟȄ ԫਣϲ࢈ഌٸᐄ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽܛණȶҖԒߝښ࡚დȷ ൣ֚І؛ۢ௵ަཽߴᓏښۢȄ13ښ࡚࢝ᄻᆱࡼࠊΚࢳȶཿଡ଼ϸҴȷ ϊᐍӬРȂϲ࢈ഌٯܼ 2003 Ԓ 6 УԚҖԒߝߴᓏݳ૪ଛՎҴݳ ଲቸឋȂӶ࢈ۻԥҖԒߝښ࡚დϟஆᙄαȂ၏๗፤ᆡઢાΤ ҖԒߝݳ૪Ȅᗷด࢈ଲႇҖԒߝݳ૪ȂկҴݳଲһрΡឪ ყڟ୧ȂԫਣଷΠঐޏҐѵȂӤਣηя౫ҖឪޏІؖ൳ېসޠڎঐ ޏҐȂЖକഽϏᇅަᆌყᡞޠᜱݨȞቔҞ៍ȃചҔҖȂ2005Ȉ86-90ȟȄ14
13 ࿌ਣᇰ࣐ҖԒߝښ࡚пަཽߴᓏዂԓ࣐ۤȂٯᔗщϸՄ໕࢈ۻᔗߴሬҖஆ ҐҢࣁϟᙜೱȃзхϵ҂ܓȃॴᓏϸᐋȃᐍᡞަཽଓ࢈ܜᐋΩȃஆҐҢࣁߴ ሬЬྦȃπՃϾϟፑᔟ๊ӱષȂпښ࡚ϟҘ៊ึ࣐ࠍȄ 14 ϲ࢈ഌߞն࢈Ᏽхߓϲ࢈ഌᇴ݃ҖԒߝȂስޠԒߝߝ 7900 ϰȇҖឪ ყ።уউܛᛵޠߴຳၷЎȂٯйђጇႇࡤٻԒߝስژ 8900 ϰȇؖ൳ࠍ ።ϛཽ༇φޠঐவЙښȂпစᔽᏱޠᢏᘉ።Սϐ॓ೱՃϾޠୱᚡȂп
࿌ਣӶҴଲཽ๗ޠਣᔇΩίȂҴېᄈܼҖԒߝޠښ࡚ᒶᐆณ ݳҴ֊ႁԚӔᜌȂҴݳϏձӕ࡚ଞӲ࢈ഌߟȄήᆎޏҐޠя౫ᇅ ҴݳႇโޠፑȂᡘұЎ࢈ۻޠ࢈ഌߟᇅЇᄈឪජඬޠҴݳഌߟҦ ܼࣻϤඡهՅᏳयޠ࢈๋ᒷᅘ౫ຬȂӶөՍࡼϛӤޠݳҴൠם ίȂݳ८ᖞᔥဋȂ२ѫѵΚঐࢳ࢈ۻᇅަཽყᡞᇅޠԒߝ࢈๋ ႇโȄ 2005 ԒߒӶ࢈ଲߞᗃߞיࡿұίȂҦᏱяٙޠരҴဩ࢈ଡ଼ېস॓ ೱდҖԒߝښ࡚ȂԄԫᄈܼԒߝ࢈๋ښۢႇโҢᡑϾȂםԚΚঐԥ րܼп܂пစཽ࡛࣐л्ڟ።ᐡᄻޠ؛๋ዂԓȄҦܼര࢈ېᇅަཽყᡞޠ ߞӬձᜱ߾ȂпڐяӉ࢈ଡ଼ېস॓ೱდȂΚР८хߓᏱޠِՔ࣐ ӭ२ȂѫΚР८η࣐ަᆌყᡞః࣐ޣ௦ᇅኈԒߝ࢈๋ޠึᖑᐡ ཽȄ࿌ਣޠަᆌყᡞϟᗷดϬดԇԥݣُȂկлໆϑစۢ՞ܼпใԞ ښ࣐лޠஆቺԒߝȃህϟпښ࡚τᐍӬޠಒΡቺߤђԒߝዂԓȞпഽߴᘘ τાߴРԓȟȂٯй࣐࢈ឪᝰࣻђጇޠིՃࢼຯॐίဤСȞеᄹይȃ ༂ు߈ȃାੵዯȂ2007ȟȄര࢈ېᇅަᆌყᡞ৵ፚᕤ၍ٯᕖூཏُࡤȂӕ ᗝࣻᜱ࢈ഌߟໍྜྷڟ።࢈๋ޠѠܓȄଲཽႇпަཽߴᓏښ࣐ лໆȂٸȶҖԒߝϏձȷდРӪ೪ॏԒߝݳȂҦަᆌყᡞȃ්ഐ ڎឪІ࢈ഌߟӔӤः୧םԚڏԥӔᜌޠޏҐȄӶ௦ίٿޠഌཽڟ୧ႇโ ϜȂര࢈ېࠔٸด᎐ႅࣻᜱഌߟޠ፵ᅹȂЏڐᘘτഽߴޠឋᚡΚޣณݳ ᕖூഽېཽޠॷȞڨ 003Ȃ007ȟȄӕђα 2004 ԒϑႇഽϏଞӅུ ښпІөԓޠིՃࢼຯȂϑစ४ᕼ௦ίٿޠ࢈๋ᒶȂѬ഼ίഽߴپᇅ
ռኈঢ়ଓ࢈ȄήᆎϛӤޠޏҐٯചܼҴݳଲϜȂӏᜋϜޠѢࣃژѿࣃ ࣲӶ࢈ഌߟϜණȂᡘ౫࢈ഌߟޠ౪܉ીݣȄҴݳଲಒϥཽ۪ϜȂ්ഐ ࢈ឪޠڟ୧ཏُϬดґႁԚӔᜌȂήޏޠ࢝ᄻϛΚȂณݳഃڂଇ፤Ȃέӕ ࡚ଞӲ࢈ഌߟȄ
ҖԒߝሡ௦ޠୱᚡȂءԥޫᐍӬܓԒߝښ࡚ޠᄃࢋȞڨ 013ȇ ѫѵЩၷভНኌȃဩਫྕȂ2006ȟȄӶစႇଇ፤ࡤȂര࢈ې࡛ឋпަཽߴ ᓏ࣐࢝ᄻȂՃԒрࠍᆓຝϛӤݸпڎᆎϵԓॏᆘȈߴԒၦ X Уߴ ߝ X1.2%Ȃܗ 3000 ϰɮߴԒၦ X Уߴߝ X0.6%Ȃӕᐆᓻ፝ስ Ȟڨ 012ȇϜ๊݃Ȃ2007Ȉ21-24ȟȄկҦܼҖყᡞϬดԥϛ ӤཏُȂђαង॒݀ϲረظ௦ᗃߞיϲረαӉȂུӉረටࡿұኸਣᔥဋ ԫ࢈๋РȄ ԫࡤϛεȂݔቈఁ௳௦ӉരҴဩޠ࢈ېᙜ՞Ȃ२ུۗᇅަᆌყᡞ ڟ୧ҖԒߝޠ࢈๋Ȅӕђαሬᖓ࿘яٙᐋӉҖໍឪಒϳ۪Ҵېޠеᄹ ይȂпІစӶυഀጤٲஐၽޠ༂ుऽҴېȂηӶҴݳଲڴᔗݔ࢈ې ޠ࢈๋ښۢևΩȄپԄеېসӶҴݳଲණঔҔȶഽϏߴᓏپȷᇅණ яȶҖԒߝ૪ȷȂᗷดٯءԥூژ්ഐҴېޠМࡼȂҭޠࠔӶᏳЖᗗ ፤ݨཏژᘘτഽߴᇅߴᜍԒߝޠឋᚡȞڨ 005ȟȄᏒᆔݔ࢈ېӶӉϲഃ ᅛᇅަᆌყᡞםԚӔᜌȂӶڟ።ࣻᜱഌཽޠྜྷႇโϜࠔΚኻ᎐ႅഽېཽ ޠܣȂณݳڐЇᄈᘘτഽߴાߴጓ൝ޠᄙ࡚ȄЏڐഽېཽᇰ࣐ᐍ Ӭཽኈژഽߴޠଓଡ଼ୱᚡȂҼԥѠഀழܵ࠴ҖԒߝޠଓଡ଼Ȃӕђ пՄ໕Ԓၦȃߴᖡၦ๊ᐍӬαޠ֩ᜳȂӱԫࡼϸҴޠҴൠȞڨ 003Ȃ007ȟȄ࿌ਣޠԥᜌഎఽྀҖԒߝᘫ឵ܼഽېཽܗሠఅഌ࣐л ᆔᐡᜱٯϛ࿌Ȃկߴᇅഽߴᐍڂᘫ឵ϲ࢈ഌȂέႅژഽېཽޠЇᄈ ᇅࡼȂഽߴᇅၼߴᜳпପӬᐍӬԓޠԒߝᡞښȞڨ 001Ȃ002Ȃ003Ȃ 007Ȃ008Ȃ011ȟȄԫηᡘұяп࢈ଡ଼ېসлᏳޠ࢈๋ڟ୧ዂԓ४ȈҦ ܼ࢈ଲߞ༊Ӫᖃಜ॓ೱޠᄎߞȂӶҖໍឪஉ࢈ޠΥԒϟϜέඳႇ ϳԪ࢈ॷߞȂђα්ഐᜱ߾ޠᆨȂᜳпϡ࢈ଡ଼ېসۢޠМࡼ༺ නȄӱԫҖԒߝ࢈๋ณݳΩՅԥਞޠҦαՎί௱ȂηณΩ҉ખ࢈ ഌߟϟӶڟ።ਣᡘ౫ޠҐ՞лဏȄ
ӶҖԒߝޠپφϜȂҖໍឪЎ࢈ۻޠ࢈՞᠍ΩೞಁӼښ࡚ ؛ᘉ४ᕼȂߣᛥҖԒߝᇅഽߴᐍӬޠѠܓȂίϸҴԓަཽߴᓏ ᡞښޠӆ์ȄึՎԫȂݔ࢈ېηѬଞՅؒڐԪȂᙾՅ೪ॏᇅരҴဩ ޏҐծޠ࢈๋РȂη൸ϊޠҖԒߝߴᓏȂѬోᇑၼҖІڐу ۧґೞॗϵఁܗഽߴߴሬޠထȄଷΠܛூх౦ϊԥᡑѵȂл्४ ښስႇڐуަཽߴᓏՃԒрȂϛூӕђΤҖԒߝߴᓏȂٯйԥ ӈޠ೪ۢөིՃࢼຯޠဤСȄᓎ 2006 Ԓ 7 УޠȶѯᢋစᔽҘ៊ึ ཽឋȷҖԒߝӗ࣐ަཽԋӓಣᚡᆫϟΚȂӶ๗፤Ϝ࣐ٻҖԒߝ ႁژΫΡӔӤཏُޠҭޠȂϲ࢈ഌᔤॐȶ௱ҖԒߝښ࡚ॏฬȷા ࣐ȶ2015 ԒစᔽึෂϟτྤཹަཽᆌւಒΚࢳήԒፑڗॏฬȷ ϟΫΡஉॏდϟΚȂѣཽឋȃϵཽኅાөࣩཏُȄ2007 Ԓ࢈ ଲή࡚ႇଲཽଇ፤ȂٯӶӤԒ 7 УܼҴݳଲήႇȂ2008 Ԓ 10 У ۗࢋȄ ҖԒߝݳႇࡤޠލឋၼҖાΤߴሬπϟӗȂᘉࠔЖକ ၼҖყᡞޠឋȇӱ࣐ӒޠၼҖߴᓏϜȂ࢈ۻ॓ᐋ 90%ߴຳȂٯйᗚє ֥ڐуҖԒߝܛءԥޠрȂӤਣѠпؑУڿۢስڦՃၼࢼຯ 6000 ϰȄ ᄈܼၼҖՅّȂђΤҖԒߝᡞق๊ܼΚᆎᡑࣻޠᆌւࠉȂӱՅԥၼ ҖᇅҖԒߝႚޠ्ؒя౫Ȅᓎ 2008 ԒᖃಜτᒶޠٿᖞȂၼҖڸ ҖԒߝႚޠ्ؒץӶҖឪ२ུஉ࢈ϟࡤᕖூ२ຝȂᓎ֊Ӷஉ࢈ឪխ ΠήϸϟΡৱԪޠҴݳଲႇҖԒߝޠঔҔݳȄՎԫጃۢҖԒߝޠ ᒳ௷ଷၼҖȂࡤٸดስڦпၼҖߴᓏ࣐лޠՃၼࢼຯȄԄԫΚٿȂ ҖԒߝԚ࣐ӫಓڐᄃޠ৶༗ԒߝߴᓏȂѷџަཽߴᓏϜҐٿᔗ၏ϲ֥ ޠτݳࠍॴᓏϸᐋཏဏȂᘉѐᡘԒߝ࢈๋ښۢႇโϜ८ᄈޠ؛ ᘉӼϰ੬ܓȂၷܿᏳयښ࡚ᡑ᎑ޠϛᛨۢȄ
ѳȃϊ๗
ഇႇα८ޠϸݚȂשউᇰ࣐Ӷ 2000 Ԓ࢈ឪᎉϟࡤȂѯᢋ࢈ݾښ࡚ Ϝޠ؛ᘉ੬ܓ߰ᡘяٿȄӶ 1988 ԒՎ 1995 Ԓ८ᖞҖлऐખޠᙾࢆ Ȃ࢈ឪᝰލ௱ҖԒߝޠึѠܓȂկ༊ѬܼโזαޠҖлȂ ༊Ӷ࢈ଲഌཽᇅҴݳଲޠණϟၾٗȄ1996 ԒՎ 1999 ԒࠍቩђӼ ණޠѠܓȂ࢈ۻഌߟηϛᘟޠःឋȃდȂԫਣஉ࢈ᗷߩା࡚ޠ᠍ ΩϜȂկҦܼஉ࢈ឪӶҴݳଲϜڏႇљӼȂӱԫϬၷ་Ӫ᠍ΩϜޠ ዂԓȄӶঐݸίȂҖឪᗷดڏԥା࡚ޠಜܓȂڐᄈަཽ࢈๋ޠᏆ ΩηѠӶ 1995 ԒӓҖୋߴޠᄃࢋϜᑜُȂկڐᄈܼҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠ؛ᘟ ΩࠔϛԄӓҖୋߴȂђпӓҖୋߴޠࢋڸΟΡΚτӵᎫޠѵӱȂҖԒ ߝޠᄃࢋೞᔥဋȞڨ 001Ȃ005Ȃ012ȟȄשউདྷࡿя᠍ΩϜޠښ࡚་ ӪܼೱӉϜȂ᠍ΩޠϜᗷดቩ࢈ۻႁژ࢈๋ҭዀޠΩȂկηђτ ࢈ۻޠॴᓏȂуউ࣐҇Ѡϛڨߕޠ࢈๋ᄈϵಁ॓ೱȂٯйܤयӶᒶ ᖟϜڨژᛄᆵޠ๗ݏȞPierson, 1994: 33; Weaver & Rockman, 1993: 15ȟȄܿ ّϟȂΚঐ࢈ۻԄݏӶΚঐ᠍ΩϜޠښ࡚ᕘძϜၽձȂᐈᖄ࢈๋ޠΩ ѠཽȂկѻηђՄኍڐ࣐ӶᒶᖟਣആԚޠࡤݏȂӶ؛ᘉၷЎ й᠍ΩϜޠӤਣȂηђೱӉޠϜȄӱԫӶ᠍ΩᇅೱӉޠᒌϟϜȂ ٻᖃᡞޠҖԒߝ࢈๋๗ݏڏԥϛጃۢܓȄ ࣻၷϟίȂ2000 ԒՎ 2008 ԒޠѯᢋȂߩկᐤစҖлϾᙾȂӶஉ ࢈ឪᎉȃЎ࢈ۻޠݸίȂ֖౫᠍Ωା࡚ϸයޠݸȄ᠍Ωϸයښ࡚ Ϝၽձޠ࢈ۻȂ҇ᇅѵഌւઊყᡞፚցڟ୧९௪ࢋȂٯйяᡲؐȂ ڐ๗ݏႁϛژуউ࢈๋९ޠߒȂӱ࣐ښ࡚ܓޠ᠍ΩϸයቩМࡼᆌ ւښ࡚ᖓ࿘ޠΩ໕ȞBonoli, 2000: 43-51, 2001: 239ȟȄӶ 2000 ԒՎ 2008 Ԓ ϟȂҦܼЎ࢈ۻޠஉ࢈֩ძȂםԚ᠍Ωା࡚ϸයޠ८ȂೱӉޠᘫ឵ηା࡚ϛ݃ጃȄ࿌ښ࡚ණٽ؛ᘉਣȂ൸ཽᄈ࢈ۻښ؛๋ႇโڸጃߴ ႇ੬ۢ࢈๋๗ݏޠΩᄻԚ४ښȂٳ੬ኊᄈ࢈ۻΩԥኈȞڨ 003Ȃ004Ȃ012ȟȄښ࡚ޠِ࡚ࣽȂӶڏԥ᠍Ωϸය੬ᘉޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ϜȂ Ў࢈ۻੀϜޠښ࡚؛ᘉቩђȂ᠍Ωႇ࡚ϸයȂٻ࢈๋ዂڨ४Ȃ ࢈๋ॐۢਣηཽ۾ᰏȄ ดՅȂӶ᠍Ωϸයޠښ࡚Ϝၽձޠ࢈ۻȂႇ௵ڦાΤѵഌყᡞ ޠ؛๋๋Ȃණା࢈ഌߟޠឋቌΩȄӱ࣐ҖлϾࡤޠѯᢋ࢈ݾ ښ࡚ϜȂϱ೩ѵഌყᡞ഻ആᐡཽпኈ࢈๋ޠҴݳȂܛп࢈ۻηΚޣӍშ ױٳყᡞ֝Ԟໍ؛๋ႇโϜȂᙥԫᘘτ܅ԫޠኈΩȄӶҖԒߝߴᓏ ޠښۢႇโϜȂࡶ࢈ۻ߰ႇӓަཽᆌւཽឋІစᔽҘ៊ึཽឋȂ ѵഌყᡞђпાΤښ࡚ϟϜȂпණ݈ᐍᡞޠ࢈ۻၽձΩȄӶঐݸ ίȂւઊყᡞѠпٻңᇅ࢈๋ښۢႇโϜޠᐡཽȂႁژߣЦ੬ۢ࢈๋Р ӪޠਞݏȄӶኻޠݸίȂ࢈ۻৡܿ௦ڨፚցȃя࢈๋؛ឋޠᡲؐȂ ٯϡᜱᗥΚۢޠ၅ᓼȞBonoli, 2001: 238ȟȄѯᢋӶҖлऐખਣ ȂӤኻഇႇւઊყᡞϘٻூҖԒߝޠឋᚡԚ࣐Ҵݳଲଇ፤ޠឋโȄҔ ӱ࣐؛ᘉޠቩђȂߵٻ࢈ۻདژᔇΩȂᄈܼҖԒߝޠ࢈๋ښۢ༗҇ яӲᔗᇅᄈ๋Ȅ ᙐّϟȂשউޠϸݚࡿяӶҖлϾϾޠႇโϜȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᡑ Ͼ࣐ҖԒߝޠ࢈๋௱ђ፞ΠӼ२ޠ؛ᘉȂᏳयϸҴԓޠԒߝߴᓏښ ࡚ȄӶϸݚϜשউึ౫ҖлϾޠႇโϜȂ࢈๋ឋโޠښԟޠ ۣлᏳഃؐᙾඳՎӼϰަཽᇅޠዂԓȄ൸ԫՅّȂҖлϾࡤޠ؛ᘉ ӼϰϾȂ࢈ഌߟᇅۣٸดᅌΫϸᜱᗥޠِՔȂկѻউϛӕ ୳Κޠ२्؛ᘉȄЏڐӶ࢈ឪᎉϟࡤȂΚР८ڨښܼЎ࢈ۻᇅ්ഐ ᆨޠੀȂѫΚР८ηఃަᆌყᡞᇅ؛๋ޠᐡཽȄঐښ࡚؛ᘉ םᄙޠᡑϾਞݏȂӶ 2002 ԒޠӓަᆌཽឋࠊࡤึදூిᅎᅿयȂԚѓ
ଜᙾ࢈ഌߟཏమ௱ޠᓾᇌঐவЙښȄดՅ࢈ឪᝰލཏѵЖึޠིՃ ࢼຯښ࡚ᡓᒯȂђαԥަཽߴᓏлᆔᐡᜱޠւઊࡼȂпІഽଞུښޠ ᄃࢋȂτൾ४ަᆌყᡞᇅܛЖึޠښ࡚ᘘਞᔗȂҖԒߝߴᓏܼ ٗӪᑀޠϊߴᓏዂԓȄ
Ӄȃ๗፤
؛ᘉޠ࢈ݾښ࡚፤п࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᢏᘉȂᇴ݃࢈ݾႇโϜޠښ࡚ᐡ ښԄեኈ࢈๋Ȃᙥԫᕤ၍ᄙޠϵӔ࢈๋؛๋ႇโȄҦԫѠп၍ម࢈๋ ᄙᡑ᎑ڸၦྜڟ୧ޠႇโȂȶښ࡚ȷණٽ࢈๋ښۢޠၾᔜࠍȂ࢈ݾښ ࡚ڸᒶᖟᔇΩٻ࢈๋ם༮ڨژኈȂӱԫ࢈๋؛๋ޠл्ΩႇโϜޠ ȶ࢈ݾȷӱષȞImmergut & Anderson, 2007: 7ȟȄѯᢋࡅ᠍ᡞښٗӪҖл ϾȂҦ᠍ΩϜٗӪା࡚ϸයޠႇโȂשউѠпُࣽϛӤޠ؛ᘉҭ ᓎϟቩђȄႇЎޠ؛ᘉȂٻ᠍Ωା࡚ϜȂٯйٸྲЎܗΚ ޠ౪܉ໍ࢈๋؛ឋȇՅႇӼޠ؛ᘉȂࠍٻ᠍Ωା࡚ϸයȂٯйٸྲ ϛӤᒶҖԂ࣐࢈๋؛๋ޠРӪȄ ҖԒߝښ࡚ޠښۢႇโ϶ߞຳਣȃ࢈๋РӪϛΚयȂϛӤޏҐޠ૪ ਜ਼αᘩ८ȂഷࡤႇϊᐍӬԓޠϸҴҖԒߝߴᓏȂᡞ౫яҖлϾႇโ Ϝ࢈๋؛ឋϸයӼϰϾޠ੬ܓȄשউ௵ң ImmergutȞ1992ȟпІ Bonoli Ȟ2000, 2001ȟޠᢏᘉȂ።࢈ݾښ࡚Ϝޠ᠍ΩϤࠍኈ؛๋ൠޠ ၽձȂ᠍Ωϛᄈ๊ޠ࢈๋؛ឋႇโѠҦښ࡚Ϝޠ؛ᘉٿ௱ᙛᇅښᒌȄѯ ᢋޠԒߝ९ႇโϜȂᇅӼϰϾȂٯйӶ؛๋ൠϜِഃ࢈ݾᐡ ཽȇӤਣӕђαښ࡚؛ᘉޠቩӼȂٻூԒߝښ࡚࡛ҴႇโΫϸ᛫Ȅש উᇰ࣐ҖлϾޠΩ໕Ȃ༮ആ࢈ݾښ࡚Ϝޠ؛ᘉȂߵٻҖԒߝ࢈්๋Ӫᇅࡅ᠍ਣᄡดϛӤޠښ࡚ᡓᒯึȄӶҖлऐખਣȂӶഐឪޠึᖑණ ٽԥΩޠΩȂߵٻ࢈ۻഌߟ࡛ҴःឋܗϊಣȂ௱ҖԒߝޠ დȄژΠҖлᎰڿਣȂҖԒߝდϜഃؐ௱я࢈๋ቸឋᇅःفൣ֚๗ ݏȂկ࿌ਣ࢈ۻٯґױඬਣᐡႇ࢈๋Ȃٻூڐࡤޠ؛๋ႇโםፓᚖ ϾȄҖлϾਣਣȂҖໍឪ࢈ۻ२ུდҖԒߝޠᄻདྷȂήᆎᄡดϛ ӤޠޏҐਜ਼αҴݳଲ؛ឋޠᘩ८ȄկӶЎ࢈ۻښ࡚ښङίȂ૪ၾٗ ܼ࢈ȃҴݳഌߟϟȂђαөᆎࢼຯޠࢋȂпІަᆌყᡞޠึᖑȂആ ൸Ӽ२؛ᘉޠൠ८Ȅঐښ࡚ښङҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠึȂࣦՎΚ࡚ םԚ࢈ݾޫᙾޠҖл֩ძȈ࢈ឪᝰލᏳयޠࢼຯᘘװԣԥޠԒߝ࢈๋ დȂђαښ࡚؛ᘉޠቩђȂٻ࢈ۻޠឋ؛Ωڨ४ȂആԚԒߝ९ޠ ᖠ֩ึȄ ҖԒߝ࢈๋ښۢႇโޠϸݚѠпࣽяȂ᠍ΩϜЩၷৡܿጃߴ࢈ ๋ޠѠႲܓȂԫਣޠᜱᗥӱષ؛ܼۢஉ࢈ޠ߭܉Ȅᓎ᠍Ωޠϸය ϾȂښ࡚؛ᘉޠቩђЁା࢈๋ښۢႇโޠϛጃۢܓȂၷৡܿя౫ϛӤޠ ၰ৸Ȅ൸שউϸݚѯᢋԒߝښ࡚࡛ᄻޠစᡜᡘұȂѯᢋޠҖлϾᄈܼަཽ ࢈๋ޠኈڏᚗ८ܓȈΚР८ȂၗԄ೩Ӽݎٴަཽ࢈๋ޠःفࡿяȂҖл Ͼޠጃழٿᆌւᘘޠᗎ༗Ȃᡲ೩ӼަཽᜟጣყᡞηߧְᓒȄѫΚР ८ȂҐНଭᄈѯᢋԒߝ९ޠϸݚӍშࡿяȂᆌւᘘٸᙠཽڨژ࢈ݾښ ࡚ޠၽձᡓᒯښङȇЏڐښ࡚؛ᘉᇅ؛ޠፓᚖϾȂԂѠᡲᆌ ւᘘޠਞݏ҉ԛȂࣦՎѠ॓८ޠኈȞپԄིՃࢼຯޠђጇȟȄ ൸ᘉՅّȂשউޠϸݚ๗ݏڸࠊख़ःفݎٴަཽ࢈๋ޠНᝧԥΚٳৰ Ȃл्ϛӤᘉӶܼשউᄈܼҖлϾޠኈЩၷߴȂᇰ࣐ѻܛЖึޠᆌ ւᘘȂഷಥᗚᆓຝ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᄙ؛ۢ࢈๋ޠ๗ݏȞݔቈȂ1994; Haggard & Kaufman, 2008; Ku, 2001; Peng & Wong, 2008; Wong, 2004ȟȄܿ ّϟȂҖлϾᄈܼަཽ࢈๋ޠኈȶЬၸՒȂҼѠ᙮ՒȷȂᜱᗥӶ
ܼ࢈ݾښ࡚Ԅեጓᇅϟޠ᠍Ωᜱ߾ȂпІښ࡚ϜԥӼЎ؛ ᘉཽښङ؛๋ޠึႇโȄ ᘉณᅹґٿݎٴޠԒߝЩၷःفޠໍΚؐ፟ᚡȂЏڐӶݎٴҖл ޠึϜঢ়ȂҖлښ࡚ҐٙηܼᄦસᏱಭᇅښ࡚።ᎍޠႇโȂᆎ࢈ ݾښ࡚ޠᡑ᎑Ȃη౫Ӷᄈަཽ࢈๋ޠኈᡑϾαȄЏڐӶҖлϾആԚ ؛ᘉቩђޠݸίȂϨቅ࢈ݾΩആԚϛӤޠԒߝ࢈๋๗ݏȉ15՚Р ঢ়ޠःفࡿя࢈ឪᝰލΚঐ२्ޠӱᡑȂՅኈөӶϛӤਣ ޠᆌւ९๗ݏȞHuber & Stephens, 2001; Kitschelt, 2001; Lynch, 2006ȟȄ կঐӱષӶѯᢋޠԒߝ९စᡜϜծоءԥࡼ៊ܓޠኈΩȈѻѬӶ 1990 ԒхҖлऐખਣϜԥ݃ᡘޠձңȂӶࡤ៊ޠึϜࠔѬ࣐Չఞԓ ޠђጇ࢈ݾȂءԥఽޠ࢈ឪཏᜌᄙৰȄӤኻޠםηึҢӶަཽყ ᡞޠΩ໕ϸݣȈϏཽпІϛӤޠަᆌყᡞϟޠ๋ᖓ࿘ٯґ֖౫Κय ܓȂЇՅӶөঐࢳԥᘜޠ౫ຬȂӱՅኈަཽΩ໕ѿѢԒߝ࢈ݾޠ ΩȄᘉӤኻԥրܼ՚Рᆌւঢ়Ϝޠၯ઼ᖓ࿘౫ຬȂࡤ܂܂ӶԒߝ ९ႇโ၈ึදᜱᗥΩ໕ȞEbbinghaus, 2006; Häusermann, 2010; Mares, 2003ȟȄӶѯᢋҖлϾޠႇโϜȂ࢈ݾښ࡚ޠᡑ᎑пІঢ়ᐡᜱᇅަཽყ ᡞΩ໕ޠϤᗚӶϛᘟޠြᡑȂቩђᆌւښ࡚ޠ࡛Ҵᇅᡑ᎑ႇโϜޠᡑ Ȃሰ्Ӷ࢈๋ঐܗၯЩၷϜಡᑷޠϸݚȄ կηҔӱԄԫȂҐНᄈܼҖԒߝ࢈๋ޠϸݚȂѠᇴ݃࢈ݾښ࡚ ፤ΫϸᎍӬໍΚؐޠЩၷःفȄᄈܼѯᢋޠަཽᆌւःفՅّȂҖлϾໍ โܛЖକޠ࢈ݾښ࡚ᇅ᠍Ωᜱ߾ᙾᡑȂณᅹᄈґٿޠᆌւ࢈๋ښۢԥᜱ ᗥޠኈȄΚঐѠпໍΚؐᢏᄇޠࡿዀپߞྲៗߴᓏȈҖໍឪஉ
15 ձདᗃຠቸණᒻঐୱᚡ८ӪȂկ४ܼൾȂርЩၷޠ౪፤ᇅԒߝ९ စᡜϸݚ҇ӶуНϜѫ౪ȂԫѬ൸ѯᢋޠ९စᡜණٽߒؐޠࡧ ՄᘉȄ
࢈ਣ߰ۗറȂژΠ 2008 ԒҖឪஉ࢈ϟࡤέѫକᝦحȂ२ུۗ დຠզȄΚঐུޠަཽߴᓏښ࡚࡛ҴȂ҇ดூစᐤ౫Җл࢈ݾښ࡚Ϝ ޠၾᔜࠍȂӶ࢈ȂҴݳႇโϜڨژᙣᆧِΩȃࣻᜱւઊყᡞึᖑᝧ๋ ๊ಣӬޠΩ໕ܝȄཽԄӤҖԒߝߴᓏΚኻȂژഷࡤяѯޠ ࢈๋щᅗ׃ڟޠ౸ၭȂۧࡠᢏᄇȄҐНϸݚᢏᘉޠِ࡚ٿࣽȂ؛๋Ї᙮ ۾ᰏϬดΚঐ྄ѠึҢޠᡑȂЏڐߞྲៗߴᓏଷΠଓྜ௪ޠୱ ᚡѵȂηਗ਼ژྲණٽȃпІڐᇅӓҖୋߴϟޠ᠍ೱᜱ߾๊८ӪȄӶ ୱᚡፓᚖ࡚ϛႉӼᡲޠםίȂߞྲߴᓏޠҴݳႇโϬดѠึҢΚݱή ޠםȂঐឋᚡηԚ࣐ґٿໍΚؐ࢈ݾښ࡚፤ᢏᘉᔯᜍҖлϾᇅ ަཽ࢈๋ᜱ߾ޠጓپȄ
ՄНᝧ
еҔȞ2003ȟȄȲစᔽึᇅަཽᆌւȈུΩ໕ᇅᙠቌঅޠ֩ძȳȂȮަୣ ึ۠ёȯȂ102: 21-32Ȅ еᄹይȃ༂ు߈ȃାੵዯȞ2007ȟȄȲѯᢋሰ्ޠҖԒߝښ࡚ȳȂȮަୣ ึ۠ёȯȂ116: 25-49Ȅ ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȞ1998ȟȄȮҖԒߝښ࡚ېଋःفൣ֚ཋጢȯȄѯ іȈ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȄ եߝ١ȃڻᝌ߀Ȟ1999 Ԓ 4 УȟȄȲҖԒߝᇅᖃᡞစᔽȳȂȶঢ়৴ȃަཽ࢈ ๋Іڐଓଡ଼๋ርᏱःଇཽȷ፤НȄპဏȈϜҖަཽᆌւᏱཽȄ ܿᘀȞ2005ȟȄȲѯᢋӵୣҖԒߝდϟଇȈུަཽॴᓏᢏᘉޠߒؐ ϸݚȳȂȮНІަཽऌᏱёȯȂ17(4): 715-760Ȅ ܿᘀȃѡϱНȞ2003ȟȄȲѫΚঐᆌւзࣩȉݎٴึᆌւᡞښߒȳȂ ȮѯᢋަཽᏱёȯȂ31: 189-241Ȅ ज፲Ȟ1989ȟȄȮϜҖቩҴݳېস࢈ݾِՔϟःفȯȄҴ࢈ݾτ ᏱήҖлဏःفܛᆉς፤НȄ ݔቈȞ1994ȟȄȮᆌւঢ়˕ᐤѭЩၷޠϸݚȯȄѯіȈѽࢻȄ ݔቈȃ༂ޚȞ2000ȟȄȲ፤שҖԒߝښ࡚ޠდȳȂȮަୣึ۠ ёȯȂ91: 16-29Ȅ ݔ݃Ȟ2001ȟȄȲҖлϾᇅަཽ࢈๋ޠϵӔᇅȈӓҖୋߴޠ࢈๋םԚȳȂ ᒄུྶȃݔ݃ȞጢȟȂȮѯᢋޠަཽᆌւၽȯȂॳ 135-175ȄѯіȈ ѽࢻȄ ހ๚ᖓ࿘Ȟ2003ȟȄȮހ๚лȯȄѯіȈހ๚ᖓ࿘Ȅ ڻᝌ߀ȃᛴखᛞȃѽࡅȃചϊकȃڻᆓȞ2001ȟȄȮҖԒߝᄈ࢈ۻଓ ଡ଼ІҖ᠍ઊኈϟःفȯȄѯіȈ࢈ଲစᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȄ ভНኌȃဩਫྕȞ2006ȟȄȲҖԒߝІഽଞུښҴݳႇโϟЩၷȈ࢈ᡞϜ ЗޠᢏᘉȳȂȮःفѯᢋȯȂ1: 59-107Ȅ Ϝ݃ȃࡃඐНȃ᎓ີȞ2007ȟȄȲשҖԒߝϟდᐤโȳȂȮަୣ ึ۠ёȯȂ116: 11-27Ȅ ݃ึȞ2001ȟȄȲҖԒߝᄃࢋ๋ϟЩၷᇅຠզȳȂȮᏱൣȯȂ68: 195-208Ȅ༂ؿᆓȞ2003ȟȄȲЎ࢈ۻӶཽޠ֩ძȳȂȮѯᢋ࢈ݾᏱёȯȂ7(2): 3-49Ȅ ༂ވݎȞ2008ȟȄȮᏵ࢈ࡧᒲȈשϜѶ࢈ۻᡞښึРӪϟःفȯȂѯіȈ ϥࠓȄ ച≊ඐȞ2007ȟȄȲѯᢋҖԒߝښ࡚დޠึᇅࢆȈΚᖠ႟ަཽϏ โޠᄻᑟȳȂȮަୣึ۠ёȯȂ116: 85-97Ȅ ೩ϮᡤȞ1989ȟȄȮ࢈ឪ࢈ݾޠફזᇅঘ౪ȯȂѯіȈঢ়࢈๋ःفϜЗȄ ೩ਐ݃ȃڻᝌ߀ȃեߝ١ȃݔ࡛ظȞ2001ȟȄȲҖԒߝᇅ࢈ۻଓ࢈॓ᐋȳȂ ȮѯᢋစᔽႲขᇅ࢈๋ȯȂ31(2): 67-90Ȅ രҴဩȞ1994ȟȄȲѯᢋަཽᆌւᡞقޠቺϾਞݏߒȳȂӁኋࢍȞጢȟȂ ȮѯᢋަཽޠҖಁཏӪȈަཽऌᏱޠϸݚȯȂॳ 285-310ȄѯіȈϜѶः فଲȄ രҴဩȞ2000ȟȄȲՃԒԒߝȃ࢈ឪᝰލᇅᒶᖟȳȂᒄུྶȃݔ݃ȞጢȟȂ ȮѯᢋޠަཽᆌւၽȯȂॳ 232-256ȄѯіȈѽࢻȄ രൊȞ2005ȟȄȮѯᢋӵୣՃစᔽԋӓРᇅՃစᔽၦྜџঢ়৴Ͼϟϸ ݚȯȂ࢈ଲঢ়ऌᏱېসཽᚡःفȄԚݏൣ֚Ȟൣ֚ጢဵȈNSC93- 2412-H-194-008ȟȂґяޏȄ രൊȞ2007ȟȄȲᙾঢ়ᇅึϜঢ়Ԓߝ९စᡜ፤ѯᢋԒߝᡞق ޠ࡛ᄻȳȂȮѯᢋަཽᆌւᏱёȯȂ5(2): 31-66Ȅ ဩპྂȞ2005ȟȄȲ࢈ݾښ࡚ᄈשଓ࢈ٖԆޠኈȳȂȮϜНަཽᏱ ൣȯȂ2: 84-110Ȅ ጿۤᑮȞ2008ȟȄȲ౪܉ȃւઊᇅښ࡚ȈѯᢋҖԒߝდޠ࢈ݾϸݚȳȄ ҴᇄᢋτᏱަཽᏱःفܛᆉς፤НȄ ᎓ఽᗹȃ᎓НᎄȞ2005ȟȄȲשަཽߴᓏೞߴᓏଓଡ଼॓ᐋᇅ࢈ۻ၅ֆϟ ଇȳȂȮѯᢋަཽᆌւᏱёȯȂ4(1): 51-94Ȅ ᑌ࢈ࢍȞ2004ȟȄȮѯᢋަཽԋӓᡞقϟୱᚡᇅᄈ๋ȯȄѯіȈ࢈ଲစᔽ ࡛೪ېসཽȄ ቔҞ៍ȃചҔҖȞ2005 Ԓ 5 УȟȄȲשޠҖԒߝდᇅґٿగȳȂȶަ ཽᄳୋஷ࢈๋ޠᡑᇅ഻ུᗎ༗ȈᗛӪӼϰȃᐍӬޠᆌւᡞښȷ፤НȄ პဏȈѯᢋަཽᆌւᏱཽȄ ቔۡݡȃݔҔȞ2003ȟȄȲަཽᆌւМяȃҖԒߝᇅၯзхଓ࢈॓ᐋȳȂ ȮѯᢋစᔽႲขᇅ࢈๋ȯȂ33(2): 61-95Ȅ
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