國中青少年自尊發展的異質成長軌跡及性別差異

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(1)123. 國立政治大學「教育與心理研究」 2014 年 3 月，37 卷 1 期，頁 123-153 DOI. 10.3966/102498852014033701005. 國中青少年自尊發展的異質成長軌跡及性別差異薛人華*. 摘. 要. 本研究探討臺灣國中青少年的自尊成長軌跡，採「臺灣青少年成長歷程研究」資料庫中2,440位七至九年級學生的自尊測量，以潛在成長模型及成長混合模型分析。結果發現，國中3年自尊無顯著變化，女生初始自尊及成長斜率都顯著低於男生。然而，成長混合模型辨識出六種異質成長軌跡：穩定低自尊組（.6%）、自尊下降（中→低）組（2.2%）、穩定中自尊組（80.0%）、自尊上升（中→高）組（2.1%）、自尊下降（高→中）組（6.4%）及穩定高自尊組（7.8%）。性別透過直接及間接路徑影響成長軌跡；前者顯示女生較易落在穩定高自尊組、自尊下降（中 →低）組，男生較易落在穩定中自尊組；後者則為穩定中自尊組中，女生初始自尊顯著低於男生，且國中3年無顯著改善。本研究最後針對實務及研究提出建議。. 關鍵詞：成長混合模型、自尊發展、青少年成長歷程、國中生、潛在成長模型 *. 薛人華：國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系博士候選人誌謝：本研究使用資料部分係採自中央研究院支助之「臺灣青少年成長歷程研究」計畫（AS-93-TP-C01）。該計畫係由中央研究院社會學研究所執行，計畫主持人為伊慶春教授，該資料由中央研究院調查研究專題中心釋出。作者感謝上述機構及人員提供資料協助，然本論文內容由作者自行負責。電子郵件：[email protected] 收件日期：2012.07.09；修改日期：2013.02.26；接受日期：2013.10.01.

(2) 124. Journal of Education & Psychology March, 2014, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 123-153. Heterogeneous Longitudinal Self-Esteem Trajectories in Adolescence and Gender Effect Jen-Hua Hsueh*. Abstract. Latent Growth Model (LGM) and Growth Mixture Model (GMM) were used in this study to explore self-esteem trajectories of 2,440 junior high school students through the longitudinal database of Taiwan Youth Project (TYP). The results showed that globally there is no significant change in self-esteem of over the three years, and girls have both lower self-esteem initial levels and slopes. Six heterogeneous latent growth trajectories were identified through GMM: Stable Low Esteem group (.6%), Declined Esteem (from Medium to Low) group (2.2%), Stable Medium Esteem group (80.0%), Increased Esteem (from Medium to High) group (2.1%), Declined Esteem (from High to Medium) group (6.4%), and Stable High Esteem group (7.8%). Gender affects self-esteem trajectories through both direct and indirect paths. Indirect paths showed that girls were classified into Stable High Esteem group and Declined Esteem (from medium to low) group more often, and boys were classified into Stable Medium Esteem group more often. Direct paths showed that girls’ initial esteem levels are lower than boys’ in Stable Medium Esteem group. Discussion and suggestion were made according to the results of this study.. *. Jen-Hua Hsueh: PhD Candidate, Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University E-mail: [email protected]. Manuscript received: 2012.07.09; Revised: 2013.02.26; Accepted: 2013.10.01.

(3) 125. Keywords: growth mixture model, self-esteem, Taiwan Youth Project, adolescent, latent growth model.

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(25) 國中青少年自尊發展的異質成長軌跡及性別差異. 三、研究限制. 147. 則呈現截然不同的組型，其中有約 1.6%的學生在國中3年都處於相當低落. 本研究仍有許多限制存在，由於. 的自尊狀態，有約8.6%的學生在國中3. 本研究為一使用資料庫進行分析，因此. 年呈現明顯自尊下降的情況，這些學生. 所能使用的資料受限於資料庫中既有的. 都可能是學校、教師及家長應給予關. 變項，無法直接針對自尊成長或衰退的. 注、輔導的對象。另外，以往對於國中. 成因進行資料的蒐集與分析。再者，青. 時期女生的自尊大多抱持著比較悲觀的. 少年成長歷程研究所採用的自尊量表乃. 觀點，本研究卻發現，雖然鉅觀而言，. 改編自 Rosenberg （ 1965 ）的自尊量. 臺灣國中女生確實有稍低的自尊平均分. 表，而該資料庫的出版物未對該自尊量. 數，然而卻有一部分的女生，甚至比男. 表的改編過程，以致於效度證據有明確. 生有更高的機率處於穩定高自尊的狀. 的交代。本研究僅依據現有數據進行量. 態，到底是何種因素使這一群國中女生. 表內部一致性的分析，並採用因素分析. 能維持在穩定高自尊的狀態是相當有趣. 提供內部結構上的效度證據。若資料庫. 的議題，研究者建議往後的研究能進行. 能提供更完整的量表編製過程，或許可. 相關因素的探討及分析。最後，本研究. 讓後續研究者能更具信心地使用資料庫. 發現造成女生整體自尊較低或部分女生. 中的數據以進行分析。. 在國中時期有自尊下降現象的因子，然. 陸、建議. 而針對國小學生的研究卻大多發現女生有較高的自尊。因此本研究建議未來自. 以往發展性的研究大多將焦點放. 尊發展的研究可聚焦於國小升國中的轉. 在整體平均數的上升與下降，然而整體. 銜階段，就可對影響自尊的因子進行測. 平均數的變化並無法妥適地反映青少年. 量，以了解影響國中女生自尊發展軌跡. 發展上的個別差異；若有部分學生自尊. 的關鍵因素。. 提升，同時有部分學生自尊下降，則可能在整體平均數上表現出平均自尊無顯著變化的假象。因此，本研究建議對於長期追蹤資料應採取能妥善反映個別差異的分析方法，如LGM或GMM，方能提供比整體平均數變化更有意義的結果。本研究發現約有80%的國中學生處於穩定中自尊狀態，而其他20%的學生. 參考文獻中央研究院社會學研究所（2009）。臺灣青少年成長歷程研究。取自 http://www.typ.sinica.edu.tw/ 【 Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. (2009). Taiwan Youth Project. Retrieved from http://www.typ.sinica.edu.tw/】. 史倩玲（2010，4月27日）。性別刻板，打.

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