第六章 結論
一、 U.S.Code. 保釋法規變革
有別於 1966 年的保釋改革法案的核心價值，1984 年保釋改革政策進行一大變 革，在於法規專門就「受有罪判決被告」於各程序階段中的保釋條件與不得保釋後 的羈押處分做出更為詳細規範，對於「受有罪判決被告」360釋放（或保釋）的標準 相較於舊法更顯嚴格。原則上當法院做成有罪判決之後，無論是在量刑程序前或是 在上訴程序中，除非法院（司法官員）認有明確證據足以認定，附條件的釋放可以 確保被告不會逃亡或危及社區安危，否則即應羈押被告。以下行文就 1984 年保釋改 革法案之下「受有罪判決被告」之保釋及羈押規範條文為扼要介紹361：
356 Donald P. Lay, Jill De La Hunt,supra note 355, 931-935.
357 Lafave, Israel, King,Kerr, supra note 339.154.
358 George F. Cole,Christopher E. Smith,The American System of Criminal Justice, Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth , 331-335,（2001）.
359 United States v. Ross,730 F. Supp.355（D. Kansas 1990）
360 張琬婷，同前註 333，頁 20-24。
361 蘇佩鈺，美國有罪羈押等法律制度之研究，公務出國報告資訊網，2009 年 3 月 18 日，頁 9-10，
http://report.nat.gov.tw/ReportFront/report_detail.jspx?sysId=C09800671，（最後瀏覽日：2017 年 10 月 5 日）
（一）、
§3143（a）宣判後執行前之釋放或羈押（release or detention pending sentence）
362第 3143 條（a）363：「經宣判有罪者或於刑之執行前之被告，及依第 28 命題第
其中繳納保釋金規定如§3142（c）（xii）為條件類型之一，被 release 概念所涵蓋。
363 18 U.S.C. §3143（a）：“The judicial officer shall order that a person who has been found guilty of an offense and who is waiting imposition or execution of sentence, other than a person for whom the applicable
guideline promulgated pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994 does not recommend a term of imprisonment, be detained, unless the judicial officer finds by clear and convincing evidence
that the person is not likely to flee or pose a danger to the safety of any other person or the community if released under section 3142（b） or（c）. If the judicial officer makes such a finding, such judicial officer shall order the release of the person in accordance with section 3142，（b）or（c）.”
364 2017 年版本的 U.S.C.當中，就被告保釋或釋放所得附加條件類型複雜，法律明訂條件類型囊括：
「保釋」（bail）改革，實則應為「條件釋放」（release）理解上較為精確。
18 U.S.C.§3142（b）：“(b) RELEASE ON PERSONAL RECOGNIZANCE OR UNSECURED APPEARANCE BOND.—The judicial officer shall order the pretrial release of the person on personal recognizance, or upon execution of an unsecured appearance bond in an amount specified by the court, subject to the condition that the person not commit a Federal, State, or local crime during the period of release and subject to the condition that the person cooperate in the collection of a DNA sample from the person if the collection of such a sample is authorized pursuant to section 3 of the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 (42 U.S.C. 14135a), unless the judicial officer determines that such release will not reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required or will endanger the safety of any other person or the community.”
18 U.S.C.§3142（c）：“（1）If the judicial officer determines that the release described in subsection（b）
of this section will not reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required or will endanger the safety of any other person or the community, such judicial officer shall order the pretrial release of the person—
（A）subject to the condition that the person not commit a Federal, State, or local crime during the period of release and subject to the condition that the person cooperate in the collection of a DNA sample from the person if the collection of such a sample is authorized pursuant to section 3 of the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 （42 U.S.C. 14135a）; and
（B）subject to the least restrictive further condition, or combination of conditions, that such judicial officer determines will reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety of any other person and the community, which may include the condition that the person—
（i）remain in the custody of a designated person, who agrees to assume supervision and to report any violation of a release condition to the court, if the designated person is able reasonably to assure the judicial
1984 年保釋改革法案對於羈押的態度迥異於 1966 年保釋改革法案，第 3143 條
（二）、
U.S.C. §3143（b）被告提起上訴期間之釋放或羈押（Release or detention pending appeal by the defendant）
在判決確定之前，原則上被告享有上訴救濟之權限。然而被告於上訴期間，人 身自由沒有受到拘束情況下，仍有逃亡之可能，為了杜絕該情形產生或避免被告透
officer that the person will appear as required and will not pose a danger to the safety of any other person or the community;
（ii）maintain employment, or, if unemployed, actively seek employment;
（iii）maintain or commence an educational program;
（iv）abide by specified restrictions on personal associations, place of abode, or travel;
（v）avoid all contact with an alleged victim of the crime and with a potential witness who may testify concerning the offense;
（vi）report on a regular basis to a designated law enforcement agency, pretrial services agency, or other agency;
（vii）comply with a specified curfew;
（viii）refrain from possessing a firearm, destructive device, or other dangerous weapon;
（ix）refrain from excessive use of alcohol, or any use of a narcotic drug or other controlled substance, as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802), without a prescription by a licensed medical practitioner;
（x）undergo available medical, psychological, or psychiatric treatment, including treatment for drug or alcohol dependency, and remain in a specified institution if required for that purpose;
（xi）execute an agreement to forfeit upon failing to appear as required, property of a sufficient
unencumbered value, including money, as is reasonably necessary to assure the appearance of the person as required, and shall provide the court with proof of ownership and the value of the property along with information regarding existing encumbrances as the judicial office may require;
（xii）execute a bail bond with solvent sureties; who will execute an agreement to forfeit in such amount as is reasonably necessary to assure appearance of the person as required and shall provide the court with information regarding the value of the assets and liabilities of the surety if other than an approved surety and the nature and extent of encumbrances against the surety’s property; such surety shall have a net worth which shall have sufficient unencumbered value to pay the amount of the bail bond;
（xiii）return to custody for specified hours following release for employment, schooling, or other limited purposes; and
（xiv）satisfy any other condition that is reasonably necessary to assure the appearance of the person as required and to assure the safety of any other person and the community."
過提起上訴作為延後執行的手段。對於上訴期間的保釋規範，訂定於第 3143 條。依 該條本文規定，就宣判有罪判處監禁刑後向法院提出上訴狀、請願書的被告，原則 上應予羈押。但法院調查後如認定被告『同時』具有下述兩種情形者，則例外予以 釋放：1.有明確證據顯示，被告依同法第 3142 條釋放後不可能逃亡或對他人或社區 產生危害。2.被告非為拖延訴訟而上訴，並且提出事實或法律上之實質問題，可能 導致推翻原判決、重新審理本案、將科處分監禁刑，或可能減輕刑度而少於羈押日 數者。
（三）、
§3143（c） （1）國家所提上訴期間之釋放或羈押（Release or detention pending appeal by the government）
相對於被告自行上訴者，檢察官亦可代表國家追訴犯罪並提起上訴。於檢察官 上訴期間所形成的程序空檔得否控管被告的行蹤，訂定於第 3143（c）條。條文規 定當檢察官依據第 3731 條規定對法院上訴駁回、證據使用禁止或同意重新審判等裁 定不服而提起上訴時，應依照第 3142 條規定決定是否釋放被告。原則上檢察官提其 上訴的情況下，上訴期間應釋放被告；惟當被告另受他案的釋放或羈押處分時，依 他案處理。但如檢察官依第 3732 條以被告刑度不合理為理由進行爭執所提上訴者，
若被告先前為判處有期徒刑以上之刑，則法院應羈押被告（18 U.S.C.§3143（c）
（1））。如為其他情形，法院應依第 3142 條釋放被告（18 U.S.C.§3143（c）（2））。