第五章 結論與建議
第四節 研究限制
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
「競爭智慧過程」為觀點,建構競爭智慧過程的模型的可行性。但是本研 究進一步整合「競爭智慧產出」、「企業高階主管先前知識」、「決策支援的 速度」以及「決策支援的準確性」等構面,為企業高階主管決策支援模型 提供一個全新的思考模式,為企業高階主管決策支援結果的完整性提供了 貢獻。
第四節 研究限制
本研究進行過程雖力求嚴謹,透過建立結構方程式研究模型,嘗詴理 解以競爭智慧支援企業高階主管決策的構面和過程。但是整體而言,仍然 有以下幾項限制:
首先,本研究對象是以企業高階主管為主,因此需要審慎思考是否能 將研究結果一般化在其他類型受訪者、或是以單一產業、單一企業進行研 究,這方面仍有待後續的研究可以針對不同類型的受訪者進行資料收集,
以實證本研究模型的一般性。
其次,本研究的問卷發放份數為 200 份,回覆的問卷份數為 128 份,
占總問卷份數的 64%,沒有回覆的問卷份數為 62 份,占總問卷份數的 36%;
扣除回答不完整的 2 份問卷,占總問卷份數的 1%;有效回收問卷總數是 126 份,占總問卷份數的 63%。但是本研究以國立政治大學商學院經營管理碩 士學程學員為問卷發放母體,未能選擇更具公信力的資料庫平台進行問卷 發放,使整體研究普及至臺灣地區的各行各業,可能使研究結果無法代表
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
整個臺灣地區各產業的企業高階主管,導致研究結果不具有普遍性。但是,
因為國立政治大學商學院經營管理碩士學程學員在入學甄選時已經透過入 學考詴甄選委員會的嚴格篩選,學員甄詴入學時本身其具備高階主管工作 經驗必需八至十年,學員其所屬企業以及所屬產業的代表性、與學員本身 的專業知識與能力,都對競爭智慧議題、專案活動具備基本的瞭解和共識。
所以本研究的結果仍然具備一定程度的適用性。
第三,問卷發放的對象都是臺灣企業高階主管,屬於各產業的專業經 理人,但是每一位受訪者並不能夠完全代表每一家企業來回答所屬企業所 有高階主管在尋求決策支援過程中對競爭智慧觀點的看法,其個人的主觀 意識可能對當下問卷填答的答案導致偏差,所以整個研究結果的數據就可 能因此產生共同來源偏差 (common source bias)。雖然如此,本研究在問卷 填寫邀請函中已經縝密設計了期盼問卷填答者能夠儘量依循其個人在企業 日常工作時的決策模式來回覆所有問卷題目,問卷填答過程之前均進行十 五分鐘的詳細解說,所以本研究的結果仍然對臺灣地區企業高階主管對於 以競爭智慧觀點支援企業高階主管決策具有一定程度的參考價值。
本研究的模型或許仍有其他的發展或變化方式。後續研究可以藉由加 入不同的構面或是以決策支援系統、高階主管資訊系統的理論觀點在發展 更深入的瞭解,以深度思考本研究模型的各種變化和擴充,對企業高階主 管決策的支援將有更廣泛及深度的協助與貢獻。
‧
‧
‧
第二部分:競爭智慧識別(Competitive Intelligence Recognition)問卷
請根據最近一次的決策經驗,填答下列問題。
① 完全不符合、②較不符合、③不確定、④較符合、⑤完全符合。
一、策略目標設定(Setting Strategic Objectives)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以瞭解企業競爭對手的策略與目標。
二、策略分析(Strategic Analysis)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以使企業更深入分析商業環境。
三、策略制定(Strategy Formulation)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以彙整有關商業環境最新智慧,幫助管理者做出決策。
( ) 2. 我認為,競爭智慧可以協助評估競爭對手的應對策略。
( ) 3. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提供智慧及建議給高階管理者。
( ) 4. 我認為,競爭智慧可以預測未來的產品和市場定位。
( ) 5. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高如何執行與達成市場行銷。
四、執行與控制(Implementation and Control)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧是用來作為早期預警,評估成功或失敗的指標。
( ) 2. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提供有關競爭對手的策略性資訊。
( ) 3. 我認為,競爭智慧可以檢查策略的有效性。
( ) 4. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提供回饋機制,並調整策略模式。
( ) 5. 我認為,競爭智慧可以針對市場執行的策略績效提供回饋機制。
‧
五、競爭對手資訊(Primary Research Information)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧有重要的專利資訊。
六、環境檢視資訊(Secondary Research Information)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧對於競爭對手商業經營流程有相對研究資訊。
七、產業知識(Industrial Knowledge)
( ) 1. 經過一定時間累積,我認為我對該產業市場環境具備充分的知識和經驗。
( ) 2. 經過一定時間累積,我認為我對該產業顧客需求具備充分的知識和經驗。
( ) 3. 經過一定時間累積,我認為我對該產業服務需求具備充分的知識和經驗。
八、特殊興趣(Special Interest)
( ) 1. 我對我所對關注的領域充滿好奇和興趣感。
( ) 2. 我會投入精力和時間來獲取相關的經營管理知識。
( ) 3. 我會不斷培育自身能力來獲取我有興趣領域的綜合知識。
‧
九、決策支援的速度(Rapidity of Decision-making Support)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高決策思考的速度。
( ) 2. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高決策過程的速度。
( ) 3. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高預測的速度。
十、決策支援的準確性(Accuracy of Decision-making Support)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高決策過程的準確性。
( ) 2. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高決策結果的準確性。
( ) 3. 我認為,競爭智慧可以提高預測的準確性。
十一、營收展望(Revenue Prospect)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以協助評估新市場的開發。
十三、管理效益(Managerial Effectiveness)
( ) 1. 我認為,競爭智慧可以協助公司研究發展的成果集中化。
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
參考文獻
一. 中文參考文獻
王知津(2005),《競爭智慧》,北京:科學技術文獻出版社。
王朝東(1995),
“爭議對商業秘密的法律保護”,
《現代法學》,1,52-54。包昌火、趙剛(2005),“競爭智慧的崛貣-為紀念中國競爭智慧專業 組織成立十周年而作”,《智慧學報》,1,8-10。
包昌火、謝新洲(2003),《競爭對手分析》,北京:華夏出版社。
沈固朝(1996),“競爭智慧工作中的法律問題” ,《智慧學報》,16(3),
224-225。
沈固朝等(2008),《競爭智慧的理論與實踐》,北京:科學出版社。
孫希有(2003),《競爭戰略分析方法》,北京:中國金融出版社。
梁定澎(2002),《決策支援系統與企業智慧》,台北:智勝文化事業有 限公司。
陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎(2008),《組織與管理研究的實證 方法》,台北:華泰文化事業股份有限公司。
繆其浩(1995),“競爭智慧-國外的發展動向及其對我國的影響”,《智 慧理論與實踐》,1,2-10。
繆其浩(1996),《市場競爭與競爭智慧》,北京:軍事醫學科學出版社。
‧
information systems in relation to success in introducing new products,”Information and Management, 33(4), pp. 201-211.
Alter, S., (2004), “A work system view of DSS in its fourth decade,”
Decision Support Systems, 38(3), pp. 319-327.
Anderson, J., and Gerbing, D. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach,” Psychological bulletin, 103(3), pp. 411-423.
Badr, A., (2003), The role of competitive intelligence in formulating marketing strategy, PhD thesis, Leicester Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester.
Badr, A., Madden, E., and Wright, S. (2006), “The contribution of CI to the strategic decision making process: empirical study of the European pharmaceutical industry,” Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 3(4), pp.15-35.
Bagozzi, R.P., and Yi, Y. (1988), “On the evaluation of structural equation models,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), pp. 74-94.
Barson, D. (2002), “Competitive intelligence returns,” Global Cosmetic Industry, 170(9), pp. 68-70.
Belich, T., and Dubinsky, A.J., (1999), “Information processing among exporters: an empirical examination of small firms,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(4), pp. 45-58.
Belkine, M., (2004), “Competitive intelligence in Israel,” Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2(2), pp. 39-53.
Bensoussan, B., and Densham, E. (2004), “Australian CI practices: a comparison with the US,” Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2(3), pp. 1-10.
Bernhardt, D.C. (1994), “'I want it fast, factual, actionable' - tailoring competitive intelligence to executives' needs,” Long Range Planning, 27(1), pp. 12-24.
‧
pressure on routine maintenance and deviation,” European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(6), pp. 861-878.Blankenship, A.B., Breen G.E., and Dutka A. (1988). State of the art, marketing research, (2nd ed.), Lincdnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.
Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Bose, R. (2008), “Competitive intelligence process and tools for intelligence analysis,” Industrial Management and Data Systems, 108(4), pp. 510-528.
Brockhoff, K. (1991), “Competitor technology intelligence in German companies,” Industrial Marketing Management, 20(2), pp. 91-98.
Brockhoff, K. (1998), “Technology management as part of strategic planning - some empirical results,” R & D Management, 28(3), pp.
129-138.
Brown, J. (2001), “No quick ROI from business intelligence: DMR
Canada,” from
http://www.itbusiness.ca/it/client/en/CDN/News.asp?id=164, 2001.
Buchda, S. (2007), “Rulers for business intelligence and competitive intelligence: an overview and evaluation of measurement approaches,”
Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 4(2), pp. 23-54.
Calof, J. L. (1997), “So you want to go international? What information do you need and where will you get it?” Competitive Intelligence Review, 8(4), pp. 19-29.
Calof, J.L., and Brouard, F. (2004), “Competitive intelligence in Canada,”
Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2(2), pp. 1-22.
Calof, J.L., and Skinner, B. (1998), “Competitive intelligence for government officers: a brave new world,”Optimum, 28(2), pp. 38-42.
Calof, J.L., Dishman, P., and University of Ottawa, Faculty of
‧
planning, ” working paper, Faculte d'administration, Universite d'Ottawa.
Carlin, S. Womack, A. and Wyckoff, T. (1999), Strategic and tactical competitive intelligence for sales and marketing - consortium benchmarking study - best-practice report, American Productivity &
Quality Center.
Cartwright, D.L., Boughton, P.D., and Miller, S.W. (1995), “Competitive intelligence systems: relationships to strategic orientation and perceived usefulness,” Journal of Managerial Issues, 7(4), pp. 420-434.
Cavalcanti, E. (2005), “The relationship between business intelligence and business success,” Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 3(1), pp. 6-15.
Chaves, H., Canongia, C., Gaspar, A., Maffia, S., and de Nazaré Freitas Pereira, M. (2000), “The potential of competitive intelligence tools for knowledge management: a study of a Brazilian database,” Competitive Intelligence Review, 11(4), pp. 47-56.
Chen, H., Chau, M., and Zeng, D. (2002), “CI spider: a tool for competitive intelligence on the web,” Decision Support Systems, 34(1), pp. 1-17.
Chin, W.W. (1998a), The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling, In. G.A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Method for Business Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 295-336.
Chin, W.W. (1998b), “Issues and opinion on structural equation model,”
MIS Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 7-16.
Clark, T., Jones, M., and Armstrong, C. (2007), “The dynamic structure of management support systems: theory development, research focus, and direction,” MIS Quarterly, 31(3), pp. 579-615.
Coleman, W.D. and Underhill, G.R.D. (1998), Regionalism and global economic integration: Europe, Asia, and the Americas, Routledge.
Cronbach, L.J. (1951), “Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests,”
Psychometrika, 16(3), pp. 297-334.
Culnan, M.J. (1983), “Environmental scanning: the effects of task complexity and source accessibility on information gathering behavior,”
‧
Decision Sciences, 14(2), pp. 194-206.
Culver, M. (2006), “Using tactical intelligence to help inform strategy,”
Strategy and Leadership, 34(6), pp.17-23.
Daft, R.L., and Macintosh, N.B. (1981), “A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2), pp. 207-224.
Daft, R.L., Sormunen, J., and Parks, D. (1988), “Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: an empirical study,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(2), pp. 123-139.
Davenport, T.H., and Prusak, L. (1998), Working knowledge: how organisations manage what they know,Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Davison, L. (2001), “Measuring competitive intelligence effectiveness:
insights from the advertising industry,” CompetitiveIntelligence Review, 12(4), pp. 25-38.
De Pelsmacker, P., Muller, M.L., Viviers, W., Saayman, A., Cuyvers, L., and Jegers, M. (2005), “Competitive intelligence practices of South African and Belgian exporters,” Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23(6), pp. 602-620.
Delaney, G.K., and Huselid, H.G. (1996), “Organization results,” The Journal of Business and Industrial Markets, 7(2), pp. 27-35.
Dess, G., and Robinson, R. (1984), “Measuring organization performance in the absence of objective measures: the case ofthe privately-held firm and the conglomerate business unit,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), pp. 265-273.
DeWitt, M. (1997), Competitive intelligence, competitive advantage, Abacus, MI: Grand Rapids.
Dishman, P.L., and Calof, J.L. (2008), “Competitive intelligence: a multiphasic precedent to marketing strategy,” European Journal of Marketing, 42(7/8), pp. 766-785.
‧
of Political Economy, 97(3), pp. 620-638.
Doll, W.J., and Torkzadeh, G. (1988), “The measurement of end-user computing satisfaction,” MIS Quarterly, 12(2), pp. 259-274.
Doll, W.J., and Torkzadeh, G. (1991), “The measurement of end-user computing satisfaction: theoretical and methodological issues,” MIS Quarterly, 15(1), pp. 5-10.
Doll, W.J., and Torkzadeh, G. (1998), “Developing a multidimensional measure of system-use in an organizational context,” Information and Management, 33(4), pp. 171-185.
Du Toit, A.S.A. (2003), “Competitive intelligence in the knowledge economy what is in it for South African manufacturing enterprises?”
International Journal of Information Management, 23(2), pp. 111-120.
Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Lowe, A. (2002), Management research: an introduction, (2nd ed.), London: Sage Publications.
Ehrlich, C. P. (1998), “A brief CI compliance manual,” Competitive Intelligence Review, 9(1), pp. 28-37.
Einhorn, H., and Hogarth, R. (1986), “Decision making under ambiguity,”
Journal of Business, 59(4), pp. 225-250.
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), “Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), pp. 543-576.
Eisenhardt, K.M., and Zbaracki, M.J. (1992), “Strategic decision making,”
Strategic Management Journal, 13(S2), pp. 17-37.
Ettorre, B. (1995), “Managing competitive intelligence,” Management Review, 84(10), pp. 15-19.
Fahey, L. and King, W. (1977), “Environmental scanning for corporate planning,” Business Horizons, 20(4), pp. 61-71.
Fair, W.R. (1966), “The corporate CIA – a prediction of things to come,”
Management Science, 12(10), pp. B489-B503.
Fehringer, C.S., Hohhof, B., and Johnson, T. (2006), “State of the art competitive intelligence,” Competitive Intelligence Foundation Research Report, Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, Alexandria,
‧
Ferrier, W. (2001), “Navigating the competitive landscape; the drivers and consequences of competitive aggressiveness,” Academy of Management
Ferrier, W. (2001), “Navigating the competitive landscape; the drivers and consequences of competitive aggressiveness,” Academy of Management