第六章 結論與展望
第二節 研究限制與建議
本研究將影視觀光置於核心，討論經典偵探小說《福爾摩斯》在影視作品的催 化下如何再次擄獲大眾的心。以討論福爾摩斯影視觀光內的各種觀光景點、活動為 主，然而因其涵蓋內容較廣且散，並且因為時間與經費的限制，筆者未能在倫敦進 行長時間的田野調查，或逐一造訪各的影集中的景點；又，因為福爾摩斯特展、BBC Proms，以及發聲雕像三個活動開始的時間皆在筆者返國之後，故無法親自到現場 參與及觀察，僅能大量仰賴文獻報導及觀光客的部落格旅遊紀錄來補足田野的不 足，對於倫敦福爾摩斯影視觀光的剖析因而少了主要的消費者反饋層面以及親自 走訪的深刻體驗，在在皆是本研究的遺憾。
相反的，在步行導覽方面由於僅從倫敦不同機構中挑選出一個來參加，在景點 挑選、路線安排、導覽體現尚無從加以比較、逐一討論，無法實際得到福爾摩斯步 行導覽更為全面的設定與規劃。至於視聽導覽則是礙於只能在家欣賞投影片，如果 可以親自走一遭，方更能了解電影跟影集間對於小說文本的場景挑選與詮釋有何 異同。若能再進一步了解不同國家、年齡層的觀光客對於福爾摩斯景點的想像與朝
聖動機、其背後對於福爾摩斯的認識，以及倫敦不同機構對於步行、視聽導覽中導 覽場景、路線等之選擇與規劃，相信能完整景點、活動之間的構聯。
此外，無論《福爾摩斯》小說或是影視作品，受到吸引的書迷、影迷在偵探故 事的想像中與地景的凝視上，是不是有跟其他類型的故事有所差異（例如奇幻小說 的讀者、閱聽者與偵探小說的便有所不同）？或是同一位影視觀光客是否有參與各 式各樣福爾摩斯活動，或單單鎖定其中一項參與，便覺得有與福爾摩斯更為親近？
而這些福爾摩斯追尋者會如何定義自己的觀光／追星行為？不同年齡層的書迷、
影迷或身兼兩種身分的偵探迷又是怎麼樣彼此對話，並不至於讓福爾摩斯影視觀 光產生世代差距？筆者在有限的時間與資料尚未能處理上述提問，若後續研究者 能蒐集到更為廣且深的資料，相信定能讓此影視觀光研究更臻完整。
參考文獻
歐美研究，34（3），357-429。
黃雅惠（2010）。文學觀光意象的探討：英國莎翁故居之個案研究（碩士論文，臺 灣師範大學，2010）。全國博碩士論文資訊網。
諸兄邦香（2014）。完全搞懂福爾摩斯：史上第一名偵探的真相，就看這本（黃薇 嬪譯）。臺北：臉譜。（原著出版年：2010）。
賴嘉玲（2014）。當流動科技闖進藝術殿堂：從博物館視聽導覽之使用談其對藝文 消費之介入。新聞學研究，119，121-159。
駱彥伶（2014）。哈利波特的電影觀光-台灣觀光客的魔幻凝視（碩士論文，台灣師 範大學，2014）。全國博碩士論文資訊網。
謝哲青（2012）。城市的自我認同與定位。載於 Bell, D. A. & de-Shalit, A. (2012) 城 市的精神（吳萬偉譯）（頁 7-9）。臺北市：財信。（原著出版年：2011）。
英文文獻
Adler, J. (1989). Travel as performed art. American Journal of Sociology, 1366-1391.
Bal, M. (2008). Exhibition as Film. In Macdonald, S., & Basu, P. (Eds.), Exhibition Experiments (pp. 71-93). John Wiley & Sons.
Beeton, S. (2005). Film-induced tourism (Vol. 25). Channel View Publications.
Benjamin, S., Schneider, P. P., & Alderman, D. H. (2012). Film Tourism Event Longevity:
Lost in Mayberry. Tourism Review International, 16(2), 139-150.
Benjamin, W. (1969). Paris: capital of the nineteenth century. Perspecta, 165-172.
Bolan, P., Boy, S., & Bell, J. (2011). “We've seen it in the movies, let's see if it's true”
Authenticity and displacement in film-induced tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 3(2), 102-116.
Buchan, K. (2014, August 17) How London's statues are finding their voice. The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/17/london-statues-find-their-voice
Buchmann, A. (2014). Locating Sherlock: Observing the Changing Landscape of Sherlock Holmes Tourism.
Busby, G., & Klug, J. (2001). Movie-induced tourism: The challenge of measurement and other issues. Journal of vacation marketing, 7(4), 316-332.Mike Robinson: Between and Beyond the Pages: Literature—Tourism Relationships
Carl, D., Kindon, S., & Smith, K. (2007). Tourists' experiences of film locations: New Zealand as ‘Middle-Earth’. Tourism Geographies, 9(1), 49-63.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201.
Connell, J. (2012). Film tourism–Evolution, progress and prospects. Tourism Management, 33(5), 1007-1029.
Couldry, N. (2005). On the actual street. In Crouch, D., Jackson, R., & Thompson, F.
(Eds.), The media and the tourist imagination: converging cultures (pp. 60-75).
Routledge.
Durmaz, B., Platt, S., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2010). Creativity, culture tourism and place-making: Istanbul and London film industries. International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research, 4(3), 198-213.
Edensor, T. (1998). Walking, gazing, photographing and remembering at the Taj. In Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site (pp. 105-148).
Routledge.
Elliott, A., & Urry, J. (2010). New technologies, new mobilities. In Mobile lives (pp. 25-44). Routledge.
Evans, G. (2007). 4 Creative spaces, tourism and the city. In Richards, G., & Wilson, J.
(Ed.), Tourism, creativity and development (pp. 57-72). Routledge.
Fiske, J. (1992) The Cultural Economy of Fandom. In Lewis, L. A. (Ed.) The adoring audience: Fan culture and popular media (pp. 30-49). Psychology Press.
Foster, A. (2011) Sherlock Holmes and Conan Doyle locations: a visitor’s guide.
McFarland.
Foucault, M. (1986). Of other spaces. Dacritics, 22-27.
Frost, W. (2010). Life changing experiences: Film and tourists in the Australian outback. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 707-726.
Gibson, S. (2006). A seat with a view Tourism,(im) mobility and the cinematic-travel glance. Tourist studies, 6(2), 157-178.
Giebelhausen, M. (2006). The architecture is the museum. In Marstine, J. (Ed.) New museum theory and practice: an introduction (pp. 37-63). John Wiley & Sons.
Graham, B., & Cook, S. (2010). Introduction to Rethinking Curating. In Rethinking Curating: Art after New Media-Leonardo Books. The MIT Press.
Herbert, D. (2001). Literary places, tourism and the heritage experience. Annals of tourism research, 28(2), 312-333.
Herbert, D. T. (1995). Heritage as Literary Place. In Heritage, tourism and society (pp.
32-48). Mansell Publishing.
Hirschkind, C. (1991). 'Egypt at the Exhibition': Reflections on the Optics of Colonialism A review of Timothy Mitchell's Colonizing Egypt (1988). Critique of Anthropology, 11(3), 279-298.
Hoppen, A., Brown, L., & Fyall, A. (2014). Literary tourism: Opportunities and challenges for the marketing and branding of destinations?. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(1), 37-47.
Hui, A. (2008). Many homes for tourism: Re-considering spatializations of home and away in tourism mobilities. Tourist studies, 8(3), 291-311.
Iwashita, C. (2006). Media representation of the UK as a destination for Japanese tourists Popular culture and tourism. Tourist studies, 6(1), 59-77.
Kelley, S. (2009). “Where Hip meets Habsburg”: Marketing the Personal Story in Contemporary Vienna.
Kennedy, M. (2014, May 20) Museum of London exhibition aims to get 'under the skin' of Sherlock Holmes. The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/may/20/museum-of-london-sherlock-holmes-exhibition
Landry, C. (2005). London as a creative city. In Creative industries (pp. 233-243). London:
Blackwell.
Lang, T. (2014, November 18) Sherlock Holmes: The Man Who Never Lived and Will Never Die. The Costume Society. Retrieved from
http://costumesociety.org.uk/blog/post/sherlock-holmes-the-man-who-never-lived-and-will-never-die
Lash, S. M., Urry, S. L. J., & Urry, J. (1993). Accumulating Signs: The Culture Industries.
In Economies of signs and space (Vol. 26) (pp. 111-112). Sage.
Lee, C. (2012). ‘Have Magic, Will Travel’: Tourism and Harry Potter’s United (Magical)
Kingdom. Tourist Studies, 12(1), 52-69.
Lee, C. (2014). ‘Welcome to London’: Spectral Spaces in Sherlock Holmes’s Metropolis. Cultural Studies Review, 20(2), 172-95.
Lee, S., Scott, D., & Kim, H. (2008). Celebrity fan involvement and destination perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 809-832.
Lidchi, H. (1997). The poetics and the politics of exhibiting other cultures. In Hall, S.
(Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 151-208). (Vol. 2). Sage.
London & Partners (2014, August 14). London’s cultural landmarks lead Google search rankings as overseas visits rise. London & Partners. Retrieved from
http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2015/150804-londons-cultural-landmarks-lead-google-search-rankings-as-overseas-visits-rise
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in touristsettings. American journal of Sociology, 589-603.
MacCannell, D. (1976).The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Univ of California Press.
MacCannell, D. (2001) ‘Tourist Agency’, Tourist Studies 1(1): 23–37.
Macionis, N. (2004). Understanding the film-induced tourist. In International tourism and media conference proceedings (Vol. 24, pp. 86-97). Melbourne: Tourism Research Unit, Monash University.
Madden, S. (2014, October 10) Sherlock Holmes trailer: You saw, but did you observe?
Museum of London. Retrieved from
http://blog.museumoflondon.org.uk/sherlock-holmes-trailer-saw-observe/
Malpas, J. (1999). Place and experience: A philosophical topography. Cambridge University Press.
McTavish, L. (2006). Visiting the virtual museum: Art and experience online. In Marstine,
J. (Ed.) New museum theory and practice: an introduction (pp. 226-246). John Wiley
& Sons.
Molotch, H. (2004) Place in Product. In Where stuff comes from: How toasters, toilets, cars, computers and many other things come to be as they are (pp. 157-188). London:
Routledge.
Museum of London (2014, October 16) Museum of London opens the largest UK exhibition on the consulting detective in over 60 years. Museum of London.
Retrieved from
http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/corporate/press-media/press- releases/first-ever-lines-on-sherlock-holmes-among-rarities-assembled-in-the-capital-as-the-museum-of-london-opens-the-largest-uk-exhibit/
Olsberg|SPI. (2007). How film and TV programmes promote tourism in the UK. London:
Film Council.
Pearson, R. (2007). Bachies, bardies, trekkies, and sherlockians. Fandom: Identities and communities in a mediated world, 98-109.
Porter, L. (2012). Welcome to London: The Role of the Cinematic Tourist. In Porter, L.
(Ed.), Sherlock Holmes for the 21st Century: essays on new adaptations (pp. 165-180). McFarland.
Reijnders, S. (2009). Watching the Detectives Inside the Guilty Landscapes of Inspector Morse, Baantjer and Wallander. European Journal of Communication, 24(2), 165-181.
Reijnders, S. (2010a). On the trail of 007: media pilgrimages into the world of James Bond. Area, 42(3), 369-377.
Reijnders, S. (2010b). Places of the imagination: an ethnography of the TV detective tour. Cultural Geographies, 17(1), 37-52.
Reijnders, S. (2011). Stalking the count: Dracula, fandom and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 231-248.
Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of tourism research, 38(4), 1225-1253.
Robinson, M. (2004). Between and Beyond the Pages: Literature-Tourism Relationships.
In Robinson, M., & Andersen, H. C. (Ed.), Literature and tourism (pp. 1-38).
Cengage Learning EMEA.
Robinson, M., & Andersen, H. C. (2004). Reading Between the Lines: Literature and the Creation of Touristic Spaces. In Robinson, M., & Andersen, H. C. (Ed.), Literature and tourism (pp. 1-38). Cengage Learning EMEA.
Roesch, S. (2009). The experiences of film location tourists (Vol. 42). Channel View Publications.
Rose, B. (2014, May 20) Sherlock Holmes: Can a fictional man be a London icon? BBC.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-27487080
Simmel, G. (1991). The Berlin trade exhibition. Theory, Culture & Society, 8(3), 119-123.
Sklair, L. (2006). Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization. City, 10(01), 21-47.
Smith, A., & von Krogh Strand, I. (2011). Oslo’s new Opera House: Cultural flagship, regeneration tool or destination icon?. European Urban and Regional Studies, 18(1), 93-110.
Smith, M. (2009). The Growth of Creative Tourism. In Issues in cultural tourism studies.
(pp. 145-164). London: Routledge.
Soundmap (2009). Sherlock Holmes audiowalk. [Radio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/sherlock-holmes-the-movie/audioslideshow/sherlock-holmes-audiowalk-part-one
Sparks, R. (1992). Television and the drama of crime: Moral tales and the place of crime in public life. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Squire, S. J. (1996). Literary tourism and sustainable tourism: Promoting ‘Anne of Green Gables’ in Prince Edward Island. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 4(3), 119–134.
Tooke, N., & Baker, M. (1996). Seeing is believing: the effect of film on visitor numbers to screened locations. Tourism management, 17(2), 87-94.
Torchin, L. (2002). Location, location, location The destination of the Manhattan TV Tour.
Tourist studies, 2(3), 247-266.
Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia and environment. In Topophilia (pp. 92-112). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Tzanelli, R. (2004). Constructing the ‘cinematic tourist’The ‘sign industry’of The Lord of the Rings. Tourist Studies, 4(1), 21-42.
Tzanelli, R., & Yar, M. (2014). Breaking bad, making good: notes on a televisual tourist industry. Mobilities, (ahead-of-print), 1-19.
UNESCO (2006). Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 25-27 October.
Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze “revisited”. American Behavioral Scientist, 36(2), 172-186.
Urry, J. (1995). How societies remember the past. The Sociological Review, 43(S1), 45-65.
Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
Zukin, S. (2010). The City That Lost Its Soul. In Naked city: The death and life of authentic urban places (pp. 1-32). Oxford University Press, USA.