第六章 結論
第二節 研究限制與建議
本研究將兒童藝術與數位教育置於核心，討論 Tate Kids 如何在數位科技的加 值之下擄獲兒童的目光，並從中潛移默化藝術知識、為兒童植入對於藝術的興 趣。然而因時間、空間與經費上的限制，也基於泰德館方保護兒童的立場，筆者 未能親自於個案所在的英國進行長時間的田野調查並找到 Tate Kids 使用者，只能 針對文獻資料與台灣學童進行研究，且於泰德藝術正當性建構之論述也須仰賴大 量文獻資料。此外，個案 Tate Kids 網站位於線上虛擬空間中，其廣闊、無遠弗屆 且變動性高的特性卻也是本研究最大的限制，網站隨時可能因應使用需求而進行 編輯或改版，因而造成內容有新增或刪減的可能，故本研究在有限的時間及能力 限制之下，無法完整的針對網站的各個層次進行詳盡的描繪。
雖然筆者未能於英國進行田野調查，且礙於泰德美術館在保護兒童的政策之 下，無法直接取得相關資料，筆者透過於臺灣一國小六年級班級以實地觀察與深 度訪談的方式，取得個案班級學生於家庭、學校及個人的藝術與數位教育實踐等 一手資料作為彌補，但仍在保護個案學校及受訪者隱私的考量下，不公開或直接 具名相關文獻資料，僅以代號表示。
此種作法雖使筆者對於網站的實際藝術符號運作及兒童解碼過程有更完善的 了解，但虛擬博物館常提到的即是關於數位或技術層面的討論，對於兒童在美學 感知的變化則較不容易測量出來的，且由於兒童的表達和論述能力與成人不大相 同，在作為受訪主體時並無法達到非常理性的狀態，且筆者礙於時間限制而無法 長時間與學童培養感情，所以在訪談的部分無法很好地捕捉他們的看法，因此在 整體研究上也會存有如上述的缺陷，仍待未來研究者深入思考如何更進一步了解 不同國家、年齡層、地理範圍與家庭背景的兒童對於藝術與數位之想像與認識，
相信能更佳地完整虛擬博物館與藝術教育之構連。
157
參考文獻
中文文獻
林信成，（2012）。“超文本”（圖書館學與資訊科學大辭典）。雙語詞彙、學術 名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自：
http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1678914/
林宇玲，（2008）。兒童與網路：從批判角度探討偏遠地區兒童網路使用。秀威出 版。
邱天助，（2002）。布爾迪厄文化再製理論。台北：桂冠。
周新富，（2006）。家庭教育學：社會學取向。台北市：五南。
姜添輝，（2002）。資本社會中的社會流動與學校體系：批判教育學的分析。臺 北：高等教育。
許嘉猷，（2004）。布爾迪厄論西方純美學與藝術場域的自主化─藝術社會學 之凝視。歐美研究，34(3)，357-429。
陳怡靖、鄭耀男，（2000）。台灣地區教育階層化之變遷檢證社會資本論、文化資 本論及財務資本論在台灣的適用性。國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會 科學，10(3)，416-434。
陳威助，（2007）。台灣地區資訊教育與數位落差問題探討。資訊社會研究，13，
193-228。
曾信傑，（2005）。文化行銷：博物館在都市再生中扮演之角色。博物館學季刊，
19(4)，33-43。
曾淑芬，（2002）。數位落差。資訊社會研究，2，234-237。
張芳全，（2009）。家長教育程度與科學成就之關係：文化資本、補習時間與學習 興趣為中介的分析。教育研究與發展期刊，5 (4)，39-77。
張春興，（1996）。教育心理學: 三化取向的理論與實踐。臺灣：東華。
蔡福興， （2014）。數位遊戲在線上學習運用方式。科學研習月刊，53(1)，22-27。
蔣嘉惠，（2015）。文化資本之流動—試論龐畢度中心行動博物館文化民主化之實 踐（碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，2015）。臺灣碩博士論文知識加值系統。
取自
http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/21963530817001829675
158
英文文獻
Abrahamson, D., & Wilensky, U. (2005). Piaget? Vygotsky? I’m game! Agent-based modeling for psychology research. Paper presented at the Jean Piaget Society, Vancouver, Canada.
Amthor, G. R. (1992). Multimedia in education: An introduction. THE Journal (Technological Horizons In Education), 19(10), S32.
Anderson, D., Kisiel, J., & Storksdieck, M. (2006). Understanding teachers' perspectives on field trips: Discovering common ground in three countries.
Curator: The Museum Journal, 49(3), 365-386.
Ansbacher, T. (1998). John Dewey's experience and education: Lessons for museums. Curator: The Museum Journal, 41(1), 36-50.
Aumont, J. (2011). L'image. Armand Colin.
Baker, T. L. (1988). Doing social research. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bandelli, A. (1999). Virtual spaces and museums. Journal of Museum Education, 24(1-2), 20-22.
Barr, P., Noble, J., & Biddle, R. (2007). Video game values: Human–computer interaction and games. Interacting with Computers, 19(2), 180-195.
Basu, P., & Macdonald S. (2008). (Eds.). Exhibition experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
Battro, A. M. (2010). From Malraux’s imaginary museum to virtual museum, in R.
Parry (Eds.), Museums in a Digital Age (pp. 136-147). New York, NY: Routledge.
Baxandall, M. (1987). Patterns of intention: On the historical explanation of pictures.
Yale University Press, New Haven.
Bearman, D., & Trant, J. (2001). Museums and the Web 2001. Selected Papers from an International Conference. Pittsburg. PA: Archives & Museum Informatics.
Becker, H. J. (2000). Who's wired and who's not: Children's access to and use of computer technology. The Future of Children, 10(2), 44-75.
Bennett, T. (2013). The birth of the museum: History, theory, politics. Routledge.
Berk, L. E., Mann, T. D., & Ogan, A. T. (2006). Make-believe play: Wellspring for development of self-regulation. Play= learning: How play motivates and enhances children’s cognitive and social-emotional growth, 74-100.
Bolter, J.D., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation. Understanding New Media. MIT Press,
159
Cambridge (MA).
Bodrova, E., & Leong, D. J. (1996). Tools of the Mind: The Vygotskian Approach to the Early Childhood Education. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (1979). The inheritors: French students and their relation to culture (R. Nice, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (R. Nice, Trans.). London: Routiedge and Kegan Paul.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-58). New York:
Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P., Darbel, A., & Schnapper D. (1991). The Love of Art: European Art Museums and their Public. Oxford: Polity Press.
Box, K. (2015, Mar. 16). Tate Kids: digital play and participation. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from
http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/blogs/tate-kids-digital-play-and-participation
Box, K., & Villaespesa, E. (2015, Feb.). Tate Kids Audience Research and Evaluation Report. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from
http://www.tate.org.uk/download/file/fid/46975
Buckingham, D. (2006). Is there a digital generation?. In D. Buckingham and R. Willett (Eds.), Digital Generations (pp. 1-13). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Burguillo, J. C. (2010). Using game theory and competition-based learning to stimulate student motivation and performance. Computers & Education, 55(2), 566-575.
Cardiff, R. (2007, Mar. 1). Designing a Web Site for Young People: The Challenges of Appealing to a Diverse and Fickle Audience. In J. Trant and D. Bearman (Eds.), Museums and the Web 2007: Proceedings. Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from
http://www.archimuse.com/mw2007/papers/cardiff/cardiff.html
Charitonos, K. (2010). Promoting Positive Attitudes in Children Towards Museums and Art: A Case Study of the Use of Tate Kids in Primary Arts Education. In J. Trant and D. Bearman (Eds). Museums and the Web 2010: Proceedings. Toronto:
Archives & Museum Informatics. Published March 31, 2010. Consulted May 31,
160
2010. http://www.archimuse.com/mw2010/papers/charitonos/charitonos.html Clough, P., Marlow, J. & Sanderson, M. (2006) Designing multilingual information
access to Tate Online. In: Workshop on New Directions In Multilingual Information Access, run at the ACM SIGIR Conference, 2006, August 06 -11, 2006, Seattle, USA.
Cole, M. (1985). The zone of proximal development: Where culture and cognition create each other. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), Culture, communication, and cognition:
Vygotskian perspectives (pp. 146-161). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Crow, W. B., & Din, H. (2009). Unbound by place or time: Museums and online learning. American Association of Museums.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hermanson, K. (1995). What makes visitors want to learn?
Intrinsic motivation in museums. Museum News, 74(3), 34-37.
DeVries, R., & Kohlberg, L. (1987). Programs of early education: The constructivist view. Longman, New York.
Duncan, C. (1995). Civilizing rituals: inside public art museums. London: Routledge.
Duncan, C., & Wallach, A. (1980). The universal survey museum. Ariel, 137, 212-199.
Babbie, E. R. (2015). The practice of social research. Nelson Education.
Ernst, W. (2000). Archi (ve) textures of Museology. In S. A. Crane (Ed.), Museums and memory (pp. 17-34). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Falk, J. H. (2005). Free-choice environmental learning: framing the discussion.
Environmental Education Research, 11(3), 265-280.
Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2000). Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning. Altamira Press.
Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2012). Museum experience revisited. Left Coast Press.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan Trans.). New York; Vintage Books.
Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (pp. 87-104). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Fyfe, G. (1996). A Trojan horse at the Tate: Theorizing the museum as agency and structure. In S. Macdonald and G. Fyfe (Eds.), Theorizing museums: Representing identity and diversity in a changing world (pp. 56–71). Oxford: Blackwell/The
161
Sociological Review.
Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons. Basic books.
Gardner, H. (2007). Five minds for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Gilmore, J. H., & Pine, B. J. (2007). Authenticity: What consumers really want. Boston:
Harvard Business School Press.
Graves, J. B. (2004). Cultural democracy: The arts, community, and the public purpose.
Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Grenfell, M., & Hardy, C. (2007). Art rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the visual arts.
Oxford: Berg.
Griffiths, M. D., & Davies, M. N. O., (2002). Excessive online computer gaming:
implications for education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18, 379–380.
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). Autonomy in children's learning: an
experimental and individual difference investigation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(5), 890.
Hawkey, R. (2004). Report 9: Learning With Digital Technologies in Museums, Science Centres and Galleries. Bristol: NESTA Futurelab.
Hein, G. E. (2002). Learning in the Museum. Routledge.
Hein, H. S. (1990). The Exploratorium: The museum as laboratory. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Heim, J., Brandtzæ g, P. B., Kaare, B. H., Endestad, T., & Torgersen, L. (2007).
Children's usage of media technologies and psychosocial factors. New Media &
Society, 9(3), 425-454.
Hillis, K. (1999). Digital sensations: Space, identity, and embodiment in virtual reality.
U of Minnesota Press.
Hooper-Greenhill, E., & University of Leicester. (1989). Initiatives in museum education. Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester.
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (1999). The educational role of the museum. Psychology Press.
Huhtamo, E. (2010). On the origins of the virtual museum. In R. Parry (Ed.), Museums in the digital age (pp. 121–135). London, England: Routledge.
Hwang, G. J., Wu, P. H., & Chen, C. C. (2012). An online game approach for improving students’ learning performance in web-based problem-solving activities. Computers
& Education, 59(4), 1246-1256.
162
Jackson, S. (2009, Mar. 31). Doing It for the Kids: Tate Online on Engaging, Entertaining and (Stealthily) Educating Six to 12-Year-Olds. In J. Trant and D.
Bearman (Eds.), Museums and the Web 2009: Proceedings. Toronto: Archives &
Museum Informatics. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from
http://www.archimuse.com/mw2009/papers/jackson/jackson.html
Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Toward a design theory of problem solving. Educational technology research and development, 48(4), 63-85.
Kachniewska, M. (2015). Gamification and Social Media as Tools for Tourism Promotion in Handbook of Research on Effective Advertising Strategies in the Social Media Age, 17-51.
Kim, B., Park, H., & Baek, Y. (2009). Not just fun, but serious strategies: using meta-cognitive strategies in game-based learning. Computers & Education, 52(4), 800-810.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1990). Objects of Ethnography. In I. Karp & S. D. Lavine (Eds.), Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display (pp. 386-443). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Lai, C.-L. (2004). Art exhibitions travel the world. In M. Sheller & J. Urry (Eds.), Tourism mobilities: Places to play, places in play (pp. 90–102).
Larsen, P. (1991). Textual analysis of fictional media content. In K. Jensen & N.
Jankowski (Eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research (pp. 121-134). London: Routledge.
Law, J., & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford, UK/Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers/. The Sociological Review.
Lee, L. (2008). The impact of young people's Internet use on class boundaries and life trajectories. Sociology, 42(1), 137-153.
Lidchi, H. (1997). The poetics and the politics of exhibiting other cultures. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 151-222). London: Sage.
Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2005). UK children go online: Final report of key project findings. London: London School of Economics and Politics Science.
Lockton, D., Harrison, D., & Stanton, N. A. (2010). The Design with Intent Method: A design tool for influencing user behaviour. Applied ergonomics, 41(3), 382-392.
163
Macdonald, G. F., & Alsford, S. (1995). Museums and theme parks: Worlds in collision?. Museum Management and Curatorship, 14(2), 129-147.
Macdonald, S., & Silverstone, R. (1990.) Rewriting the museums' fictions: Taxonomies, stories and readers. Cultural Studies. 4(2), 176-191.
Maleuvre, D. (1999). Museum memories: History, technology, art. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press.
Malraux, A. (1965). Le musée imaginaire in Les voix du silence. Paris: Nouvelle Revue Française, Gallimard.
Manovich, Lev. (2001). The language of new media. MIT press,
McClure, C. R. (1994). Network literacy: A role for libraries?. Information Technology and libraries, 13(2), 115.
Mctavish, L. (2006). Visiting the Virtual Museum: Art and Experience Online. In J.
Marstine (Ed.), New Museum Theory and Practice (pp. 226-247). London:
Blackwell Publishing.
Mintz, A. (1998). Media and museums: a museum perspective. In A. Mintz (Ed.), The virtual and the real: Media in the museum (pp. 19-35). American Association of Museums. Washingtion.
Mumtaz, S. (2001). Children's enjoyment and perception of computer use in the home and the school. Computers & Education, 36(4), 347-362.
Murdock, G., Hartmann, P., & Gray, P. (1992). Contextualizing home computing:
Resources and practices. In R. Silverstone & E. Hirsch (Eds.), Consuming technologies: Media and information in domestic spaces (pp.146-160). London:
Routledge.
Newhouse, V. (1998). Towards a New Museum. New York: Monacelli Press.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London:
Sage.
Parry, R. (Ed.). (2010). Museums in a digital age. Abingdon: Routledge.
Phillips, M., & O’Reilly, D. (2007). Major case study: Rethinking Tate Modern as an art museum brand. In R. Rentschler & A.M. Hede (Eds.), Museum Marketing:
Competing in the Global Marketplace (pp. 186–191). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton.
164
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (2008). The psychology of the child. Basic books.
Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (2011). The experience economy. Harvard Business Press.
Rellie, J. (2003). Tate Online: Towards a Third Generation Cultural Heritage Institution Website (ICHIM 2003). Proceedings; Archives and Museum Informatics Europe.
Rellie, J. (2006). 10 Years On: Hopes, Fears, Predictions and Gambles for UK Museums On-line. In J. Trant and D. Bearman (Eds.), Museums and the Web 2006:
Proceedings. Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics, published March 1, 2006.
Retrieved September 9, 2016 from
http://www.archimuse.com/mw2006/papers/rellie/rellie.1.html
Rennie, L. J., & Johnston, D. J. (2004). The nature of learning and its implications for research on learning from museums. Science Education, 88(S1), S4-S16.
Rodney, S. (2015). Museums, discourse, and visitors: the case of London's Tate Modern. PhD thesis, Birkbeck, University of London.
Schiller, D. (2000). Digital capitalism: Networking the global market system. MIT press.
Silverman, L. H. (1995). Visitor meaning‐making in museums for a new age. Curator:
The Museum Journal, 38(3), 161-170.
Sørensen, B. H., & Olesen, B. R. (Eds.) (2004). Investigating children's use of ICT–A challenge for adults. Revista de Informatic Social, 2, 16-26.
Stack, J. (2010, Spring). Tate Online Strategy 2010–12. Tate Papers, (13). Retrieved July 26, 2016 from
http://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/13/tate-online-strategy-2010-12
Starn, R. (2005). A historian's brief guide to new museum studies. The American Historical Review, 110(1), 68-98.
Stewart, S. (1984). On longing: Narratives of the miniature, the gigantic, the souvenir, the collection. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Strathern, M. (1992). Reproducing the future: essays on anthropology, kinship and the new reproductive technologies. Manchester University Press.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1966). Piaget on play: A critique. Psychological Review, 73(1), 104-110.
Tate. (2008). A new frame on art [PowerPoint presentation]. London: Author.
Tate. (2015). Tate Website Audience Segmentation. Retrieved September 8, 2016 from
165
http://www.tate.org.uk/download/file/fid/46243
Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: the rise of the Net generation. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Taylor, M. (1999). What is in a "national" museum? The challenges of collecting policies at the National Museums of Scotland. In S. J. Knell (Ed.), Museums and the future of collecting (pp. 120-131). Ashgate, Aldershot.
Terlutter, R., & Capella, M. L. (2013). The gamification of advertising: analysis and research directions of in-game advertising, advergames, and advertising in social network games. Journal of advertising, 42(2-3), 95-112.
Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A., & Olien, C. N. (1970). Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge. Public opinion quarterly, 34(2), 159-170.
U. K. Department for Culture, Media & Sport. (2016). The Culture White Book (Cm9218). Retrieved July 26, 2016 from
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploa ds/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/510798/DCMS_The_Culture_White_Paper __3_.pdf
Weimer, M. (2002). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity.
Cambridge university press.
Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 17(2), 89-100.
Yien, J. M., Hung, C. M., Hwang, G. J., & Lin, Y. C. (2011). A game-based learning approach to improving students’ learning achievements in a nutrition course.
Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 1–10.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse &
society, 4(2), 249-283.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Readings on the development of children, 23(3), 34-41.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press.
166
167
附錄一：論述分析相關文獻
A. 英國政府官方數據 The Culture White Paper
取自：https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/510798/DCM S_The_Culture_White_Paper__3_.pdf
取得時間：2016/07/26 Taking Part 2015/16 Quarter 2
取自：https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/495586/Takin g_Part_2015-16_Quarter_2_Report_2.pdf
取得時間：2016/07/26 Taking Part 2015/16 Quarter 4
取自：https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539312/Takin g_Part_2015-16_Quarter_4_Report_-_FINAL.pdf
取得時間：2016/08/02
Taking Part 2015/16 Annual Child Report
取自：https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539029/Takin g_Part_2015_16_Child_Report_-_FINAL.pdf
取得時間：2016/08/02
Museums and Galleries Monthly Visits
取自：https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/535389/Mont hly_Museums_May_2016_Published_July_2016.csv/preview
取得時間：2016/08/02 Updateof2010to2015governmentpolicymuseumsandgalleries-GOV.UK20160425.pdf.pdf 取得時間：2016/08/02
B. 泰德美術館官方文獻
B. 泰德美術館官方文獻