成為工人之後
本研究從孟加拉女性在「成為工人」之後面臨權利處境多方面惡化的危機開始，
探討在達卡市的都市脈絡中，女性、工人等不同身份權利的動態交織，以及在權利 形構過程中治理的再生產。
達卡是全國政治與經濟發展的中心，由國家主導規劃而吸納周圍地方資源來 集中打造都市地景，在1980 年代國家經濟自由化改革後，外資匯集下更加速都市 化發展（Basu 2012：1-34）。以成衣及服飾加工品為大宗的加工出口工業，僱用大 量女性為工廠工人，也隨著工廠林立在都會周圍地帶而向都市遷移。
包含都市地景分化、侍從主義政治、性別秩序等不同治理力量的交織、競合，
以及所形成的排擠和衝突，多重治理情境在女性工人身上體現。以達卡加工出口區 為例，在外資工廠管理制度和國家訂定的加工出口區專門規範疊合下，形成有別於 區外的性別秩序；加工出口區外，性別秩序則與都市空間政治相互纏繞，造成女性 工人的居住難題。
隨著人口快速膨脹，達卡市內貧民區數量和非正式經濟也顯著增長，貧民區也 成為眾多來到達卡、進入工廠工作的女性所生活的地方。因都市行政體系不直接落 實，貧民區內形成流動而「開放」的權利狀態和新政治空間，女性斬獲更多機會參 與其中，尤其是參與各種非政府組織執行發展計畫。貧民區內基礎生活機能的維繫，
依賴活躍的在地組織以及與區外保持靈活連結關係的少數居民，藉由合法與非法 的橋接、侍從主義分配政治和國家治理權威的再現，形成對內部的支配機制，並調 節都市對貧民區強弱不定的排除壓力。貧民區的存在持續在既定治理機制與公民 社會內涵中製造灰色地帶，並突顯權利本身的參差、變動、累積性質。
隨成衣及服飾加工產業鏈在孟加拉國內擴張，出現各類促進工人權益的組織，
開始針對女性工人的日常需求提供相應資源。在經營以女性為連帶的新社會空間 中，促成日常需求與權利主張的連結，形塑權利概念的文化價值，繼而提升女性工 人參與勞權協商的意願。不過在此過程中，身份與階級的分野持續確立，且隨著跨 國工運的發展以及紡織、成衣產業鏈的區位轉移，品牌企業、工廠、在地與國際勞 工組織之間的多重關係和行動，使勞資情境和工人權利意義的競爭場域都更加複
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雜。
孟加拉加工出口工業的發展過程中，女性的「工人」身份承受多重治理和介入。
作為參與都市空間政治的一員，女性工人尤須面對性別秩序和國家發展計畫的交 鋒，對權利的解讀更受到工會、在地組織、政府部門、國際組織的互動影響。不過 在非政府組織的活躍下，她們以更經驗性、脈絡性的方式認知權利，並因應地方權 力關係、權威和行政體系而實踐，以便能在成為工人的同時，也確保安全、維持社 會連帶和自主性。因此，對女性工人來說，維護「作為工人」的權益，與成為「更 理想的」女性、公民，時而相互嵌合，彰顯出女性主體能動性的多重演繹。
研究限制與展望
首先是對於「權利」此一概念所涉及的內容，本論文尚未能細緻釐清，例如從 孟加拉法律的實質內涵來討論，以及女性工人如何理解權利。其次，關於權利作為 一種知識體系，與殖民歷程的關係，以及可能衍生的治理性及國家想像，也有待更 深入的梳理。
在進行田野調查時，因多數孟加拉工人僅能以孟加拉語溝通，而必須倚靠英語 或他人協助翻譯才能順利交流，語言轉譯過程的不即時、不完整、難以挖掘更深層 想法，是相當可惜的地方；在經費限制下，只能在有限的約訪時聘請翻譯，以致失 去許多記錄工人和貧民區居民日常對話的機會，是另一可惜之處。在台灣能取得有 關孟加拉的文獻資料並不豐富，使田野工作一開始的資料蒐集有過於零碎之虞。不 過，本次田野調查的珍貴收穫之一，是能與Awaj 基金會、Korail 貧民區建立連結，
兩者皆應有更多層次的面貌留待研究者發掘。
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