ഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆ
ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌᐙհ
ᔆ֏࠷ٻઔߒ
ዐက౺
*ኴʳ ʳ
ءઔߒؾऱڇ൶ಘൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌࢬข سऱᐙΔઔߒֱऄאᔆ֏ઔߒ࠷ٻΔאᨠኘऄΕᓫऄ֮֗ٙ։ֱ࣫ऄ൶ ߒհΔءઔߒאၦ।ྒྷၦ܅ய౨ඒஃٺԫۯઔߒኙွΔၞ۩ԫᖂڣضມઔ ߒΖઔߒ࣠ܧڕՀΚ1.ڇඒᖂᄷໂֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂᄷໂऱך։ ࢤΖ2.ڇඒޗփ୲ֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒޗփ୲ኔਜऱֱٻΕඒޗփ୲ऱ ዌ֗ඒᖂૠऱᆵኔΖ3.ڇඒᖂฃֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ֧ᖄ֗༼ം ฃΕ೯܂ਐᖄقᒤ֗ᖂسڇඒᖂᖵ࿓խऱߡۥچۯΖ4.ڇඒᖂေၦֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂေၦऱૠࢤΕඒᖂေၦփ୲ፖֱڤΖءઔߒᓵ᧩قඒஃ۞ݺ ய౨ᐙඒஃඒᖂറᄐኔᔌᔆΔ່৵ΔءઔߒՈ৬ᤜഏ՛ൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆ ᚨطࠠڶറᄐહནऱய౨ඒஃٚඒΔא༼ࣙඒᖂᔆΔআၞറᄐኔᔌΔ܂ ൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒᖂᄅհەΖᣂဲΚൈፖ᧯ߛʳ ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ʳ ඒᖂኔᔌʳ ᔆऱઔߒ
* ഏمխ՞Օᖂຏᢝඒߛխ֨᧯ߛፖൈิܗඒ
ഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆ
ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌᐙհ
ᔆ֏࠷ٻઔߒ
ዐက౺
Εፃᓵ
ඒஃറᄐኔᔌਢඒߛᔆ༼ࣙऱૹຜஉΔඒߛؾᑑऱሒګڶᘸඒஃࠠ᧯ऱ ኔᔌඒᖂթױݙګΖඒᖂኔᔌਢඒஃറᄐषᄎ֏ᖵ࿓ऱૹڂై(Chow, & Fry, 1999)Δᐙඒᖂኔᔌ۩ऱڂైৰڍΔࠡխඒஃ۞ݺய౨ਢԫऴ࠹ࠩᣂࣹऱ ైΔ୪ݳ᧵(2001)Ոਐנৰڍփ؆ڇᓤᠧڂైᐙॾ࢚ፖ۩೯ऱᜤΔ܀ඒஃய ౨ॾ࢚ፖ۩೯ऱᜤਢլױܡᢞऱᓵΖࠃኔՂΔଡԳऱ۩೯լႛ࠹ࠩ۩৵࣠ ֗؆ڇᛩቼᐙΔՈ࠹ࠩଡԳᎁवᖵ࿓ऱᐙΔ۞ݺய౨ᎁਢᐙ۩೯່ ऱ֨ᖲࠫհԫ(Bandura, 1986)Ζ༉೯ᖲᓵۖߢΔඒஃய౨ტਢඒᖂ۩ऱ ૹቃྒྷਐᑑ(Bandura, 1993)Δய౨ඒஃ।ᗨᄕऱඒᖂ۩Δ܅ய౨ඒஃঞ ະ࣍რݳި(ޕدᐃΔ1994; Gibson & Dembo,1984)Ζመװऱઔߒԫאၦ֏ઔ ߒΔԱᇞඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌऱᐙΔለ֟ڶאᔆ֏ઔߒ࠷ٻԱᇞࠡၴऱᐙ ࢤΔءઔߒאᔆऱઔߒ࠷ٻΔףא൶ಘࠟृऱᣂএΖඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂኔᔌਢඒߛऱኔᎾွ(ۂટफΔ1997ΙࣥრẼΔ 2002Ιࡌ༡اΔ1999Ι១دྶ,2002; Tschannen-Moran, Hoy, & Hoy, 1998)Ζੋ壃༡ (2000)ઔߒਐנഏխଃᑗඒஃ۞ݺய౨ტყൎΔඒᖂګயყࠋΖᠱᎮݳ(1996)ڇഏ ՛ඒஃய౨ፖඒᖂ۩ᣂএઔߒխΔਐנඒஃய౨ᐙඒᖂ۩Δඒஃඒᖂய౨ ။Δࠡඒᖂ۩။ཛٻၞޡ࠷ٻΔඒᖂ۩ყᗨᄕΖᑛࡲࣔ(2001)ਐנഏ՛᧯ ߛඒஃऱറᄐ౨ԺΕറᄐ壄壀ᐙࠩඒஃߡۥറᄐᔌ۩ΙOnofre & Carreiro(1996) ਐנய౨ඒஃֺ܅ய౨ඒஃڶޓڍցऱඒᖂݾ؏Δඒᖂኪ৫ፖ۩ڶޓᗨᄕऱ ।ΔൕאՂऱ։࣫ױאԱᇞඒஃ۞ݺய౨ࠃኔՂᐙඒᖂኔᔌΖ
ွΔᑰᆠ壁(2004)ၞ۩ൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒᖂኔᔌհᓵփො։࣫Δࠡലඒᖂ ኔᔌ։ګඒᖂᄷໂΕඒᖂփ୲ΕඒᖂฃΕඒᖂေၦଡዌ૿Δءઔߒᚵԫ ᐋװ൶ಘլٵ۞ݺய౨ඒஃڇඒᖂᄷໂΕඒᖂփ୲ΕඒᖂฃΕඒᖂေၦዌ૿Δ ขس۶ጟլٵऱွΖ
၁Εઔߒֱऄ
ԫΕઔߒਮዌΚءઔߒԯൕഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆխΔඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙ ඒᖂᄷໂΕඒᖂփ୲ΕඒᖂฃΕඒᖂေၦଡඒᖂኔᔌዌ૿ՂΔࢬขس ऱᐙףא։࣫൶ಘΖ ԲΕઔߒኙွΚઔߒृڇ༈ބᔞٽኙွழΔەᐞࠩઔߒኙွऱറᄐહནΕٽრ ᣋ֗ᖂீ᧯ߛ࿇୶ऱۥΔ٥ᗴᙇքۯඒஃΔࠉઔߒृΰᑰᆠ壁Δ2004αᒳ ፹ऱൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃ۞ݺய౨ၦ।Δྒྷᇢנၦ।᜔։֗܅࣍ؓ݁ ᑇԫଡᑑᄷृΔٺԫۯፖ܅ய౨ඒஃၞ۩ઔߒΖءઔߒऱய౨ඒஃא ψҝஃωټጠࡅΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃאψB ஃωټጠࡅΚ ଯਏૈ௲ৣ˽ৣҞࣁཥཥ୯λ(ҁࣴزϯӜ)଼நᆶᡏػᏢಞሦୱت௲ৣǴ ᏼҺѤǵϖԃભ଼நᆶᡏػᏢಞሦୱ௲ৣǴԾ҇୯ 72 ԃܭࢌৣද೯ৣၗ ࣽᡏػಔǴԶࡕֹԋεᏢϷࣴز܌ᏢǶ୍ܺ୯λԃၗஒ߈ 20 ԃǴӧ҇୯ 89 ԃ வᡏػࣴز܌ǴᏼҺᡏػಔߏ 4 ԃǴᡏػ௲ৣ 4 ԃǴќѦΞᏼҺᏤৣ 11 ԃǴ ځύΨҺ௲ၸ଼ந௲ػፐำϷᡏػፐำǶA ৣΨঋҺᏢਠҖ৩໗ǵၧᗉౚ໗ǵר ႍޑ௲ግπբኧԃǴࡰᏤޑᏢғΨමӧᖻǵᑜᖻϷ࣪ᖻளӜǴҗܭჹၮޑ഻ ངǴڀԖೕࡓၮޑಞᄍǴВԖԐݚಞᄍǴፐࡕϐᎩаਫౚǵԳౚࣁၮ܄Ҷ ໕ࢲǴӧᏢᐕࢂՏᡏػ௲ᏢᡍᙦޑԴৣǶ եਏૈ௲ৣ B ৣΨࢂཥཥ୯λ଼நᆶᡏػᏢಞሦୱت௲ৣǴᏼҺѤǵϖԃભ ଼நᆶᡏػᏢಞሦୱ௲ৣǴεᏢࣁࢌৣଣޗ௲ػᏢسǴၸѐᡍၸભҺ ௲ৣΟԃǵғ௲Ϸ૽ػಔߏπբٿԃǴමҺ௲ၸ଼ந௲ػፐำǴՠ҂මᏼҺၸᡏ ػፐ௲ᏢπբǴϞԃᏼҺ଼நᆶᡏػሦୱҺ௲ৣǴٰࢂࣁΑᑫ፪ǴΒٰࢂࣁ Α۳଼நᆶᡏػሦୱ௲Ꮲޑࣴز܌অǶ ԿΕઔߒՠࠠΚઔߒृਢܡਢᔆऱઔߒխհઔߒՠࠠΔڶࠡञᤜࢤΔءઔߒԯࠉ Guba and Lincoln(1985)ፖ Patton(1990)ऱᨠរΔലઔߒृءԳီઔߒՠࠠΙࠡהऱઔߒՠֱࠠ૿Δץܶൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃ۞ݺய౨ၦ।ΰᑰᆠ 壁Δ2004αΕඒᖂᨠኘಖᙕ।Εᓫಖᙕ।Εඒᖂֲ।םΙڇᕴޗࠌش ՂڶᙕᐙᖲΕᙕଃᖲΕᙕᐙ֗ᙕଃΖڶᣂءઔߒृᑰᆠ壁ΰ3115αᒳ ፹հψൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃ۞ݺய౨ၦ।ωΔࠡ፦ႃඒஃ۞ݺய౨ऱٺ ጟ֮Δၞ۩ᓵփොհጵٽ։࣫Ζ່৵Δലඒஃ۞ݺய౨։ګଡԳඒᖂய ౨֗ԫඒᖂய౨ΔଡԳඒᖂய౨ਢඒஃኙ۞աऱൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒᖂ ౨Ժ֗ݾ౨ऱ۞ॾ࿓৫Δਢඒஃေ۷ଡԳඒᖂ౨Ժऱ۞ݺᤚवΙԫඒᖂய ౨ਢਐඒஃᎁඒᖂ౨ኙᖂسขسᐙऱॾ࢚Δٍܛඒஃቃཚඒᖂՠ܂ڇ؆ ڇᛩቼऱᐙՀΔս౨ജޏ᧢ᖂسᖂ࿓৫ऱԫጟᤚवΖءၦ।א 411 ۯඒ ஃၞ۩ቃྒྷΔ!ڃگڶயၦ। 362 ٝ)۾᜔ၦ 95&*Δא൶ࢤڂై։࣫৬مၦ ।ऱ৬ዌய৫Δ٦אګٝ։࣫)qsjodjqbm!dpnqpofu!bobmztjt*Δૻࡳࢼ ࠷ 3 ଡڂైΔאٌ᠏ၗ܂รԫڻڂై։࣫Δٺᠲؾ๛ၦڶሀڂైွ ሒ/46Εٺዌ૿ऱᠲؾૉ՛࣍/51 ֗ٺዌ૿๛ၦለ՛ऱᠲؾղאܔೈΖ່ ৵Δޢԫዌ૿ຟఎՀ 9 ଡᠲؾၞ۩รԲڻڂై։࣫Δ࣠ٺᠲ݁ࡳऱᆵԵ ቃཚዌ૿Δၦ।ᇞᤩ৫ 63/:9&Ζၦ।ऱॾ৫հ᜔ၦ। Dspocbdi!өএᑇ /:2Δ։ၦ।ॾ৫ऱ Dspocbdi!өএᑇ݁ઃ/97Ζ᧩قءઔߒհၦ।ࠠڶ ߜړऱॾய৫Ƕ! Εᇷற፦ႃֱڤፖઔߒऱॾய৫Κᔆ֏ઔߒፖၦऱઔߒٵᑌૹီઔߒऱॾ৫ፖ ய৫Δᔆऱઔߒऱய৫ਢਐઔߒ࣠ਢܡױ൷࠹ऱΕױॾᘸࢨױᔾऱΔᔆऱ ઔߒॾ৫ਢਐױᓤ፹ࢤྡྷរΖઔߒृ༼ઔߒऱॾ৫֗ய৫Δᚵ༉Հ٨ ֱڤၞ۩Κ ΰԫα९ضມՠ܂ऱழၴ ઔߒृضມ᜔٥क़ԱՂՀᖂཚԫڣழၴΔאࠌઔߒழၴף९ΔאԱ ᇞඒஃኔᎾڇඒᖂኔਜऱൣݮΖ ΰԲαᗴᙇլٵݮኪࠢীऱᑌء ઔߒृԱᇞඒஃய౨ڇඒᖂኔᔌՂ࿇سऱயᚨΔᙇ࠷܅ய౨ඒஃࠐ ܂ضມઔߒΔא༼ઔߒऱய৫Ζ ΰԿαઔߒኙွऱᔞ৫༴૪ ઔߒृኙᖞଡઔߒኙွ A ஃፖ B ஃຟ܂ᔞ৫ຫ૪Ζ ΰαڍցຜஉᏺףઔߒॾய৫ 1. ڍૹᇷற፦ႃΚઔߒृאᓰᨠኘΕᓫΕضມؤಖ֗ඒᖂᚾூઌᣂ֮
ٙ፦ႃΔڇᖞଡመ࿓խΔױאᨃઔߒृޓףԱᇞࢬࠩऱᇷறΔאཚޓ ԵᇭΖ 2. ઔߒृ۞ݺઊ৸ΚઔߒृޢԫڻضມᨠኘऱᇷறܫԫᆵழΔԫࡳޣ܂ ԫࠄ۞ݺઊ৸Δࠀᐷᐊᨠ৵֨ΔאኙઔߒऱംᠲޓࣔᛵΔࠀኙጊം հઊ৸ፖಖᙕΔࠀ܂ՀڻᓫઔߒኙွऱەΖ 3. ᓫᇷறᛀᢞΚڇᆖመᓫհ৵Δઔߒृᄎലᓫᒚٌ࠹ඒஃᔹᥦΔ אᇡኔຫ૪࠹ृࢬ।ሒऱփ୲Ζ 4. ආشٵᕦေᓵΚઔߒृႊழൄࡉٵቛಘᓵ۞աࢬ༼נऱᇞᤩΔൕۖބנፖ ࠡڶᣂऱംᠲΔྥ৵ດԫףאᇞެΔڇઔߒृၞ۩ᇷற։࣫ፖᇞᤩழΔޢ ၜլࡳழऱፖٵᕦյઌಘᓵΔאᨃ։࣫ፖᇞᤩޓݙᖞΔլી࣍ڂଡԳೣ ߠທګઔߒऱೣ؈Ζءઔߒऱٵᕦඒஃץܶԫۯᇷऱഏ՛ൈፖ᧯ߛᖂ Ꮖඒஃ֗ԫۯאᘲᔆ֏ઔߒऱ༉ᦰඒߛઔߒࢬ໑Փఄഏ՛ඒஃΔࠌ ઔߒփ୲ڶޓࠋऱॾய৫Ζ նΕઔߒመ࿓Κءઔߒऱઔߒመ࿓Δᖵᆖઔߒહན൶ಘΕ֮։࣫Εᙇ࠷ᑌʳ ʳ ءΕኔچၞ۩ضມᓳΕᇷறΕ࣠։࣫ፖಘᓵࠩݙګᓵ֮Δൕᇢ൶ࢤ ઔߒࠩإڤᔆ֏ضມኔچઔߒ٥ԫᖂڣΔޢၜԿᆏᓰൈፖ᧯ߛඒᖂऱᨠ ኘΔઔߒृᙇ࠷ A ஃፖ B ஃኙွΔٺᨠኘڣ్ԫଡఄ్֗նڣ్ԫଡఄ ్Ζ؆ΔઔߒृՈᄎᙇᖗ A ஃፖ B ஃࢬՂᓰऱΕնڣ్հࠡהൈ ፖ᧯ߛᓰ࿓ऱఄ్܂ᨠኘΔאԱᇞࠟۯඒஃޓᐖខऱኔᎾඒᖂൣݮΖ քΕᔆऱᇷறΚઔߒृലᇷறᒳᒘၞ۩։࣫ΔזᒘڕՀΚψAωז।ய౨ඒ ஃΕψBωז।܅ய౨ඒஃΕψ0912ωז।ᨠኘࢨᓫֲཚΕ I ז।ᓫΕO ז।ᓰᨠኘΕR ז।ᨠኘઊ৸ΕTN ז।ඒᖂֲΕDF ז।֮ٙᇷறΔڕ ᇷறᒳᒘ 0912AI ז। 9 ִ 12 ֲᓫ A ஃಖᙕΕ1012AO ז। 10 ִ 12 ֲ ᓰᨠኘ A ஃಖᙕΕ1012AOR ז। 10 ִ 12 ֲᓰᨠኘ A ஃհઊ৸ಖᙕΔ 1012ATN ז। 10 ִ 12 ֲҝஃऱඒᖂֲΔ1009ADF ז। 10 ִ 09 ֲऱ֮ ٙᇷறΔ֮ٙ։࣫ऄխऱ֮ٙץܶࠟۯඒஃऱඒᖂֲΕࡳཚေၦە࠴Εඒ ᖂၞ৫।֮ٙΖઔߒृ༉ޢԫڻၞԵضມխࢬᨠኘᛧऱᇷறΔګኴ ֗ᒳᒘΔאঁലࡨᇷறףא։࣫Δᆖመ९ழၴऱᇷற፦ႃհ৵Δലࡨᇷ ற٦ԫڻچอᖞΔףאᣊ֏ᒳᒘΔאॣޡᇷறΖᆖመᇷற፦ႃΕូऱ መ࿓א֗ઔߒृլឰچֺለΕᢞΔݮګᓵΔઔߒृലբᒳᒘऱլٵࠐᇷ றΔਊᅃઌᣂᣊܑ܂ຫ૪֗ᇞᤩΖ
Ε࣠։࣫ፖಘᓵ
ڇءઔߒಾኙ܅ய౨ඒஃऱضມᓳઔߒխΔ࿇ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ ኔᔌऱٺጟွΔאՀດԫ։࣫ಘᓵհΚԫΕඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂᄷໂऱᣂএΚඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ
ᄷໂऱך։ࢤ
ءઔߒ࿇Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒஃᄷໂඒޗ֗ᓰ࿓փ୲ՂΔขسլٵऱൣ उΔլٵய౨ტඒஃΔܧנඒᖂᄷໂऱֱڤլٵΔ܀ਢய౨ტඒஃΔኙඒᖂ ᄷໂለᄎ֗ࠩᖞଡᓰ࿓ऱ૿Δڕᓰ࿓ૠऱᒳૡΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃឈڶᒳૡඒ ᖂૠΔ܀ਢᄎࠉኔᎾൣݮΔ܂ࠄඒᖂᄷໂऱ೯܂Ζ܅լٵய౨ტඒஃຟᄎࠃ ٣ᄷໂඒޗΔ܀ਢய౨ඒஃֺለᄎಾኙլٵඒޗ܂ڶߓอऱඒᖂᄷໂΔۖڇ ޢԫᣊඒޗছΔຟᄎၞ۩ຍႈՠ܂Δۖ܅ய౨ՈᄎڇࠃছᄷໂΔ܀ᄎለႜٻ࣍ ᄷໂΖާெࣤ(1994)ਐנ᧯ߛඒᖂެࡳᐙڂైխΔඒஃऱറ९ᐙࠡૠެ ࡳΕյ೯ެࡳፖေᦸެࡳΔࠠറ९ऱඒஃڇૠެࡳழەᐞᖂسᖂഗء౨ԺΕ յ೯ެࡳழەᐞᖂऱࣷΕေᦸެࡳழەᐞඒᖂؾᑑሒګऱൣݮΔءઔߒऱ ய౨ඒஃٍ౨֘ᚨנࠡڇඒᖂ౧խᚨڶऱ।Ζ Ȩࣴزޣӛ˽ৣाΑҽᏢයޑ௲Ꮲࡋ߄ǴA ৣޑ௲Ꮲࡋ߄ߚத၁ಒǴ ևҽֹޑ௲Ꮲीฝ(0904AO)Ƕȩ…ǴA ৣӧౚፐำൂϡύǴஒᏢғ ϩԋѤಔǴҁፐޑࡋࢂᏢғግಞචǴࣴزޣᢀჸډζғаၨεޑੇ᠁ౚࣁ ҔڀǴتғޑౚࢂၨλޑౚǴԶҗܭζғޑౚࢂќѦ৾ޑੇ᠁ౚǴԋ ౚࢎคݤഗՐౚǴӢԜǴA ৣԾᇙᙁܰౚ০ǴᡣౚૈܫǴΓѺᔐǴځ ᎩΓௗౚǴаԜ፺ࢬ(0504AO)Ƕ…ǴA ৣӧౚፐำޑࡕъ໘ࢤǴჴࡼϩಔ ჹלᖻǴࣴزޣวډᏹԖٿೀҔҡԪણฝޑᙁܰλࠠᘄౚӦǴӢࣁǴA ৣӧԐԾঅਔǴࣁΑБߡፐǴஒӦҔҡԪฝԋᘄౚӦǴᡣᏢғբКᖻግ ಞҔ Ƕ(0516AO) B ৣӧ௲ᏢǴԖϿϩޑፐำҭྗഢǴӵ०ዬຑໆਔǴB ৣ߾ΑԾ ᇙޑ௲ᏢډǴځྗഢΑीӳԋαӷࠠޑѭᓪᛣǴߏቨӚऊ 1 ϦЁǴ ᡣᏢға०ዬᘊྗǶȩ (1030BO)ԲΕඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒޗփ୲ኔਜऱᣂএ
ΰԫαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒޗփ୲ኔਜऱֱٻ ءઔߒ࿇ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᄎ֧ᖄඒஃڇඒޗփ୲ऱᙇᖗፖኔਜՂΔA ஃᎁ ڇሎ೯ݾ؏ለࠋऱႈؾΔඒஃֺለᄎڜඈڇඒᖂփ୲հխΔۖ B ஃՈאለᑵ൜ऱ ሎ೯ႈؾΔ܂Ղᓰऱփ୲ΔՈڂڼױאԱᇞඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒޗփ୲ኔਜ ࠠڶᐙࢤΖާெࣤ(1994)ઔߒਐנ᧯ߛඒஃڇඒᖂެࡳ࠹ࠩඒஃመװᖂᆖ᧭ ऱᐙΔۖຍጟᐙڇඒޗփ୲ኔਜՂΔඒஃᄎലඒᖂૠྡྷរႃխڇ۞աለറ ९ऱሎ೯ඒޗΔࠡਢط࣍ඒஃڇຍࠄඒޗփ୲ֱ૿ڶለऱய౨वᤚΔڶڼ ౨ԺףאኔਜΖ AǺךӧೕฝ௲ᏢϷჴࡼ௲ᏢਔǴаၨࣁԖעඝޑٰ௲Ǵӵ݀ࢂ১Ǵၨ όѐ௲(0429AI)Ƕ BǺךόࢂᡏػࣽسрيǴՠࢂவၸѐ൳ԃᡍޑಕᑈύǴӢࣁᏢਠۓය ԖሞௗΚᖻϷၧᗉౚᖻǴ܌аǴךჹ೭ٿၮၨࣁዕǴፐਔǴΨа೭ٿ ࣁЬाϣ(1015BI)Ƕ ΰԲαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂऱඒޗփ୲ዌ ءઔߒ࿇լٵඒஃய౨ტඒஃՈڇඒޗփ୲ኔਜऱֱڤՂڶࢬլٵΔய ౨ඒஃᄎലٺᣊሎ೯ඒޗ։ګլٵዌᐋڻၞ۩ඒᖂΔ܅ய౨ඒஃࠀڶലᓰ࿓ ඒޗዌၞ۩ቤ։Δඒᖂփ୲ዌለษฃΖිྶ(1999)ઔߒਐנس֫ඒஃᛩ ៥ڇᖂઝփ୲ᖄऱڜඈΔ܀റ୮ඒஃথ౨֘ਠנᖂسᏁޣ֗ߓอ֏ऱᓰ࿓ፖඒ ᖂૠΔૠ༛ݧዬၞऱඒᖂ೯Δᨃᖂس࣐࣍ᛵᇞࢬᖂऱᄗ࢚ࡉݾ౨Ζءઔߒ ऱ܅ய౨ඒஃط࣍ਢൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆऱᄅ֫ΔڂڼΔኙ࣍ඒᖂփ୲ڜඈለ ᠾཋΔ۟ڶലᓰ࿓ඒޗփ୲܂Δຍਢፖءઔߒய౨ඒஃขسᄕՕऱլ ٵΖڇ᧯ᖙቾՂሎ೯৵ዞցऱඒᖂֲխΔ܅ய౨ඒஃ༉ڶլٵऱᓰ࿓ਐ ᖄᎁवΔԫঞਢለڶ೯܂ᣄ࣐ᐋڻࢤΔԫঞਢց೯܂ऱԫࢤΔ᧩ߠࠡฆࢤΖ! A ৣගډǺპၮޑࡕᄾᙌբϩԋ߃ભǵύભᆶଯભᏹբाሦǴ߃ભᏹ բाሦаުբࣁᄾᙌືǴ௦ୁᓐБԄֹԋǹύભᏹբाሦǴаᓐࣁᄾᙌືǴ௦ ۙጣ܈ޔጣֹԋǹଯભᏹբाሦǴаҥࡕᄾᙌॹҥֹԋϐǹࡕᄾᙌբᏢಞѸ ሡाҗᙁԶᜤᏹբǴᏢғωܰܭᏢಞǴҁൂϡࣁύભᏹբाሦǴЬाբၸ ำࣁઠҥǵᜇΠǵԏᚐᄾᙌǵઠଆǴՠѸሡाӆஒ߃ભᏹբाሦࣁ୷ᘵǴբ բግಞᆶЇᏤࡕӆՉύભᏹբाሦޑᏢಞ(1030ATN)Ƕ B ৣගډǺҁൂϡࡕᄾᙌޑբाሦǴઠҥǵᜇΠǵԏᚐᄾᙌǵઠଆǴӃࡰ
ᏤӚբाሦǴӆՉբᏹբ(ҁൂϡᆶ A ৣ௲Ꮲൂϡ࣬ӕ) (1224BTN)Ƕ ڇࠡהඒᖂցխΔՈױאᛵᇞࠩ B ஃඒޗዌለࠠڶڍցࢤऱᐋڻዌΔ C ஃඒޗዌঞለԫΔᐋڻࢤΔڕՀࢬقΚ! BǺǾ˽ৣԳౚൂϡύǴஒ௲ᏢϣϩԋอౚϷଯᇻౚวౚግಞǵൂѺКᖻ Ϸೕ߾ᖱှǵ०ዬϩԋϸЋϷ҅ЋግಞǵҖ৩ϩԋอຯᚆາᆶε໗ௗΚǵᡏ ᏹϩԋᄾᙌǵࡕᄾᙌϷѳᑽግಞǵᝣౚၮϩԋၮౚǵౚϷᔔ݈ᝣǴǾǴ ԶЪࡪྣ೭٤೭ำՉ௲ᏢǴ่ᄬߚதమཱ)23135BP*ǶB ৣӧҖ৩อຯᚆາϐ ύǴ௲Ꮲϣჴሞ่ᄬϩԋϭဌາǵີᆲາǵচӦ࿗າࡕӛፂǴӧௗΚൂϡ ύǴϩԋ 3 ΓௗΚາǵ5 ΓௗΚາǴ௲่ᄬϔฅԖજ)2117BP*Ƕ! ˾ǺǾ˾ৣᏢғډਫౚፐǴፐޑᏔࠅࢂॷ०ዬǴҗܭਫౚӧ ᡏػᓔԳౚǴ܌а൩ӧԳౚ०ዬǴՠࢂǴձޑભΞӧբԳౚ௲ᏢǴ ӢԜǴ܂ቹៜձፐǴ˾ৣᖏਔڗ०ዬፐǴΞፎᏢғॷਫౚǴׯਫౚፐ )2139CP*ǶǾ!C ৣၧᗉౚፐਔǴግಞբаௗౚࣁЬǴԶࡕ൩ࢂКᖻǴ٠ؒ ԖஒၧᗉౚǵௗǵװᔐբϩှግಞǴځ௲Ꮲཷۺၨଶ੮ӧௗޑӑຝ )2225CPS*ǶǾ!ӧࣴزޣᢀჸ˾ৣ൳ঁДٰǴ˾ৣፐޑፐำ่ᄬၨࣁ႟ණൂ ፓǴؒԖ٣Ӄೕฝӳޑፐำ่ᄬǴӢԜǴӧፐำՉਔǴ௲ᏢϣதԖၢ )2139CPS*Ƕ! ΰԿαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙਝࡳඒᖂૠհᆵኔ ءઔߒ࿇լٵඒஃய౨ტڇඒޗփ୲ኔਜՂขسլٵऱᐙΔய౨ඒஃ ࠉᖂཚॣඒᖂၞ৫խऱᓰ࿓ૠփ୲ኔਜඒᖂΔ܅ய౨ඒஃঞਢࠉچᜯழ٦ެ ࡳՂᓰփ୲Δ່ࠡऱڂਢய౨ඒஃ౨٤ᒌૠᖞᖂཚᓰ࿓Δۖ܅ய౨ඒ ஃঞڶᖂཚᓰ࿓ऱᨠ࢚ΔຍՈฤٽ Griffey & Housner(1991)ઔߒਐנറ୮ ඒஃֺس֫ඒஃޓࠠࡌ٤ऱඒஃΖ BǺǾࣴزޣޑߏයᢀჸǴаϷჹ B ৣϖԃભᏢය଼நᆶᡏػ௲Ꮲࡋ Չϩ)1:21BEG*ǴB ৣޑዴࡪྣচٰޑ௲ᏢीฝӧՉ௲ᏢǴӧᡏػ௲ᏢǴ௲ ᏢࡋவԳౚǵᡏૈෳᡍǵ०ዬǵอຯᚆາᆶε໗ௗΚǵᡏᏹǵᝣౚ//-!ൻׇ ᅌޑՉ௲Ꮲǹӧ଼ந௲ᏢǴΨࢂࡪྣࡽۓޑ௲ᏢࡋीฝՉǴ٩Ꭶၮ ୖᆶಞᄍǵၮޑӼӄǵךёངޑৎǵکᒋޑٿ܄ᜢ߯ǵӣৎӞఁᓓǾǴ٩ׇ Չ)2225BP*Ƕ! CǺǾҁΓ٠ؒԖଞჹ଼நᆶᡏػፐѐीঁձޑ௲ᏢࡋǴӢࣁǴӕᏢԃ ޑ௲ৣӧᏢය߃ςஒҁਠΐԃೣፐำᆜाଌҬ௲୍ೀǴ܌аǴך൩ؒԖՉ
ঁΓޑ௲ᏢࡋೕฝǴ൩ᡏػ௲ᏢԶقǴךࢂࡪྣᡏػಔ๏ךॺޑᡏػፐӦೕ ฝፐǴډᝣౚ൩ᝣౚፐǴډၧᗉౚ൩ၧᗉౚፐǴҖ৩൩Җ৩ፐǴ ԿܭǴ଼நፐ߾ӢࣁԖ௲࠻ǴԶЪԖፐҁࣁ௲Ǵך൩ຼڰۓԛ଼நǴ ፐঁλൂϡ)2126CJ*ǶǾӧፐำӼ௨ǴӕኬӧၧᗉౚǴຼᝣౚǴ ҁຼၧᗉౚǴፐำ่ᄬس܄ၨࣁόى)2218CPS*ǶǾ೭٤ВηаٰޑᢀჸǴC ৣჹ଼நᆶᡏػፐޑჴࡼБԄǴ଼நаፐҁࣁЬǴᡏػаԾጓ௲ࣁЬǴ೭ک B ৣཱུ࣬՟ǴՠόӕޑӦБࢂӧᡏػ௲Ꮲৡ౦നεǴC ৣаᖏਔ،ۓࣁЬǴB ৣ ߾Ԗፐֹೕฝ)2225CPS*Ƕ! ༉ൈඒߛᓰ࿓ऱඒᖂֱڤΔլٵய౨ტඒஃڇඒᖂၞ৫ऱ༳൳ՂΔขسլ ԫીऱൣݮΔய౨ඒஃਊᅃਝࡳऱૠ।ՂᓰΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃঞለڶ᧢೯ࢤΔ ለլᄎਊᅃਝࡳऱழၴၞ۩ඒᖂΖ A ৣፋډԖᜢ଼நᆶᡏػޑፐำǴځ଼நൂϡࢂаፐҁࣁЬǴஒᏢය௲ բೕฝǴ٩കԛՉǴځύǴᡏػӼ௨ٿǴ଼நӼ௨Ǵຼϖࣁ܌Ԗ ભ଼நፐޑਔ໔(0825AI)Ƕࣴزޣᢀჸ A ৣΟঁӭДٰǴA ৣޑዴࡪྣࡽु ޑਔ໔ೕฝՉ௲ᏢǴؒԖϺፓඤၸፐำ(1206AOR)Ƕ B ৣӧᏢය߃ፋډǴдޑ଼நᆶᡏػፐำǴຼΨԖϺӧ࠻ϣፐǴځᎩ ٿፐӧ௲࠻ѦՉᡏػ௲Ꮲ(0824BI)ǶࡕٰǴࣴزޣჹ B ৣՉޑᢀჸࢲ ύǴ௲ৣচҁڰۓӧ௲࠻଼ந௲ػޑਔ໔ǴΨӢࣁځдࢲ܈уமКᖻግಞ ԶፓፐǴԖ൳ԛ଼நፐፓԋၧᗉౚϷௗΚൂϡǴ଼நፐፐޑਔ໔Кຼԛ ٰޑϿ(1220BO)Ƕ
ԿΕඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂฃऱᣂএ
ΰԫαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ֧ᖄ֗༼ംฃ ءઔߒ࿇ய౨ტլٵΔඒஃऱඒᖂ֧ᖄ۩ՈڶլٵΔய౨ඒஃֺለ౨ ജאٺጟֱڤࠐ೯إڤඒޗऱᖂΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃֺለऴ൷ၞԵᠲΔ֧ᖄࢤ ඒᖂ۩ለ֟Ιய౨ඒஃڇၞ۩ඒᖂழΔᖐ࣍ሎش֧ᖄڤ༼ംֱڤΔലᓰ࿓փ ୲ⲯຫۖנΔஃسࠠڶႜٻऱյ೯ࢤΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃለൄشԫᝑ૪ֱڤၞ۩ ඒᖂΔஃسյ೯ࢤለؓΖࣥრẼ(2002)ઔߒਐנய౨ඒஃࠠڶڍց༼ംݾ؏Δ ᖐ࣍ሎش֧ᖄֱڤ༼ംΔ༼ംऱംᠲࠠڶᐋڻࢤ֗᧤ᙀࢤΔ܅ய౨ඒஃ᧩ംᠲ ለᄗฃ֗ሂ೯ࢤΖ A ৣӧ࠻ϣ଼ந௲ػፐำύǴԖᜢȨךёངޑৎȩൂϡύޑୢᚒഋБԄǴԖቫԛӦගрፐำϣǴӵவৎԋǴৎᜪࠠϷৎ࣬ೀϐၰٰᇥ ܴǴፐำޑ่ᄬԖࡐӳޑቫԛ܄ǴவభډుǴҗڀᡏډܜຝǴᄌᄌԋǴ˽ৣࡐ ख़ຎᆶᏢғჹ၉ǴόᘐӦӧৣғୢᚒჹ၉ύ߄ǴB ௲ৣΨၮҔගୢמѯǴՠ ൩ ፐ ำ ޑ ᡄ ᒠ ܄ Ϸ ่ ᄬ ܄ Զ ق Ǵ ၨ ӛ ܭ ൂ ܄ ᖱ ॊ Ϸ ځ д ᙁ ܰ ܄ ග ୢ (1121AO)Ƕ ۖ༉༼ംऱᖄ֧ࢤ֗ᐋڻࢤۖߢΔA ஃՀ૪ऱ༼ംฃޓױאԱᇞࠡ༼ം ᔆΖ A ৣӧ࠻ϣՉ଼ந௲ػፐำύၮӼӄൂϡਔගୢǺ ৣǺӚՏλܻ϶ǴԖ٤ᒧЋЋԖхಎǴ೭ࢂࣁϙሶǻ ғǺдॺيᡏڙǻ ৣǺځჴǴ೭൩ࢂၮ্ǶךॺӃٰፋيᡏԖٗ٤ՏǴӆፋၮ্ǻӵݽ ंਔ٬Ҕব٤Տǻ ғǺЋǵဌ… ৣǺ௲ৣӧ݈ਜቪǴݽंਔҔډඝΚǵᖉΚǵဈΚǵဌΚǴ೭٤ΚໆޑౢғǴ ൩ࢂيᡏӚϩޑၮҔǴλܻ϶ǴգॺࢂցԖၮ্Ƕ ғǺךޑဌԖסၸǵЋӢຳॹԖᘐၸǶ ৣǺჹޑǴךॺԖӚᅿόӕޑၮ্ǴЋǵဌǵဈǵጣޑڙǴ……ǴӚՏ ӕᏢǴךॺाӵՖᗉխǻӵѺၧᗉౚ ғǺόाௗౚ(ӕᏢॺઢΑᖂ) ৣǺӵ݀όௗౚᗋाވၧᗉౚ༏ǴёаӃཪيϷځдᏔᔅշǴӵ݀ᔎៈጣǵៈ ظǴࣣёаٛЗڙǶ ΞԖӕᏢเၰǺёаᔎӼӄ൰(εৎΞઢΑ) ৣǺӼӄ൰ǴΞόࢂӧ᚛ᐒًǴόၸเਢࡐԖബཀ(ԜਔӕᏢΞਗ਼ޑ ፕ…)(1018AO) ΰԲαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ტᐙ೯܂ਐᖄقᒤ ய౨ඒஃڇኔਜ೯܂ݾ౨ඒᖂฃՂΔࠠڶޡᨏࢤΔ೯܂ᇞ࣫ለ堚ᄑΔ ౨ജ堚ᄑچ܂೯܂قᒤΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃঞለܶᒫΔ೯܂قᒤለ֟Ζڕٵᑌਢᤃ ދᤃցΔய౨ඒஃڇ೯܂ݾ౨ऱඒᖂՂΔࠡฃᚨش༉ፖ܅ய౨ඒஃլ ٵΖய౨ඒஃࠠڶ᠆༄ऱᖂઝඒᖂवᢝ֗ٺጟඒޗ೯܂قᒤ౨ԺΔԱᇞࠩ೯܂ قᒤኙᖂس೯܂ݾ౨ᐙขسمܛࢤإ૿ய࣠ΔڂڼΔࠡᄎ܂ࠠ᧯ऱ೯܂قᒤ֧ ᖄᖂسᖂΖ܅ய౨ඒஃڂඒᖂ౨ԺለஇΔ೯܂قᒤ౨ԺለΔྤऄڶயऱ܂ق
ᒤ । ዝ Δ ڂ ڼ Δ ທ ګ ڇ ೯ ܂ ق ᒤ Ղ ข س ฆ Δ ຍ ጟ ွ Ո ฤ ٽ Sharpe & Hawkins(1992)ਐנറ୮ඒஃֺس֫ඒஃޓᆖൄ܂ଡܑقᒤፖ೯܂ਐᖄΖ BǺǾӧᝣౚᝣൂϡύǴ௲ৣӃբբҢጄǴࡰᏤᏢғӃҔٿЋᝣǴ٠ բှǴ٠ЪᇥܴբाሦǴᚈЋౚǴஒౚܭૅǴڋЋᖉЋظЋ๙ ޑΚၰǴӛ௹рǶԶࡕǴٿΓಔግಞǴᡣᏢғግಞচӦᝣ)2235BP*Ƕ! CǺǾҁፐޑख़ᗺࢂᝣǴ௲ৣ٠ؒԖբၨ၁ಒޑբှᇥǴ൩ፎӕᏢግ ಞǴ٠ӧՉ໔ࡰᏤǴՠᏢғբግಞਔǴӕᏢ҂ૈ҅ඓඝډ҅ዴޑբǴ൩ ՉግಞǴբதԖᒱᇤวғǴҗܭᝣಒǵख़ᗺᖱှޑόమධǴԋᏢғჹ բޑᏢಞౢғόޑ)2141CPS*ǶϞϺࢂၧᗉౚޑനࡕፐǴԴৣ٠ؒԖ ᘊբҢጄᖱှǴޔௗፎᏢғϩಔᘊౚǴ೭ࢂѤԃભᏢғǴҔᝣౚግൂ ЋᘊޑբǴᡣᏢғբౢғᡂޑຝ)2225CP*Ƕ! ΰԿαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙᖂسඒᖂᖵ࿓᧯ࢤऱᐙ ءઔߒ࿇լٵய౨ტඒஃඒᖂฃሎشขسլٵऱֱڤΔய౨ඒஃאᖂ س᧯৸ەඒᖂฃΔԱᇞᖂس౨ԺದរΔඒޗၞ۩ցطۖΕط࣐ۖᣄΔ ܅ய౨ඒஃঞאඒஃ৸ەխ֨ΔለྤऄԱᇞᖂس౨Ժഗ៕֗ਜඒڶய࿓ݧΖ Graham,Hopple, Manross & Sitzman(1993) ઔߒਐנറ୮ඒஃᄎאኔᎾඒᖂൣ ቼΔװ܂ᔞᅝऱඒᖂૠቤଥإΔאฤٽٺጟඒᖂൣቼՀᖂسᖂऱᏁޣΖ BǺӧၢጃൂϡ௲ᏢౣޑჴࡼǴᡣᏢғவಃቫډϖቫᄌᄌ၂Ǵඓඝ ᏢғޑᏢಞЈǴᏢғॺԾρ،ۓࢂցᜫཀ၂׳ଯቫǴ೭ࢂᅿᏢғԾךي ᡏૈΚޑຑǴࣁԾךࡷᏯޑ،ۓౣ)1633BPS*Ƕ! CǺǾӧ୯λΟԃભѰѓǴ୯λᏢғ൩໒ۈވၧᗉౚၯᔍǴԴৣளᏢғ ૈᘊǴӢԜǴ൩ᒱ໒୷ҁբ௲ᏢǴ೭ԋᏢғբᏢಞޑߔᛖ!)2222CPS*Ƕ!
Εඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂေၦऱᣂএ
ΰԫαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙૠࢤඒᖂေၦ ءઔߒ࿇ඒஃய౨ऱլٵΔທګኙඒᖂေၦขسլٵऱေၦֱڤΔய౨ ඒஃਊᅃਝࡳऱඒᖂցΔޢଡցऱ່৵ԫၜΔຟၞ۩ᇠցऱ᜔ࢤေၦΔ ۖ܅ய౨ඒஃΔኙඒޗڜඈڶࠃ٣ΔທګေၦழਢૹរڤऱေၦΔࠀڶ ၞ۩ޢԫցऱေၦΖᑛࡲࣔ(2001)ઔߒਐנ᧯ߛറᄐહནඒஃڇඒᖂေၦՂለ ॺ᧯ߛറᄐહནඒஃ।ޓᗨᄕΔࠡז।ඒஃ۞ݺய౨वᖂᐙࠩඒᖂေၦऱኔᎾ܂Δറ୮ඒஃ౨࿇୶נ٤ᒌࢤඒᖂૠΔࠀղאေၦΖ B ৣӧ௲Ꮲࡋ߄ύǴӧࣴزޣᢀჸය໔ǴаΟຼࣁঁၮ௲ൂϡǴӅ Չϖၮ௲ൂϡǴځύԳౚǵ०ዬǵௗΚǵᡏᏹӦ݈բǵᝣౚൂϡǴ നࡕຼՉຑໆ)2316BP*Ƕ! C ৣ٠ؒԖӼ௨௲ᏢࡋǴځࢂ٩ᏢਠޑӦೕฝԶӼ௨Ꮲғவ٣Ӛᅿࢲ Ǵঁ௲ޑਔ໔όǴӅՉ०ዬǵௗΚǵၧᗉౚፐำǴځύǴԖ ӧ०ዬ೭ύՉբמૈෳᡍǶԶௗΚ௲ᏢՉനΦǴԴৣ٠ؒԖՉ೭ ൂϡޑຑໆǴќၧᗉౚΨؒԖຑໆ)2315CP*ǶࣴزޣԖԛୢ C ৣǴϞϺࢂၧᗉ ౚޑനࡕፐǴࢂցԖӼ௨ຑໆǴC ৣเǺӢࣁၮǴ܌Ԗਔ໔Εӧε໗ௗ ΚǴӢԜǴၧᗉౚኧڙቹៜǴ܌а൩όӆຑໆ)2225CJ*Ƕ! ΰԲαඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂေၦփ୲ፖֱڤ ءઔߒ࿇܅ய౨ඒஃၞ۩ေၦڇေၦփ୲ՂڶլٵΔய౨ඒஃەᇢא ۞۩ૠऱەᠲΔۖ܅ய౨ඒஃঞאᓰء༼ࠎऱەᠲΖ؆Δඒஃ۞ݺ ய౨ՈᐙඒᖂေၦऱֱڤΔய౨ඒஃᖂղᖂسଡܑࢤፖᔞழࢤऱေၦፖڃ 墅ΖLandin, Hebert, & Cutton(1989)ઔߒਐנ᠆༄ᖂઝवᢝऱඒஃֺለ౨༼ࠎإᒔ ऱ༴૪ࢤፖڶயࢤڃ墅ΔSiedentop(1991)ᎁඒஃڕ࣠ኙඒᖂփ୲խ೯܂ݾ ౨టإऱᎁवΔ༉ྤऄਐנፖᖄإᖂسऱᙑᎄΔඒஃऱᖂઝवᢝߩאᐙඒᖂေ ၦፖڃ墅ᔆऱڶயࢤΖ CǺǾҁຼࢂۓයຑໆຼǴC ৣวෳᡍڔෳໆᏢғǴԵ၂ϣа໒ᏢډᏢයύ ޑԵᚒࣁЬǴх֖ᡏૈǵ०ዬǵᝣౚǴC ৣஒၸѐ௲ၸޑۓයຑໆǴԵ၂ጄ ൎࣁаፐҁޑᡏػፐޑ௲ࣁЬ)2215CP*Ƕፐࡕࣴزޣᆶ C ৣፋӧԵڔޑ ϣϷٰྍǴC ৣӣเǺ೭ҽԵڔЬाࢂୖҁɀɀрހޗрހޑ଼நᆶᡏػຑໆ Ӏ ᅷ ᚒ Ǵ ך வ ύ ᑔ ᒧ р ٤ ၂ ᚒ Ǵ ่ ӝ ך ܌ ޑ ፐ Ǵ ԋ ೭ ҽ ၂ ڔ )2215CJ*/ǾࣴزޣӆుΕΑှҁ၂ڔϣ)2215CEG*ǴวϣЬाаᡏػፐำ ࣁϣǴനЬाԋޑБԄࢂҁ௲ࣽਜޑጓᒠϣǴҁ௲ࣽਜӅѤঁЬᚒǴٿ ঁЬᚒаၮࣁਡЈǵಃΟЬᚒа଼நࣁਡЈǴಃѤൂϡ߾ӝ଼நᆶᡏػሦ ୱǴӢԜǴԋයύԵ၂ϣᖿӛᡏػࣁЬǶ! ௲ৣӧᡏᏹൂϡύǴ٩ׇဦዸǴӃவᄾᙌ໒ۈԵǴӅ 47 ՏᏢғԵֹǴ ӧຑໆਔ௲ৣ٩ځբຑϩǴ٠ЪນᏢғբᓬӍǴሡׯϐೀ)2221BP*Ƕ!
նΕ՛
༉ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂኔᔌऱᣂএۖߢΔءઔߒ᧩قඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ ኔᔌΖຍՈฤٽ Bandura(1993)༼נऱ۞ݺய౨ᓵΔٍܛ۞ݺய౨ᄎൎ֏ଡ᧯۩ ।ΔGibson & Dembo(1984)Εޕدᐃ(1994)Ε១دྶ(2002)ΕᠱݳᎮ(1996)Ո ຟၞԫޡൎᓳԱඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌऱᐙࢤΔءઔߒՈ᧭ᢞԱඒஃ۞ݺய ౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌࠠڶऴ൷إ૿ऱᐙΔፖءઔߒٍڶԫીࢤΖڇඒߛխΔඒஃ ڶለऱ౨ԺΔᄎڶለऱඒᖂ೯ᖲΔআࠌඒᖂ۩ޓᗨᄕΔທګለࠋऱඒᖂ। Δۖ৵Ծݮګለऱ۞ݺய౨Δຍਢԫጟլឰ༛ಱऱመ࿓Ζ
ᆥΕᓵፖ৬ᤜ
ᆖመՂ૪ऱ։࣫ಘᓵΔءઔߒ༼נՀ٨ᓵፖ৬ᤜΖԫΕᓵΚ
ඒஃ۞ݺய౨ኙඒᖂኔᔌขسᐙΔൕᔆ֏ઔߒխױ࿇Հ٨ွΖ 1. ڇඒᖂᄷໂֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂᄷໂऱך։ࢤΖ 2. ڇඒޗփ୲ֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒޗփ୲ኔਜऱֱٻ֗ඒޗփ୲ऱዌ ֗ඒᖂૠऱᆵኔΖ 3. ڇඒᖂฃֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂ֧ᖄ֗༼ംฃΕ೯܂ਐᖄقᒤΕ ᖂسڇඒᖂᖵ࿓խऱߡۥچۯΖ 4. ڇඒᖂေၦֱ૿Δඒஃ۞ݺய౨ᐙඒᖂေၦऱૠࢤΕඒᖂေၦփ୲ፖֱ ڤΖԲΕ৬ᤜ
1. ףൎഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃհၞଥፖઔΔൎ֏ඒஃ۞ݺய౨Δ ༼ࣙඒᖂኔᔌԺΖ 2. ڇൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆՂΔൈፖ᧯ߛറᄐઝߓඒஃֺԫઝߓඒஃڇ᧯ Ꮖࠠڶޓඒஃ۞ݺய౨Δ܀ၸഏ՛ൈፖ᧯ߛᓰ࿓Օຟطԫઝߓ ऱ్ٚඒஃٚඒΰᑰᆠ壁Δ2004αΖءઔߒՈ࿇ய౨ඒஃֺ܅ய౨ඒஃ ڶޓࠋᔆऱඒᖂኔᔌΔڂڼΔ৬ᤜഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᓰ࿓ᚨطറᄐહན ඒஃᖜٚΔթ౨ᆵኔറᄐࢤऱඒᖂኔᔌΔ༼ඒᖂګயΖ 3. ᐙඒᖂኔᔌऱڂైฒڍΔآࠐױאڇԵ൶ಘᐙඒᖂኔᔌऱࠡהڂైΔא܂ޏൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒᖂऱەΖ
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ۂટफ(1997)Ζഏ՛ඒஃറᄐࢭᘭΕ۞ݺய౨ტፖറᄐᔌ۩ᣂএհઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏم ቯᆠஃᒤᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖ ޕدᐃ(1994)Ζൕඒஃய౨ᓵᓫఄ్ᆖᛜΖᖂس᎖ᖄִעΔ33Δ24-29Ζ ާெࣤ(1994)Ζഏا՛ᖂඒஃ᧯ߛඒᖂެࡳᐙڂైհઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏمקஃᒤᖂ ೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖ ࡌ༡ا(1999)Ζ۰اچඒஃ۞ݺய౨ტፖՠ܂ދԵհઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏمᄅێஃᒤ ᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖ ࣥრẼ(2002)Ζഏ՛ඒஃհඒஃய౨ტ൶ߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζኦ֏ஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚ Փᓵ֮Ζ ੋ壃༡(2000)Ζഏխଃᑗඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖسෑቤհઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮ΖഏمՕᖂଃᑗ ઔߒࢬΖ ිྶ(1999)Ζ᧯ߛറ୮ඒஃፖس֫ඒஃհֺለઔߒ-אඒஃڃ墅ࠏΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏم ፕஃᒤՕᖂ᧯ߛઔߒࢬΖ ୪ݳ᧵(2001)Ζඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂ۩ऱᣂএЁኔᐛ࠷ٻऱ։࣫Ζഏمקஃᒤᖂೃᖂ Δ14Δ109-140Ζ ᑛࡲࣔ(2001)Ζഏ՛᧯ߛඒஃኔᎾߡۥवᤚհઔߒΖՕറ᧯ߛᖂעΔ3(2)Δ1-9Ζ ១دྶ(2002)ΖႼᗼഏا՛ᖂඒஃ۞ݺய౨ፖඒᖂய౨ᣂএհઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏم קஃᒤᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖ ᑰᆠ壁(2004)Ζഏا՛ᖂൈፖ᧯ߛᖂᏆඒஃ۞ݺய౨Εඒᖂࢭᘭፖඒᖂኔᔌ֗ࠡᒵ ࢤዌᣂএᑓڤհઔߒΖ໑Փᓵ֮Ζഏم᧯ߛᖂೃ᧯ߛઔߒࢬΖ ᠱᎮݳ(1996)Ζഏا՛ᖂඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚Εඒஃய౨ፖඒᖂ۩հઌᣂઔߒΖጚՓᓵ֮Ζഏ مৠࣟஃᒤᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΖBandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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A Study about Teacher Self-Efficacy Affect
Teaching Practice in the Health and Physical
Education Learning Field of Elementary
Schools- A Research Approach of Qualitative
Study
Yi–Hsiang Pan
*Abstract
The purpose of the study was to explore whether teacher self-efficacy can affect teaching practice of health and physical education for Taiwan’s elementary school teachers. The study applied qualitative research methods included observation, interview and document analysis. The research participants included one high self-efficacy teacher and one low self-efficacy teacher, who were measured by health and physical education teacher self-efficacy scale. Later, researcher kept going for one year to do this study. The results of this study were indicated as follows. 1.Based on teaching preparation, teacher self-efficacy affect teaching preparation. 2.Based on teaching material, teacher self-efficacy affect practicing direction of teaching materials, structural contents of teaching materials, and real practice of teaching projects. 3. Based on teaching strategy, teacher self-efficacy affect quiz of questions, guidance of movement, and student’ role of instructional process. 4. Based on teaching evaluation, teacher self-efficacy affect plan of teaching evaluation, teaching self-efficacy affect contents and methods and teaching assessment. In a word, the conclusion of study indicated teacher self-efficacy affect teaching quality of professional practice. Finally, this study recommends that higher efficacy teachers having professional background should be health and physical education teachers to
*
implement teaching duty, in order to improve teaching quality and professional practice. It will cause teaching renovation in health and physical education learning field.
