• 沒有找到結果。

國民中小學教師效能與學校本位教學視導模式之建構

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "國民中小學教師效能與學校本位教學視導模式之建構"

Copied!
14
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

國民中小學教師效能與學校本位教學視導模式之建構

計畫類別: 個別型計畫 計畫編號: NSC90-2413-H-004-002-執行期間: 90 年 08 月 01 日至 92 年 01 月 31 日 執行單位: 國立政治大學教育學系 計畫主持人: 邱錦昌 計畫參與人員: 方芳蘭、張淑瑜 報告類型: 精簡報告 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

國 92 年 5 月 13 日

(2)

一、摘 要 本研究旨在針對國民中小學教師效能及本位視導制度之探討,並發展出適 用我國之「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」。第一階段研究以參考 Danielson(1996) 之教學專業架構編擬「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」,針對二十所國中、小學校 發出問卷 400 份,回收問卷 367 份,問卷回收率為 91.75%。回收問後經篩選剔 除漏答超過四分之一以上及答案過於一致之問卷,有效問卷共計 323 份,有效 問卷比率為 88.01﹪。並根據問卷結果進行項目分析及因素分析,據以修正檢 核表;本研究第二階段為學者專家審查,共邀請十二位學者專家,進行二次審 查。第一次為座談審查並填寫書面審查表,第二次則依據第一次審查結果加以 修正後再請學者專家進行書面審查。經過二次審查取得學者專家之共識,修正 完成「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」,涵蓋「教學計畫與準備」,「教學知能及技 巧」,「班級環境的營造」

國民中小學教師效能與學校本位教學視導模式之建構

The model construction of teachers effectiveness for jounior high

and elementary schools and school-based instructional supersvision

計畫編號:NSC 90-2413-H-004-002

執行期間:90/08/01 至 92/01/31

計畫主持人:邱錦昌教授(國立政治大學教育學系)

計畫參與人員:方芳蘭(國立政治大學教育研究所博

士班研究生)

張淑瑜(國立政治大學教育研究所碩

士班研究生)

(3)

,「專業責任與成長」四層面,共計有五十題,評量指標為「優」、「良」、「可」、 「待改進」四級,檢核後並可計分(「優」為 4 分、「良」為 3 分、「可」為 2 分、 「待改進」為 1 分,總計最高分為 200 分,最低分為 50 分),可作為國民中小 學教師教學自我省思或評鑑輔導實習教師或初任教師之用。 關鍵字:教師效能 學校本位視導 教學檢核 Abstract

Investigating both the effectiveness and school-based supervision of elementary and junior high school teachers in order to develop a proper teaching checklist was the purpose of this study. In first stage, the study took the viewpoint of professional teaching framework of Danielson (1996) to revise a new teaching checklist. And then the study used questionnaire to get opinions for using this checklist from 400 teachers out of 20 elementary and junior high schools. The response rate and

effective rate of this survey were 91.75﹪and 88.01 respectively. Moreover, item and factor analysis are used to modify this checklist. During second stage, the study invited 12 experts to examine and modify this checklist by 2 rounds. After two stages of procedure mentioned above, the final checklist includes 4 categories and 50 items. There are a) planning and preparation, b) instruction knowledge

and skills, c) the classroom environment cultivation, and d) professional

responsibilities and growth. This checklist can be used as a useful tool to review intern/novice/beginning teachers of elementary and junior high school as well as a self-evaluation for experienced teachers.

Key words: teacher effectiveness, school-based supervision, teaching checklist

二、計畫緣由與目的

提升學校辦學效能及增進學生學習成就是教育改革的重要目標,以經濟的術 語而言,學校已成為為學生增加附加價值(value-added)的機構,學校機構藉著 提升學生思考能力水平、知識、技能以及社會化的教育過程中,以增進人類的 潛能。因此,對於學校教育的新期望是要求在對所有學生潛能的增進過程中,

(4)

能使其在有關價值的增加上能達到最大的程度。而這些增加的價值包含了家庭 的投入參與、社區的學習資源、社區的社會服務、教職員的專業發展、教職員 的參與投入、科技、學校學習氣氛以及動機與酬賞制度等。惟其實現的途徑則 以增進教師專業知能的發展為最主要的前提,同時要增強發揮學校效能的整合 機制是需要由具備良好領導技巧能力的學校領導人去實現的。(Thomson, 1992) Glickman(1995) 認 為 一 所 成 功 具 有 效 能 的 學 校 必 是 屬 於 同 僚 學 校 (collegial school),也就是學校的特徵是要展現出學校同仁間的互動目的是 具有共識的,他們都是致力於全校性的教學與學生學習成效的提昇。 Schmoker 認為美國對於學校教育改革的議題,在有關學校效能的改進方 面,長期以來均忽略學生學習成就的改善。所以他建議今後對於設定學校教育 的革新目標應重視如何提升。“學生學習成就”方 面的課題。(Schmoker, 1999) Fullan 及 Miles(1992)也指出,美國學校教育改革之所以下見成效,乃由於受 到政治因素的影響,因為政治常喜歡將教育本質以具體象徵化。然而教育措施 根本上的改革是需要經過許多的努力,並清楚地從根本基礎做起,而這並非政 治人物所喜歡強調及重視的。由於教育改革的過程過度泛政治化,以致於使我 們明顯地忽略了真正應該關心的教育基本的目標:如何增進學生的學習成就(全 人 發 展 ) 。 許 多 人 提 出 了 學 校 教 育 改 革 的 途 徑 , 如 : 倡 導 學 校 本 位 管 理 (school-based management;site-based management);研究分析教學基本要 素以作為加強教師專業知能發展;花費許多時間去討論擬定學校辦學願景與使 命任務等。但是 Schmoker(1999)認為要改進學校教學的最重要因素之一,就是 要激發學校全體教職人員有團隊的精神,大家都能以團隊協調合作同心努力的 態度和具體行動去進學校辦學及教學效能。而要達到此一目標並非喊喊口號即 可,而是須有計畫有步驟針對專業合作工作做更多的訓練及建立制度化的措 施:同時,全校教職員工也要把心力完全放在確認並解決有關教學和學生學習 特殊困難的問題方面。Schmoker 及 Lortie 也指出學校裡一般教師普逼存在著 個人主義的思想,在教學上的通病是習慣於自我孤立。也就是欠缺與其他教師 合作,共同對話討論教學問題之行為。(Schmoker, 1999)這種心態易導致教師 在教學上滿足現狀,不尋求教學新知能的增進與瞭解及解決教學上的實際問 題。Goodlad 於 1970 之研究也曾指出,在提升教學效能方面,光是推動革新措 施是不夠的,只有在教室裡擔負教學第一線任務的教師們對革新措施具有積極 支持的態度,以及他們能以實際行動去落實執行革新措施,才是學校教育能否 成功的主要關鍵所在。(Schmoker, 1999) 根據 Schmoker(1999)之看法,要實現學校教育目標,達成學生學習成就之 結果,而構成此一結果之基礎有三個概念:組成具有意義(meaningful)及凝聚

(5)

力之團隊(informed teamwork):具有清晰可測量之目標:以及定期蒐集並分析 實作表現之資料(performance data)。同時根據 Schmoker(1999)之看法,教育 工作者須重新建構結果與歷程並重的概念,即歷程與結果是如何交互作用,並 清楚瞭解教學實施之前與實施中應採行什麼具體可行的過程方法。若只強調其 中之一,或忽略了其他非測驗的歷程因素,而下能仔細並經常去分析,那麼可 能會造成大的災難。歷程與結果是彼此相輔相成的,例如,學校本位管理、合 作學習、協同教學等皆屬歷程之範圍。而這些強調歷程的措施作為,其最終的 目的乃在提升教學與學生學習的成果。 提升教師專業素質、保障教師專業自主權與發展以學校為中心經營方式之 學校自主經營模式,亦為我國教育改革審議委員會所提出之教育改革總諮議報 告書所提之重要建議之一。(教改會,民 85)如何藉由學校自主經營模式的落實, 以激發學校內在自生力量,激發教師具有改進自我教學方法與品質之意願,建 立教學與導支持的系統機制,發揮校內教學研究會功能,以及實施現代化管理 等均為教育改革審議會之具體建議。民國八十八年六月四日立法院三讀通過之 『教育基本法』第九條列舉規定中央政府之教育權限,其餘則歸屬地方,以加 強落實教育鬆綁精神及分權制度之運作。因此在學校行政方面則強調學校本位 管理的理念;在教學方面,則加強落實『教師共同經營課程』之理念。教改會 則在總諮議報告書中建議,強調激發學校內在自生力量,激發教師認同支持改 革意願,鼓勵教師自發性的自學與研究等。這些都是屬於學校本位視導模式內 涵重點之一。惟應如何有效實施,則有待進一步研究。本研究即針對此希望研 擬出一套適合國民教育階段實施之模式與具體可行之途徑。 美國學者 Danielson(1996)認為增進教師專業知能成長之理念,乃需建構 以學校為中心的專業發展模式,以幫助教師專業知能的發展。該架構將教學專 業分成以下四大範疇:計畫與準備、班級環境經營、教學技巧方法以及專業責 任等。在每一大範疇之下又細分為五至六個要素(component),在每個要素之下 又分為二至五個元素(element)。總之,它乃是要以多元周延並客觀之方法與具 體之指標及過程來檢視教師教學專業,尤其針對實習教師及初任教師是否具備 教學基本專業知能之檢核,或鼓勵教師參照這些項目對自我教學做自我省思檢 討改進之參考。本研究之目的即在於探討如何建構適合我國國民中、小學教師 教學效能檢視之工具與途徑。因此本研究之目的如下: 一、探討學校本位管理與視導之相關理論。 二、發展有效評估教學專業內涵之指標。 三、發展協助實習教師及初任教師(指教學年資三年以內)之教學專業知能發展之 檢核量表與輔導回饋系統。

(6)

三、結果與討論

一、本研究經文獻探討發現,學校效能之研究已受到重視,從 Parsons、Etzioni 等的組織效能觀至 Mott 及 Hoy 與 Miskel,Uline,Miller 與 Tschannen 的學 校效能觀,在教育政策上,有關學校效能評估已形成具體而明確的事實,並 且有具體的標準,目前這些標準已被採用為政策的工具,這些標準包含教師 的知識與技能,學生的表現以及學校的品質等,亦即學校必須面對外界的評 鑑,並提出具體之辦學績效、成果,已成二十一世紀學校必須面對的挑戰。 二、教師效能的評鑑,綜合各學者觀點、可包含教師人格特質、具備知識、對學 生的回應、教學內容、專業責任等,已逐漸以具體之指標描述或評量教師之 教學,除質化之觀察外,量化之評鑑方式亦漸漸普及。 三、本研究經以 323 位國民中小學教師為研究對象,及十二位學者專家之二次審 查,發展完成「國民中小學教師教學檢表」,共計五十題,以「優」、「良」、 「可」、「待改進」四等級區分教師教學,計分方式為「優」4 分、「良」3 分、「可」2 分、「待改進」1 分,總分共 200 分,最低分為 50 分,以量化方 式評鑑國民中小學教學之教學,並有「評語」欄以供教師評鑑時提供觀察意 見或教師自我評鑑時之省思紀錄。(檢核表參見附錄一) 四、根據本研究第一階段之項目分析及因素分析結果(項目分析表及因素分析表 參見附錄二),將國民中小學教師檢核表各構面經因素分析結果抽取之因素 及經學者專家審查之結果及參酌 Danielson 之教學專業架構發展出「國民中 小學教師教學指標」,建立具備四構面,分別為「教學計畫與準備」,「教學 知能及技巧」,「班級環境的營造」,「專業責任與成長」,以上各分別涵蓋四 元素、三元素、三元素及四元素。各元素下則再分重點,作為衡量教師教學 效能之指標。 五、本研究發展出之「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」在實施時,建議採取受評者 自評及評鑑者評量二種方式並行,一方面可讓實習或初任教師自我省思,一 方面提供成為學校行政單位在進行教師之評鑑時具體之工具,同時可以採取 多人評量的方式進行,以避免個人主觀評量之缺失;並能在不同時段進行評 量,力求客觀,以作為輔導教師改進教學之重要參考依據。 六、本研究雖以量化及質化並行方式發展出「國民中小學教學檢核表」,並以具 體評分讓中小學得以學校本位方式進行教師教學效能之評量,但在檢核表完 成後尚未經實際評鑑使用,無法得知本檢核表實際運用後之效度及信度為 何,建議後續研究可以發展完成之「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」進行初任 教師及實習教師之評鑑,以探究檢核表是否實用。

(7)

七、本研究在進行第一階段調查時,因受限於研究時間僅以北部地區縣市(台北 市、縣及桃園縣及基隆市)之教師進行抽樣調查,樣本多半集中於北部都會 地區,有關檢核表中之各項目之重要性是否可能有城鄉差距,在推論及適用 性上可能需進一步檢測,未來研究建議可進行城鄉之比較或採取大規模調 查,有助於檢核表之適用性及推論。 八、「國民中小學教學檢核表」未來建議大規模試用,蒐集初任教師及實習教師 受評資料,並據以建立分數參照常模,以使未來教師評鑑得以建立,並有具 體之參照標準。 四、計畫成果自評 本計畫已完成「國民中小學教師教學檢核表」,可供評鑑初任教師及實習教 師之教學,與本計畫之預期目標相符,計畫中並對國內外有關教師效能及學校本 位視導模式之文獻加以探討,藉以配合現行我國國中小學學校本位管理之現狀, 將視導之職責之重心由傳統的由上而下的方式轉變成為由教師自主自發的方式。 在學術價值上,有關教師效能及學校本位視導已成為未來教育之重要趨勢, 因此本文之研究成果適合發表於教育類之期刊,一方面提供中小學教師作為教學 檢核之參考使用,一方面則拋磚引玉,期待對此課題有興趣之學者專家,繼續研 究探討。 五、參考書目 李珀(民 87),教學視導,台北:台北市政府教育局 阮靜雯(民 89),國民小學教學視導、教師專業成長之研究,國立政治大學教育 系碩士論文(未出版) 吳清山(民 79),臨床視導在教育實習上的應用(載於中華民國師範教育學會主 編:師範教育政策與問題(頁 185-200),台北:師大書苑 黃嘉雄(民 87),析評英國學校自衛管理政策,國教學報,10,頁 35-164 黃嘉雄(民 88),芝加哥與肯塔基學校本位管理模式之比較研究,國立台北師範 學院學報,12,頁 97-224 張弘勳(民 86),國民中小學實施學校本位管理之研究,國立台灣師範大學教育 研究所碩士論文(未出版) 張德銳、簡紅珠等(民 85),發展性教師評鑑系統,台北:五南 張德銳(民 85),以同儕教練模式提升教師專業(載於中華民國課程與教學學會主 編:學校本位課程與教學創新,台北:揚智文化 曾燦金(民 85),美國學校本位管理及其在我國國民小學實施可行性之研究,台

(8)

北市立師範學院初等教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)

蔡芸(民 86),學校本位教師專業發展之研究-以台灣省國民中學教師為例,國 立高雄師範大學教育研究所博士論文

Allen,E.L.B.(1993).School-based management: shared decision-making, and school improvement in the school

renewal project, unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Baylor University.

Benson, S. H. (2000,Feb.), Make mine an A, Educational Leadership, 57(5): 30-32.

Danielson,C.(1996), Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching, VA: ASCD

Garland, C. and Shippy,V.(1995), Guiding clinical experiences: Effective supervision in teacher education. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corp.

Glathorn, A. A. (1987), Cooperative professional development:

Peer-centered options for teacher growth. Educational Leadership, 45(3), 31-35

Glichman, C. D., Gordon, S. P. and Ross -Gordon, J. M. (1995), Supervision of instruction: A developmental approach . Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Murphy,J.&Beck, L. G. (1995). School-based management as school reform:

Taking stock, thousand oaks, CA: Corwin.

T Thomson, S. D.(Ed.) (1992). School Leadership: A Blueprint for Change . Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press,Inc.

Uline, C. L., Miller, D. M. and Tschannen-Moran, M. (Oct. 1998). SchoolEffectiveness:The UnderlyingDimensions. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34(4): 462-483.

Azzara, J. R. (Jan. 2001), The heart of school leadership, Educational Leadership, 58(4): 62-64.

Barry, K. and King, L. (1995), Beginning teaching : A developmental text for effective teaching (2nd

ed.) Australia, Wentworth Falls: Social Science Press.

Berg, M., Harders, P., Malian, I., & Nagel, A. (1986, Feb.). Partners in Supervision: A clincial supervision program, San Diego State

(9)

University. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Teacher Educators, Atlanta. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 271 436).

Bowman, N. (1978). Student teacher supervision, practices, and polices. Action in Teacher Education, 1: 62-65.

Boyan, N. J., & Copeland, W. D. (1974). A training program for supervisors: Anatomy of an educational development. Journal of Educational Research, 68(3): 100-116.

Brighouse, T. & Moon, B. (1995). School Inspection, London: Pitman Publishing.

Bruce, R. E. and Grimsley, E. (Eded.) (1987), Reading in educational supervision, Alexandria, Virginia:ASCD.

Christie, K. (Oct. 2000), Leadership comes around again. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(2): 105-106.

Cicirelli, V. G.(1969). University supervisors' creative ability and their appraisal of student teachers' classroom performance : An exploratory study. Journal of Educational Research, 62: 375-381. Clark, D. C., Smith, R. B., & Baird, J. E.(1984). Supervisors' feedback

to student teacher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 257 794).

Commission on School, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Leadership for quality evaluation: A manual for visiting team members and chairpersons.

Cooper, J. M. (1995), Supervision in teacher education. (from: Anderson ,L.W.Eded. :

International encyclopedia of teaching and teacher education,2nd. 593-598), UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Copeland, W. D.(1980). Affective dispositions of teachers in training toward examples of supervisory behavior. Journal of Educational Research, 74(1): 37-42.

Copeland, W. D.(1982). Student teachers' preference for supervisory approach. J our nal of Teacher Education, 33(2): 32-36.

Crow, M. G. & Pounder, D. G. (April 2000). Interdisciplinary teacher teams: Context, design, and process. Educational Administr ation Quar ter ly, 36(2): 216-254.

(10)

Darling-Hammond, Linda (1998,Feb), Teacher learning that supports student learning. Educational Leadership, 55(05): 6-11

Dean, K. (1971), Supervision of student teachers: How adequate? (ERIC No. ED267037.)

Drake, T. L. & Roe, W. H. (1994). The principalship ( 4th. ed.) . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Gardner, R. (1995). Onservice teacher education. (from: Anderson, L. A. Eded. International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education. 2nd

ed., Pp.628-632)

Garland, C. And Shippy, V. (1995). Guiding clinical exper iences: Effective super vision in teacher education. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Glatthorn, Allan A. (1997), Differentiated Super vision (2nd ed.), Alexandria, Virginia : ASCD.

>Glickman, C. D. (1985), The Supervisor’s challenge : Changing the teacher’s work environment, Educational Leader ship, 42(Dec. 84/Jan. 85) :38-40.

Glickman, C. D.(1990): Supervision of instruction: A developmental approach ( 2nd

ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Glickman, C. D. and Bey, T. M. (1990), Supersion. In Houston, W. R. (Ed.) Handbook of research on teacher education: A project of the association. (pp.549-566). New York: Macmilla.

Glickman, C. D; S. P.Gordon and Ross-Gordon. (1995): Supervision of instruction: A developmental approach ( 3rd ed.) , Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Grimmett, P. P. and Ratzlaff, H. C. (1986), Expectations for the cooperating teacher role. Journal of Teacher Education, 37(6): 41-50.

Guyton, E. (1987), Working with student teachers : incentives, problems, and advantages. The Professional Education, 10(1): 21- 28. Hallinger, P. and Heck, R. H. (1998, June). Exploring the principal’s

contribution to school effectiveness : 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. 9(20): 157-191.

Hargreaves, A.(1995). Realities of teaching, (from: International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education (2nd

ed.), Edited by L. W. Anderson), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp.

(11)

80-87.

Harris, B. M. (1985). Supervisory behavior in education(3rd

. ed), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.

Hill, R. D. (1977), A study of the effects of joint laboratory training on the supervisory conference, the teacher inter relationship and the intern’s the teacher inter relationship and the intern’s teaching practices. Dissertation Abstracts International: 44, 1644A

Holmes Group (1986), Tomorrow’s Teachers, East Lansing, MI: Holmes Group. Holmes Group (1990), Tomorrow’s Schools, East Lansing, MI: Holmes Group. Holmes Group (1996), Tomorrow’s Schools of Education, East Lansing, MI:

Holmes Group.

Johns, K. W. and Cline, D. H. (1985), Supervisory practices and student teacher satisfaction in selected institutions of higher

education.(ERIC No. ED 267037).

Johnson, J. and Yates, J. (1982), A national survey of student teaching programs. (ERIC No.232963).

Killian, J. E. and McIntyre, D. J. (1985), The influence of cooperating teachers’ supervisory training and experence on teacher

development during early field experiences. (ERIC No. 257810). Killian, J. E. and McIntyre, D. J. (1986), Quality in the early field

experiences: A product of grade level and cooperating teachers’ training. Teaching and Teacher education, 2(4): 367-376.

Kuehl, R. (1976), A taxonomy of critical tasks for supervising teachers . (ERIC No. 179507).

Newmann, F. M., & Wehlage, G. G.(1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators by the Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools. WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools.

North Central Association (1987). Leadership for quality evaluation: A manual for visiting team members and chairpersons, supplement. Commission on Schools, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.Office for Standards in Education (1996). Making the most of inspection : A guide to inspection for schools and governors. (The OFSTED

(12)

Handbook)

O’Neal, S. (1983), An Analysis of student teaching cooperating teacher conferences as related to the self-concept, flexibility, and teaching concerns of participant. (ERIC No. ED 234030.)

Oser, Fritz (1994). Moral perspectives on teaching. (from : Linda Darling-Hammond , Eded. Review of Research in Education, Vo.20. Pp.57-127, AERA.)

Patterson, J. L. (1993). Leadership for Tomorrow ’s Schools, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Putnam, R. T., and Borko, H. (2000). What do new views of knowledge and thinking have to say about research on teacher learning ?

Educational Researcher, 29(1): 4-15.

Ralph, J H & Fennessey, J (1983), Science or reform: Some questions about the effective schools model, Phi Delta Kappan, 64(10): 589-694.

Rothman, L. S. (1981), Effective and ineffective supervisory behaviors of college supervisors as perceived by secondary school cooperating teachers.

Disser tation Abstr acts Inter national, 42, 2086A

Sammons, P , Hillman, J & Mortimore, P (1995), Key characteristics of effective schools: A review of school effectiveness research , UK, Institute of Education, University of London: B & MBC Book Shop. Schmoker, M. (1999). Results: The key to continuous school

improvement(2nd

.). Alexandria, VA: ASCD

Shahzade, J. B. (1983), The match of style and conceptual level of university supervisors with student teachers in relationship to supervisor effectiveness. Dissertation Abstracts Internatio nal, 44, 2249A.

Shulman, L. (Feb. 2001). Appreciating good teaching: A conversation with Lee Shulman. Educational Leadership, 58(5): 6-11.

Sparks, D. and Hirsh, S.(1997). Anew Vision for staff development, Alexandria, Virginia:ASCD.

Strange, J. H. and Helm, V. M. (1991). Evaluating professional support personnel in education. Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publication. Sweetland, S. R. and Hoy, W. K., (Dec. 2000), School characteristics and educational

(13)

schools, Educational Administr ation Quar ter ly, 36(5): 703-729.

Symlie, M.A., (1994). Redesigning teachers’ work :Connections to the classroom. Review of Research in Education, Vo.20. pp.129-177, AERA.

Thompson, J. C. (1978), An assessment of the effects of peer supervision in attitudes, appraisals, and classroom control of student teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 16082A.

Twa, J. (1984), Teacher Associate perceptions of the effectiveness of clinical supervision workshop.(ERIC No. 269855).

Ubben, G. C. and Hughes, L. W. (1992). The pr incipal creative leader ship for effective schools (2nd. ed.). Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

Uline, C. L., Miller, D. M. and Tschannen-Moran, M. (Oct. 1998). School Effectiveness: The Underlying Dimensions. Educational Administr ation Quar ter ly, 34(4): 462-483.

Valentine, J. W. (1992). Principles and practices for effective teacher evaluation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Valli, L., Copper, D., & Frankes, L. (1997). Professional development schools and equity: A critical analysis of rhetoric and research. (Review of Research in Education, 22, 1997, Pp.251-304)

Vukovich, D. (1976), The effects of four specific supervision procedures on the development of self - evaluation skills in pre- service teachers. (ERIC No. ED 146224).

Wasley, P., Hampel, R., & Clark, R. (1997). The puzzle of whole -school change. Phi Delta Kappan, 78(9): 690-697.

Webb, M. S. (1979), Conflict in the supervisory triad of college supervisor, cooperating teacher and student teacher. Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5012A.

Whitehead, R. (1984), Practicum students’ perception of teacher associates’ supervisory behaviors. (ERIC No. 269856. )

Wilson, S. M. and Berne, J. (1999). Teacher learning and the acquis ition of professional knowledge: An examination of research on contemporary professional development. Review of Research in Education, 24: 173-209.)

Windschitl, M. (June, 1999). The challenges of sustaining a constructivist classroom culture. Phi Delta Kap pan, 80(10): 751-755.

(14)

Wohlstetter, P , Kirk, A.N. V., Robertson, P. and Mohrman, S. (1997), Organizing for successful school-based management, Alexandria, Virginia : ASCD.

Zimpher, N. L. (1980), A closer look at University student teacher supervision. Journal of Teacher Education, 31(4): 11-15.

參考文獻

相關文件

This research tries to understand the current situation of supplementary education of junior high school in Taichung City and investigate the learning factors and

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of learning organization culture on teachers’ study and teaching potency in Public Elementary Schools.. The research tool of

This purpose of study was to realize, as well as the factors of influence of information technology integrated in teaching by junior high school special education teachers in

This study was conducted to understand the latest situation between perception of principal‘s leading role and school effectiveness in junior high schools, and

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation of multicultural literacy and intercultural sensitivity of junior high school teachers in Taichung

This study was based on the decomposed theory of planned behavior (DTPB) , aimed at investigating whether the behavior will of junior high school teachers integrating

The main purpose of this study is to explore the work enthusiasm of the Primary School Teachers, the attitude of the enthusiasm and the effect of the enthusiasm.. In this

The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge management status of elementary excellent teachers, strategy used and promoting factors.. A questionnaire