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購買輪胎翻新設備以經營輪胎翻新業務,且該設備之運作將侵害系爭專利。地 院認為依據相關事實,被告購買設備之際,即取得使用該設備以實施系爭專利 方法之授權。

巡迴上訴法院於該案中首先援引先例解釋,默示授權案例中依衡平法禁反 言原則所成立者相對較少,適用衡平法禁反言案例之一共同脈絡為行為人經承 諾且實際所為行為,係另一人行為之直接結果,是故,默示授權無法由其中一 人單方之期待甚至合理之希望所生,一方須係受另一方行為引導而行動163。該 院進而釐清事實,系爭專利請求項係關於一種輪胎翻新方法而未涵蓋(read on) 該設備,被告則將該設備用以實施該專利方法,由於被告購入之設備有其他非 侵權用途164,且設備銷售當時之情狀未至清楚顯示已足令買方推斷取得授權

165。最終,上訴法院推翻地院判決,判定被告 Bolser 並未取得原告 Bandag 專 利方法之默示授權。

透過此案,針對本身不受專利涵蓋然用以實施專利發明之設備,其銷售於 何等情狀下將成立默示授權,巡迴上訴法院創設重要之 Bandag 測試(Bandag test) 要件:首先,該設備必須無非侵權用途;其次,設備銷售之當時情狀須明確而 足以令相對人推斷授權成立166

參、 依普通法禁反言原則

應用於默示授權之普通法禁反言原則,其要點為授權人(或讓與人)基於等

163 Id. at 925 (“[T]he relatively few instances where implied licenses have been found rely on the doctrine of equitable estoppel .... One common thread in cases in which equitable estoppel applies is that the actor committed himself to act, and indeed acted, as a direct consequence of another's conduct.

Thus, an implied license cannot arise out of the unilateral expectations or even reasonable hopes of one party. One must have been led to take action by the conduct of the other party.”)

164 Id. at 924 (“[N]o license can be implied, where as here, the equipment involved has other noninfringing uses, even if only as replacement parts.”)

165 Id. at 924 (“Bolser’s attempt to make out the defense of an implied license fails in a second respect… ‘A mere sale does not import a license except where the circumstances plainly indicate that the grant of a license should be inferred.’”)

166 Id. at 998

Mach. Co. v. Cross Paper Feeder Co.一案中,原告轉讓被告之專利須運用另一較 早專利始能實施,承審地院即指出,專利權人不得於讓與專利後,再經由購買 一較早專利或取得該專利之控制權,而藉該較早專利剝奪其專利受讓人自該讓 與交易所應得之完整利益168

於 Wang Labs Inc. v. Mitsubishi Electronics Am. Inc.169一案中,原告 Wang 為排除日本競爭對手產品,而向電腦產業推薦其開發之 SIMM(Single In-line Memory Modules)記憶體模組,並告知其接觸之業者並未就 SIMM 設計申請專 利,且製造 SIMM 亦無需授權合約。而後,Wang 就 SIMM 之規格申請數件專 利,並鼓勵標準制定組織 JEDEC( Joint Electronic Device Council)採用該規格為 一記憶體標準,然未向 JEDEC 揭露申請專利之事實。同時,Wang 一再要求被

167 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 448 F.2d 54, 57, 171 U.S.P.Q. 12, 13 (7th Cir. 1971) (“The essence of legal estoppel that can be found in the estoppel of the implied license doctrine involves the fact that the licensor (or assignor) has licensed (or assigned) a definable property right for valuable consideration, and then has attempted to derogate or detract from that right. The grantor is estopped from taking back in any extent that for which he has already received consideration.”)

168 United Printing Mach. Co. v. Cross Paper Feeder Co., 220 F. 322, 324 (D.Mass.1915) (“A patentee cannot sell his rights to another, and buy or obtain control of an older patent, and, through such older patent, dispossess his assignee of the full benefit of what he purchased,”)

169 Seesupra note 153

170 Id. at 1581 (“In Aukerman, we described a typical equitable estoppel situation as one in which (1) the infringer knows of the patent, (2) the patentee objects to the infringer's activities, (3) but the patentee does not seek relief until much later, (4) thereby misleading the infringer to believe the

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言原則則適用於較狹義之行為類型,其涵蓋之情境中,專利權人已授權或轉讓 權利並取得報酬後,復試圖減損已授予之權利171

因此,巡迴上訴法院認定,本案中原告整體行為過程,就系爭專利之製造、

使用及銷售,基於普通法禁反言原則已構成默示授權。尤其,原告鼓吹將 SIMM 制定為工業標準,且鼓勵被告投入 SIMM 市場以供應原告及他人 SIMM 產品,

引致被告形成已取得原告同意製造及銷售 SIMM 產品之推論。再者,藉由被告 投入如 SIMM 市場,得使供應量顯著增加而降低價格且擴大市場,且被告於生 產開發過程中自行吸收研發及模具費用,並更改設計以符合原告較偏好之 SIMM 設計,凡此事實皆對原告有所助益而屬等價報酬,而足以支持默示授權 之存在。

另在前述近期 TransCore LP v. Electronic Transaction Consultants Corp.172一 案中,系爭專利涵括三件列入 TransCore 與 Mark IV 所簽訂免訴條約之專利,

及一件於該免訴條約簽訂時尚在申請而未獲准之一 US6,653,946 號專利(下稱

‘946 專利)。由於後核准之’946 專利其範圍較免訴條約中所記載之 US5,805,082 專利(下稱’082 專利)廣泛且為實施後者所必需,巡迴上訴法院解釋,為使 Mark IV 自該免訴條約中就’082 專利獲得實益,必須許可其如同實施’082 專利相同範 圍內實施’946 專利,故 Transcore 基於禁反言原則不得再主張’946 專利之權利 而減損先前將’082 專利授予 Mark IV 之權利,故 Mark IV 已取得’946 專利之默 示授權。該院無視該免訴條約中所明示該條約「不適用於未來獲准之任何其他 專利」(shall not apply to any other patents... to be issued in the future)之約定,而認 為不得藉該約定減損 Transcore 先前已明確授權之權利,故無法排除禁反言原則 之適用。

patentee will not act.”)

171 Id. at 1581 (“Legal estoppel refers to a narrower category of conduct encompassing scenarios where a patentee has licensed or assigned a right, received consideration, and then sought to derogate from the right granted.”)

172 Seesupra note 130

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巡迴上訴法院於本案中特別釐清,本案與前揭 Bandag, Inc. v. Al Bolser's Tire Stores, Inc.一案明顯有別,該案所創設之默示授權兩測試要件,包括:銷售之物 品必須無非侵權用途,銷售當時情狀須明確而足以令人推斷默示授權成立。然 事實上,在 Bandag 測試下之默示授權係基於事實行為(infact),而本案之默示授 權則係基於普通法,故無論交易當時之情狀為何,甚至即令契約條文用語業已 明確排除任何後續核准之專利。