• 沒有找到結果。

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我們雖然觀察到中、日兩國在經濟實力與對於東亞地區經濟發展的貢獻與地 位之間有所消長,但不可否認的是兩國經濟互賴的事實。中國和日本之間的經濟 關係,除了地理上鄰近之外,兩國經濟依存度也很高。中日之間的經貿互賴表現 在來自日本對中國的投資和政府發展援助,提供了中國經濟發展所需之資金投資 和外匯,同時連同這些投資還引進了技術以及管理方式,也間接逐漸改變了中國 的產業結構。反之,日本經濟也對出口中國市場高度依賴。這樣的經貿互賴關係 也使得中、日兩國無法成為東北亞區域內獨立的經濟霸權。

同時,兩國雖然在東亞區域整合的架構安排偏好有所不同,期望從合作的形 式與開放的過程中獲得更多符合本國利益,但中日兩國也未有在區域稱霸的政治 意圖。另外,區域外強權美國提出以 TPP 作為達到 FTAAP 的構想,也對東亞區 域的經貿合作另闢了一條新路。

因此,本文主張中日韓三邊經貿合作的過程,可以用國際關係理論中新自由 制度主義對國際合作的論述來理解。中日韓三國之間的經貿合作是出於對共同利 益的追求,而基於相互性概念所逐步建立起的制度,包括各種例行性會議安排與 中日韓三國秘書處的成立等,在促進三國經貿實質合作上扮演了資訊分享、降低 不確定性與增加互信、降低交易成本並提升效率的功能性角色。並且,中日韓三 國經貿合作的制度化過程中,並不存在有一個區域霸權國來主導。三國之間透過 多次的會談、會議互動,以及藉由國際制度的建立,來達到凝聚共識與相互合作、

追尋長期經貿利益目的。

第二節 未來研究建議

雖然我們可以觀察到三國在經貿領域的合作正逐步透過國際制度的功能性

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輔助得以發展,但東北亞三國之間的合作仍不免受到歷史與政治因素所影響,因 此三邊架構下的經貿合作仍然受到雙邊關係與政治意願的主導。

現實主義學者可能主張,必須解決雙邊關係的障礙才能發展三方合作。歷史 上,特定的政治事件的確曾造成中日韓三國的高峰會暫停。例如 2005 年 10 月小 泉純一郎參拜靖國神社而中斷了三國在東協十加三架構下的會晤,直到 2007 年 才又恢復。而 2012 年 9 月日本政府在宣布將釣魚台收歸國有,此行為所引發的 中日對抗,也造成中方堅持要求主辦方韓國延期原訂於 2013 年 5 月舉行的第六 屆中日韓高峰會,遲至 2014 年年中尚未舉行。以及 2013 年 12 月 26 日安倍晉三 上任後首次參拜靖國神社,此舉造成中韓兩國反感,成為新一波外交危機。不可 否認地政治因素依然左右著三邊合作的進展,而特定政治事件對三邊經貿合作發 展所造成短期的停滯或阻礙,或許也可以做為未來相關研究的方向之一,補充目 前新自由制度主義在中日韓三邊經貿合作發展進程上解釋力有所不足的部分。

雖然我們無法全盤否認日本與中、韓之雙邊關係衝突可能構成三方合作的障 礙,但至少我們可以說,三方合作不會惡化東北亞三國之間的雙邊關係。中日韓 三邊合作的制度化,希望藉由各式各樣的非傳統安全概念的議題,尤其經濟方面 的合作,來避免三方之間外交關係的全面凍結。期望在雙邊關係中,高層之間對 話停擺的情況下,中日韓三國之間仍然可以透過三方架構來找到持續對話的議題,

相互合作。例如我們可以觀察三國的經濟部長在 2006 年時,仍於東協十加三架 構下舉行會談。並且日本首相福田康夫在 2007 年東協十加三峰會後,更提出獨 立於十加三框架之外的三國領導人會談,於是有了 2008 年起正式成立了中日韓 高峰會。以及,2012 年釣魚台歸國有化事件後,中日韓自由貿易區的談判雖然 延期至 2013 年,但仍然持續在進行中。

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本研究主要從無霸權主導之國際合作的角度來分析並解釋中日韓三邊經貿 合作的產生與發展,也提出國際關係理論新自由制度主義論述下之制度在推動國 際合作的過程中所扮演的角色和功能。未來基於本研究之上,在理論適用方面,

同屬於無霸權下區域合作的東北亞和東南亞經貿合作發展之間的比較研究、以及 政治現實如何影響尚未擁有較嚴謹定義的建制規範之東北亞經貿合作、抑或東北 亞三邊合作與歐洲整合的異同比較等方面發展。另外,實務面而言,中日韓自由 貿易協定的談判內容與議價過程、中日韓經貿合作的制度化與其他東亞或亞太地 區區域整合機制之間的關係,以及美國所主導的 TPP 在亞太地區區域整合的發 展與影響是否對中日韓三國的自由貿易政策造成影響等,也相當值得我們持續進 行觀察研究與分析。

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