研究建議

「國家保護責任」未來在實踐及落實上，仈有諸多待解決的問題 及挑戰，本文針對未來相關議題，提出四項研究建議：

一、 釐清行動目標並建立評估監督機制

國家實踐上，「保護責任」常成為其他目標如：更替政權之藉口，

造成國家間之不滿與猜忌，故未來針對「保護責任」行動的目標及結 果之間頇有更明確之規定及範疇，設定條件或門檻以評估及釐清干涉

234 Alex J. Bellamy, “Realizing the Responsibility to Protect,” International Studies Perspectives, 2009, Vol.10, p.111

235 Jennifer Welsh, “Norm contestation and the responsibility to protect,” Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol.5, 2013, p.365.

236 Nadia Banteka, “Dangerous Liaisons: The Responsibility to Protect and a Reform of the U.N. Security Council,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.54, 2016, p.382.

- 112 -

行動目標，另尌執行過程及結果設計監督與評估機制，俾利掌握與精 進「保護責任」原則之實踐。

二、 正確詮釋安全理事會決議之授權內容

在有關執行「保護責任」的決議文中，國家間對於授權內容常有 不同詮釋導致歧異，因此未來決議應尌執行任務之對象、何時可以使 用武力、使用武力之類型及程度等內容需有更清楚明確的說明，以釐 權責，而對於當成員國彼此詮釋有歧異時，該如何解決亦應建立相關 解決機制。

三、 區域組織所扮演之守門員角色

在多極化的國際社會中，新興國家及區域組織在推動「國家保護 責任」之參與度及重要性逐漸受到重視，區域組織是確認人權狀況及 受區域安定影響最直接之組織，關於區域組織與聯合國在推動或執行

「保護責任」行動中，所扮演的角色值得吾人更進一步的檢視與研究。

四、 國際習慣法之發展

有關「國家保護責任」三項支柱內容，如何與現行國際人權法體 系相輔相成並且釐清彼此之間關係，特別是其未來朝國際習慣法演進 的發展，有助於未來落實「保護責任」原則，提升國際社會整體人權 保護的推動工作。

- 113 -

參考文獻

一、中文文獻

王思為(2011)，〈人道干預與普世管轄權〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，第 54 期，頁 1-36。

林秀雲(2013)，《社會科學研究方法》（臺北：雙葉書廊）。

林 達(2003)，《國際法上人道干涉之研究》，國立台灣大學法律學研究 所，碩士論文(未出爯)。

吳志中(2011)，〈由聯合國 1973 號決議，談國際人權保護〉，《新世紀智 庫論壇》，第 54 期，頁 63-68。

李登科(2011)，〈英美法聯軍出兵利比亞與中東情勢的發展〉，《新世紀 智庫論壇》，第 54 期，頁 60-62。

洪茂雄(2008)，〈詴論科索沃邁向獨立之路的背景、條件及其影響〉，《台 灣國際研究季刊》，第 4 卷第 3 期，頁 1-18。

洪祿淵、陳至潔(2012)，〈中俄否決安理會對敘利亞決議草案的立場分 析〉，《戰略安全研析》，第 88 期，頁 48-57。

高英茂(2011)，〈從利比亞案看國際制裁的演變〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，

第 54 期，頁 51-56。

張台麟(2000)，〈一九九四年盧安達種族互殘的緣由與影響〉，《問題與 研究》，第 39 卷第 9 期，頁 35-48。

張紹勳(2000)，《研究方法》（臺中：滄海書局）。

楊永明(1997)，〈聯合國維持和帄行動之發展：冷戰後國際安全的轉 變〉，《問題與研究》，第 36 卷第 11 期，頁 23-40。

劉文彬(2006)，〈科索沃獨立運動之困境〉，《問題與研究》，第 45 卷第

- 114 -

5 期，頁 91-110。

劉文彬(2005)，《西洋人權史─從英國大憲章到聯合國科索沃決議案》

(台北：五南)。

劉必榮(2001)，〈美國對科索沃問題用兵案例研究〉，裘兆琳主編，《後 冷戰時期美國海外出兵案例研究》，(台北：中央研究院歐美研究 所)，頁 273-303。

蔡育岱(2010)，〈人權與主權的對立、共存與規避〉：論述《國家保護責 任》在人道干預上的意涵及重要性〉，《東吳政治學報》，第 28 卷 第 4 期，頁 1-36。

蔡育岱(2010)，〈國際人權的擴散與實踐：以《國家保護責任》的倡議 為例〉，《問題與研究》，第 49 卷第 4 期，頁 135-162。

蔡育岱(2012)，<聯合國與國際社會人道干涉的標準？>，《新世紀智庫 論壇》，第 60 期，頁 15-19。

蔡育岱、譚偉恩(2008)，〈從「國家」到「個人」：安全概念之分析〉，《問 題與研究》，第 47 卷第 1 期，頁 151-188。

鍾志明(1997)，〈區域組織實施人道干涉的合法性基礎：西非共同體部 隊與賴比瑞亞內戰〉，《問題與研究》，第 36 卷第 11 期，頁 41-54。

蕭琇安(2007)，〈國際法「禁止使用武力原則」與台海兩岸關係〉，《問 題與研究》，第 46 卷第 1 期，頁 147-169。

謝炎堯(2011)，〈格達費的陏命起家與獨裁〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，第 54 期，頁 57-59。

謝福助(2003)，〈科索沃戰爭衍生之爭議〉，《淡江人文社會學刊》，第 14 期，頁 89-116。

顏永銘(2015)，〈保護責任的第一個十年：國際法規範調校中〉，《東吳 政治學報》，第 33 卷第 3 期，頁 151-206。

- 115 -

魏宗雷、秓桂榮、孫茹(2003)，《西方人道主義干預理論與實踐》，(北 京：時事出爯社)。

嚴震生(2003)，〈賴比瑞亞的內戰、區域衝突、及國際今入〉，《問題與 研究》，第 42 卷第 4 期，頁 75-103。

Martha Finnemore 著，袁正清、李欣譯(2009)，《干涉的目的：武力使 用信念的變化》(The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs About The Use of Force)（上海：人民出爯社）。

Mihailo Crnobrnja 著，許綬南譯(1999)，《南斯拉夫分裂大戲》(The Yugoslav Drama)(台北：麥田出爯公司)

二、英文文獻

Annan, Kofi (2000), “We the Peoples: The Role of the UN in the 21st Century,” United Nations Department of Public Information.

Atilgan, Cansu (2014), “The Responsibility to Protect and a Selective International Response,” ASPJ Africa & Francophonie, 3^rd Quarter, pp.91-96.

Banteka, Nadia(2016), “Dangerous Liaisons: The Responsibility to Protect and a Reform of the U.N. Security Council,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.54, pp.382-423.

Bellamy, Alex J.(2006),”Whither the Responsibility to protect?Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit,”

Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 20, pp.143-169.

Bellamy, Alex J. (2008), “The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention, International Affairs,” Vol.84, No.4, p.615-639.

Bellamy, Alex J.(2009), “Realizing the Responsibility to Protect,”

International Studies Perspectives, Vol.10, pp.111-128.

Bellamy, Alex J.(2010), “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,”

Ethics & International Affairs, Vol.24, pp.143-169.

- 116 -

Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D. Williams(2011), “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d'Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect,”

International Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp.825-850.

Bellamy, Alex J.(2011), “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm,” Ethics and International Affairs, pp.263-269.

Bernstein, Sari(2012), “The Responsibility to Protect After Libya:

Humanitarian Prevention as Customary International Law,” Brook. J.

Int'l L, Vol.38, No.1, pp.304-343.

Chesterman, Simon(2011), “Leading from Behind: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Human Intervention after Libya,”

Ethics & International Affairs, Vol.25, pp.279-285.

Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 935(1994), U.N. Doc. S/1994/1405, pp.1-86.

Garwood-Gowers, Andrew(2013), “The Responsibility to Protect and The Arab Spring: Libya as The Exception, Syria as The Norm?” UNSW Law Journal, Vol.36, pp.594-618.

Ginsburg, Tom(2010), “Eastphalia as the Perfection of Westphalia,”

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 17, No.1, pp.26-45.

Gareth, Evans(2008), “The Responsibility to Protect: An Idea Whose Time Has Came…and Gone?” International Relations, Vol.22, No.3, pp.283-298.

Glanville, Luke(2012), “The Responsibility to Protect Beyond Borders,”

Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.1-32.

Gassama, Ibrahim J.(2013), “Dealing with the world as it is: Reimagining collective international responsibility,” Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Vol.12, No.4, pp.694-753.

- 117 -

Hakimi, Monica(2014), “Toward a Legal Theory on the Responsibility to Protect,” The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 39, No.2, pp.246-280.

ICISS(2001), The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Center for the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty), pp.1-108.

Jones, Jess(2016), “Humanitarian Intervention in a Multipolar World,”

Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Vol.15, pp.160-190.

Lee, H. Thomas(2014), “The Law of War and the Responsibility to Protect Civilians: A Reinterpretation,” Harvard International Law Journal Vol.55, 2014, pp.251.321.

Luck, Edward(2011), “The Responsibility to Protect: The First Decade,”

Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol.3, pp.1-13.

Murphy, Sean D.(1996), Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press)

O’Donnell, Chelsea(2014), “The Development of the Responsibility to Protect: An Examination of the Debate over the Legality of Humanitarian Intervention,” Duke Journal of Comparative &

International Law, Vol.24, pp.557-588.

Pape, Robert A.(2012), “When Duty Calls: A pragmatic Standard of Humanitarian Intervention,” International Security, Vol. 37, No.1, pp.41-80

Reinold, Theresa(2013), Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: The Power of Norms and the Norms of the Powerful (Oxford: Routledge) Rose, Steven J.(2014), “Moving Forward with the Responsibility to

Protect：Using Political Inertia to Protect Civilians,” Boston College

- 118 -

International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 37, pp.208-240.

Shahrbanou, Tadjbakhsh and Anuradha, M. Chenoy(2007), Human Security:

Concepts and Implications (London: Routledge)

Stahn, Carsten(2007), “Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?” The American Journal of International Law, Vol.101, No.1, pp.99-120.

Thakur, Ramesh(2013), “R2P after Lybia and Syria: Engaging Emerging Powers,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.36, pp.61-76.

Weiss, Thomas G.(2006), “R2P after 9/11 and the World Summit,”

Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol.24, No.2, pp.741-760.

Williams, Paul R., J. Trevor Ulbrick, Jonathan Worboys(2012), “Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes: The Responsibility To Protect and The Syria Crisis,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol.45, pp.472-503.

Wheeler, Nicholas J.(2005), “A Victory for Common Humanity? The Responsibility to Protect after the 2005 World Summit,” Journal of International Law & International Relations, Vol.2, pp.95-105.

Wheeler Nicholas J.(2006), “The Humanitarian Responsibilities of

Sovereignty: Explaining the Development of a New Norm of Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes in International Society,” in Jennifer M. Welsh. ed. Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations, (Oxford: Oxford University), pp.29-51.

Welsh Jennifer(2013), “Norm contestation and the responsibility to protect,” Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol.5, pp.365-396.

三、網路資源

中俄四度否決安理會將敘問題提交國際法庭，南華早報中文國際爯(檢 視日期：2014/05/23)，

http://www.nanzao.com/tc/international/14c315b6cbaaa3f/zhong-e-si-- 119 http://www.nanzao.com/tc/international/14c315b6cbaaa3f/zhong-e-si--

du-fou-jue-an-li-hui-jiang-xu-wen-ti-ti-jiao-guo-ji-fa-ting 中華民國外交部

http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html

中華民國領事事務局

www.boca.gov.tw/

利比亞政局分裂「成 IS 溫床」聯合國強制成立新政府，ET Today 國際 新聞(檢視日期：2016/1/22)，

http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160122/635687.htm

美俄宣布敘利亞停火計劃，美國之音(檢視日期：2016/01/03)，

http://www.voachinese.com/content/us-russia-syra-20160222/3202031.

html

格達費身亡三年亂局難休 兩個議會兩個政府分庭抗禮，國際在線(檢視 日期：2015/11/18)，

http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/42071/2014/10/21/5311s4734375

.htm

敘利亞：小國家大能量，新華網(檢視日期：2016/01/10)，

http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2011-12/02/c_122366525.htm

葉長城，從「茉莉花陏命」到「狂人末路」：近期中東及北非地區政經 情勢與影響研析，全球台商 e 焦點(檢視日期：2015/11/10)

http://twbusiness.nat.gov.tw/epaperArticle.do?id=113213442

蔡榮峰，在自己土地上打別人的戰爭：倒楣的敘利亞為合成為「中東 的巴爾幹半島」，THE NEWS LENS 關鍵評論(檢視日期：2015/04/14)

http://www.thenewslens.com/post/144488/

聯合國一廂情願？利比亞兩派杯葛組建聯合政府提議，端傳媒(檢視日 期：2016/01/03)

http://theinitium.com/article/20151009-dailynews-Lybia-unity-govern

- 120 -

ment/

聯合國安理會第 1160 號決議，S/RES/1160，1998 年 3 月 31 日，

http://www.un.org/zh/sc/documents/resolutions/98/s1160.htm

聯合國安理會第 1199 號決議，S/RES/1199，1998 年 9 月 23 日，

http://www.un.org/zh/sc/documents/resolutions/98/s1199.htm

聯合國安全理事會第 1244 號決議，S/RES/1244，1999 年 06 月 10 日，

http://www.un.org/zh/sc/documents/resolutions/99/s1244.htm

聯合國人權理事會第 27 屆會議，A/HRC/27/24，2014 年 6 月 30 日，第 40 段，

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/

Documents/A-HRC-27-24_ch.doc

「聯合國大會第 308 號決議」，聯合國大會，2009 年 9 月 14 日，

http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/63/30 8&Lang=C

難民問題土耳其：20 國峰會將討論，中央社(檢視日期：2015/09/06)，

http://news.rti.org.tw/news/detail/?p=3&recordId=220614

Akande, Dapo, “What does UN Security Council Resolution 1973 permit?”

European Journal of International Analysis,

http://www.ejiltalk.org/what-does-un-security-council-resolution-1973-permit/ (last visited on March 03, 2014)

Annan, Kofi , “Two Concepts of Sovereignty,” The Economist, September 16, 1999, http://www.economist.com/node/324795

Annan Kofi, “We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21^st Century,”

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/wethepeople.pdf Axworthy, Lloyd, “In Libya, We Move toward a More a Humane World,”

Globe and Mail,

- 121 -

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/in-libya-we-move-toward-a-more-humane-world/article626440/ (last visited on August 14, 2014)

Ban, Ki-moon, “Statement by the Secretary-General on Libya,”

http://www.un.org/sg/STATEMENTS/index.asp?nid=5145 (last visited

on Feb. 18, 2016)

Ban, Ki-moon, “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Report of the Secretary-General,” UN Document A/63/677,

http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/implementing%20the%20rtop.pdf Bolopion, Phillipe, “After Libya, the Question: To Protect or Depose?” Los

Angeles Times,

http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/opinion/la-oe-bolopion-libya-re sponsibility-t20110825 (last visited on April 20, 2015)

Central Intelligence Agency─The World Factbook

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kv.ht ml (last visited on Dec. 30, 2015)

“Death toll from disasters surged in 2008,” United Nations News Center, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29636#.VMS6tUeUd QF）;%20wikipedia-Cyclone%20Nargis%20-%20See%20more%20at:

%20http://www.geog-daily.org/2015465293387502015465372human/9

#sthash.l85XSAJK.dpuf(laste visited on July 18, 2015)

Dunne, Tim and Jess, Gifikins, “Libya and R2P: Norm Consolidation or Perfect Storm?” The Interpreter,

http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2011/04/15/Libya-R2PA-perfect-st orm-.aspx (last visited on July 14, 2015)

Draft Resolution, UN Doc S/2012/77,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%2077.pdf

Draft Resolution, UN Doc S/2012/538,

- 122 -

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9

C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%20538.pdf

Foust, Joshua, “Syria and the pernicious consequences of our Libya intervention,” Atlantic,

http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/syria-and-the -pernicious-consequences-of-our-libya-intervention/252631/ (last

visited on September 23, 2014)

Gareth, Evans, “Interview: The RtoP Balance Sheet after Libya,”

e-International Relations,

http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/gareth-_interview-the-rtop-balan ce-sheet-after-libya.pd (last visited on June 18, 2015)

Gladstone, Rick, “Russia and China Block Security Council Move to Prosecute Syria War Crimes,” New York Times,

http://cn.nytimes.com/world/20140523/c23nations/en-us/ (last visited

on May 23, 2014)

High Level Mission of the UN Human Rights Council, Report of the High-Level Mission on the situation of human rights in Darfur

pursuant to Human Rights Council decision, S-4/101. A/HRC/4/80,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Sudan%20AHRC480.pdf

Letter dated Dec. 15, 1999 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1999/1257,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/ POC%20S19991257.pdf

Letter dated 12 July 2004 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2004/567,

http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2004/567&r

eferer=http://www.un.org/zh/preventgenocide/adviser/&Lang=E

- 123 -

Letter dated 31 August 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2007/721,

http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2007/721&r eferer=/zh/&Lang=E

“Libyan Ambassador Jolts UN into Action”, The Age,

http://www.theage.com.au/world/libyan-ambassador-jolts-un-into-actio n-20110226-1b92k.html (last visited on Nov. 23, 2014)

Morgan, Piers, “Don’t shut your eyes to this picture because WE did this.

Now we have to make it right,” Mail Online,

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3221090/PIERS-MORGAN-Don-t-shut-eyes-picture-did-make-right.html (last visited on May 23,

2015)

“Pillay calls for international inquiry into Libyan violence and justice for victims,” OHCHR,

http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/190-crisis-in-li bya/3192-unohchr-pillay-calls-for-international-inquiry-into-libyan-vio lence-and-justice-for-victims- (last visited on Nov. 14, 2015)

Rania Abouzeid,“ Bouazizi: The Man Who Set Himself and Tunisia on Fire,’’ TIME,

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2044723,00.html (last visited on August 28, 2015)

“Responsibility to Protect: The Lessons of Libya,” The Economist,

http://www.economist.com/node/18709571 (last visited on May 20,

2015)

“Responsibility to Protect─Who is responsible for protecting people from gross violations of human rights?” OUTREACH PROGRAMME ON THE RWAND GENOCIDE AND THE UNITED NATOINS,

http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/pdf/bgresponsibility.pdf

- 124 -

(last visited on July 25, 2015)

Resolution 1973, UN Doc S/RES/1973,

http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/268/39/PDF/N

1126839.pdf?OpenElement

Secretary-General Kofi Annan, “Address to the 2005 World Summit,”

http://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements/sgenglish3.pdf S.C. Res. 935, U.N Doc. S/RES/935,

http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/935(199 4)

S.C. Res. 1674, April 28,

http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/331/99/PDF/N06

33199.pdf?OpenElement

Todd Lindberg, “Protect the People,” Washington Time,

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/sep/26/20050926-092835 -2083r/(last visited on June 3, 2015)

UN SECRETARY-GENERAL PRESS RELEASE, “secretary-general addresses international peace academy seminar on the responsibility to protect,” UN press release,

http://www.un.org/press/en/2002/sgsm8125.doc.htm.(last visited on

May 4, 2015)

UN-Doc.S/RES/866,

http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/866%28 1993%29

UN-Doc.S/RES/955,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/IJ%20SRES955.pdf

UNHCR Global Report 2014, http://www.unhcr.org/gr14/index.xml U.N. Charter pmbl., Art. 1.

- 125 -

http://www.un.org/zh/sections/un-charter/preamble/index.html

UN-Doc.S/RES/788,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SRES%20788.pdf

U.N. Secretary-General, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility,

Report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, U.N. Doc. A/59/565,

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9 C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/CPR%20A%2059%20565.pdf

UN General Assembly A/59/2005, Report of the Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development , Security and Human Rights for All,

http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/larger_freedom_exec_su

http://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/larger_freedom_exec_su

在文檔中 聯合國「國家保護責任」（R2P）理念之發展與實踐： 以利比亞及敘利亞為例之分析 (頁 123-138)