• 沒有找到結果。

第四章 資料分析與討論

第三節 研究限制及後續研究建議

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

第三節 研究限制及後續研究建議

資訊系統導入績效管理制度中運作所牽涉的問題複雜,也因此本研究僅以成 本的觀點進行分析,仍有許多未及之處,尚待後續相關研究繼續探討,以下分別 討論本研究之限制及後續可行之研究。

壹、研究限制

模型設計方面,針對資訊系統使用的行為,一般行為意向模式多分析使用者 的「自願性」行為,並且將行為視為依變數,探討使用者內心意向與實際使用行 為之關係(e.g. Davis and Venkatesh, 2000)。然而 GPMnet 的使用是強制性的,因 此無法探究「使用意向」與「實際行為」之關連性,僅能根據受訪者對於系統使 用的心得,分析績效管理工作資訊化及網路化的成本,以及透過其對於系統所增 加的交易成本與態度之間的關連性進行假設與驗證。無法探究非自願性與自願性 使用行為者的差異,此為本研究限制之一。

在研究範圍方面,GPMnet 的建置與子系統整合,是透過委外的方式管理與 建立,更增加問題討論的複雜度,因此本研究未納入績效管理資訊系統的委外及 相應問題進行討論,為研究限制之二。

在研究設計方面,本研究選擇以個人為分析單位,最主要的考量在於系統使 用的單位為個人,而非組織,因此探討個人在使用時的交易成本亦能反映其真實 感受,跳脫僅以計量分析的有形成本。由於是在非自願性的情境下處理使用者的 交易成本問題,因此在研究設計上難免遇到受訪者對績效評估的自我評估標準不 一的狀況,此為研究限制之三。

在探討議題方面,績效管理研究者最為關心的乃績效管理的資訊品質,然而 在資訊系統對於資訊品質可及的範圍內,尚無法針對資訊品質是否透過資訊系統 全面提升予以解答,僅能針對部分內容進行探討,此為研究限制之四。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

貳、後續研究建議

分析績效管理資訊化的問題,對於 ICTs 應用於公部門管理具有參考價值,

本研究建議其他政府行政制度納入新的科技設備時,亦可以本研究之案例為參 考。惟本研究聚焦於交易成本的相關面向進行探討,僅為電子化政府研究參考,

尚難以涵蓋全部的問題,不足之處,尚留待後續研究加以充實。

首先就績效管理制度而言,本研究以 GPMnet 為案例之相關討論,尚無法突 破制度的限制,因此許多現行制度實務存在的問題,並非全由 ICTs 可加以改變,

建議後續研究可針對績效管理制度可能的改進方向進行探討。

此外,公務資訊系統委外的問題,對於組織工作效率及系統品質皆有重要的 意義,近年資訊系統的建置,多為委外的產物,GPMnet 本身委外的問題,亦可 提供研究者新的研究方向與探討重點。

最後,資訊系統的交易成本問題,可提供管理者未來建置系統另一個思考方 向,建議可基於本研究之基礎,加強交易成本的分析架構,建立一套解釋力更強 的結構模型。

第四節 小結

本章基於第四章資料分析結果提出研究結論及建議,並且敘明本研究在研究 議題及研究設計等方面之研究限制,最後提議可基於本研究之基礎,針對績效管 理制度、公務系統委外、資訊系統的交易成本等議題進行後續研究。

本研究透過質化訪談回答第 1 個研究問題,以量化問卷資料回答第 2 個研究 問題,並透過質化與量化資料進一步分析與討論第 3 及第 4 個研究問題。研究發 現,政府績效管理資訊化對於使用者的交易成本認知有增加,亦有減少,尚難以 論定完全為負面的影響;此外在量化資料方面,不確定性、資產專屬、使用頻率 等三項變數與交易成本之假設未獲實證資料支持;GPMnet 使用的交易成本對使 用者態度及績效認知皆有顯著負面影響;以及現行績效管理資訊作業有著資訊不 對稱的現象。

在研究建議方面,本研究分為學術與實務之建議。在學術面建議結構模式的 觀察變項應謹慎設計,以及資訊系統評估不應忽視成本觀點。在實務面建議於制

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

度環境全面落實電子化績效管理,於系統資源環境進行資料備份,以減少資料負 擔。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參考文獻

Ajzen, Icek (2005). Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. New York : Open University Press.

Ammons, David N. (1995). Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance

and Establishing Community Standards. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage

Publications.

Andersen, Kim V. (1999). “Reengineering PublicOrganizationsUsing Information Technology.”inRichard Heeks (Ed.), Reinventing Government in the

Information Age : International Practice in IT-Enabled Public Sector Reform

(p.p. 312-330). New York : Routledge.

Anderson, J. C., and Gerbing, D. W. (1988). “Structural equation modeling in

practice:A review and recommended two-step approach.”Psychological Bulletin, 103,411-423.

Angelov, S. and P.Grefen (2003). “The4W Framework forB2B E-Contracting.”

International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organization, vol. 1, 78-97.

APEC (2007), Economic Policy Report. APEC: Singapore.

Bailey, J. and J.Y. Bakos (1997). “An Exploratory Study oftheEmerging Roleof Electronic Intermediaries.”International Journal of Electronic Commerce, vol.1, 7-20.

Barber, Benjamin R. (1998). “ThreeScenariosfortheFutureofTechnology and Strong Democracy.”Political Science Quarterly, 113(4), 573-589.

Benjamin, R. and R.Wigand (1995). “ElectronicMarketsand VirtualValueChainson the Information Superhighway.”Sloan Management Review, vol. 36, 62-72.

Behn, Robert D. (2002). “Government Performance and the Conundrum of Public Trust.”In John D. Donahue and Joseph S. Nye (Eds.) Market-Based

Governance (pp. 323-347). Cambridge, Mass: Visions of Governance in the 21st

Century.

Bouckaert, G. and B.G. Peters (2002). “Performance Measurement and Management:

The Achilles' Heel in Administrative Modernization.”Public Performance &

Management Review, 25(4), 359-362.

Brown, Douglas M. (1999). “Information System for Improved Performance Management: Development approaches in US Public Agencies.”in Richard Heeks (Ed.), Reinventing Government in the Information Age : International

Practice in IT-Enabled Public Sector Reform (p.p. 113-134). New York :

Routledge.

Brynjolfsson, E., T. W. Malone, V. Gurbaxani, and A. Kambil (1994). “Does

Information Technology Lead to Smaller Firms?”Management Science, 40(12), 1628-1644.

Chen, Chun-Der, Yi-Wen Fan, and Cheng-Kiang Farn (2007). “

Investigating Factors

Affecting the Adoption of Electronic Toll Collection: A Transaction Cost

Economics Perspective.”Proceedings of the 40

thHawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Chin, W. W. (1998). “Issuesand opinion on structuralequation modeling.”

Management Information System Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi .

Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). “Structural equation modelling analysis withsmall samples using partial least squares.”In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical

strategies for small sample research(p.p. 307-341). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ciborra, C. (1981). “Information Systemsand TransactionsArchitecture.”

International Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems, 5(4),

305-323.

Ciborra, C. (1987a). “Research Agenda for A Transaction Cost Approach to

Information Systems.”In R. Boland & R. HIirschheim (Eds.), Critical Issues in

Information Systems Research (p.p. 253-274). Wiley, Chichester.

Ciborra, C. (1987b). “Reframing the Role of Computers in Organizations- The Transaction Costs Approach.”Information Technology & People, 3(1), 17-38.

Ciborra, C. (1993). Teams, Markets and systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cloete, Fanie (2003). “Assessing Governance with Electronic Policy Management Tools.”Public Performance & Management Review, 26(3), 276-290.

Coase, R. H. (1937). “The Nature of the Firm.”In Williamson, Oliver E and Sidney G.

Winter (Eds.), The Nature of the Firm : Origins, Evolution, and Development (p.p.18-33). New York : Oxford University Press.

Coase, R. H. (1988). The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago :University of Chicago Press.

Cordella, A. and K. A. Simon (1997). “

The Impact of Information Technology on Transaction and Coordination Cost.”Conference on Information Systems

Research in Scandinavia (IRIS 20), Oslo, Norway, August 9-12.

Cordella, A. (2001). “

Does Information Technology Always Lead to Lower Transaction Costs ?”

in Proceedings of European Conference on Information Systems, Bled, Slovenia.

Cordella, Antonio (2006). “Transaction Costsand Information Systems: Does IT Add Up?”

Journal of Information Technology, 21 (3), 195-202.

Davis, Fred D. (1989). “Perceived Usefulness,Perceived EaseofUse,and User AcceptanceofInformation Technology.”

MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.

Davis, Fred D., Richard P. Bagozzi, Paul R. Warshaw (1989). “UserAcceptanceof Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models.”

Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.

Denzin, N. K. (1978). “The logic of naturalistic inquiry.”In N. K. Denzin (Eds.),

Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker (1981). “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and MeasurementError.”

Journal of Marketing Research,18(1), 39-50.

Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and

Institutional Change. Washington D. C.: Brooking Institution Press.

Feenberg, Andrew (1991). Critical Theory of Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hair, J. F. Jr., R. E. Anderson, R. Tatham, and W. C.Black (1998). Multivariate Data

Analysis (5

thEd.). NJ: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.

Hatry, Harry P. (2007). Performance Measurement: Getting Results ( 2ndEd.).

Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press.

Heckman,J., C Heinrich, J Smith.(2002). “The performance of performance standards.”

Journal of Human Resources, 37(4), 778-811.

Heeks, Richard B. (1999). “Reinventing Governmentin theInformation age.”in Richard Heeks (Ed.), Reinventing Government in the Information Age :

International Practice in IT-Enabled Public Sector Reform (p.p. 9-21). New

York : Routledge.

Heeks, Richard B., and Anne Davies (1999). “Different Approaches to Information AgeReform.” in Richard Heeks (Ed.), Reinventing Government in the

Information Age : International Practice in IT-Enabled Public Sector Reform

(p.p. 22-48). New York : Routledge.

Heeks, Richard B., and Subhash Bhatnagar (1999). “Understanding Success and Failurein Information AgeReform.”in Richard Heeks (Ed.), Reinventing

Government in the Information Age : International Practice in IT-Enabled Public Sector Reform (p.p. 49-74). New York : Routledge.

Ho, T.K. (2002). “Reinventing LocalGovernmentsand theE-Government Initiative.”

Public Administration Review, 62(4), 434-444

Heinrich, Carolyn J. (1999). “Do Government Bureaucrats Make Effective Use of Performance Management Information?”Journal of Public Administration

Research and Theory, 9(3), 363-394.

Heinrich, Carolyn J., and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. (2001). “Means and Ends: A Comparative Study of Empirical Methods for Investigating Governance and Performance.”Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11(1), 109-138.

Heinrich, Carolyn J. (2002). “Outcomes-Based Performance Management in the Public Sector: Implications for Government Accountability and Effectiveness. ”

Public Administration Review, 62(6), 712-725.

James, Oliver (2004). “TheUK CoreExecutive’sUseofPublicServiceAgreements asaToolofGovernance.”Public Administration, 82(2), 397-419.

Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). “Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come.”Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26.

Kaplan, R. (2001). “StrategicPerformance Measurement and Management in Nonprofit Organizations.”

Nonprofit Management & Leadership, vol. 11:

353-370.

Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P. (2002). The Balanced Scorecard: Translating

Strategy into Action. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press.

Katzer J., and P. T.Fletcher (1992). “TheInformation Environment of Managers.”In M. E. Williams (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 27 (pp. 227-263). Medford, NJ: Learned Information, for ASIS.

Kettl, D. F. (2000). The Global Public Management Revolution: A Report on the

Transformation of Governance. Washington, D. C.:Brookings Institution Press.

Kraemer, Kenneth L. and John Leslie King. (1986). “Computing and Public Organizations.”Public Administration Review, Vol. 46, 488-496.

Kraemer, Kenneth L., James N. Danziger, Debora E. Dunkle, and John L. King (1993). “The Usefulness of Computer-Based Information to Public Managers.”

MIS Quarterly, 17(2), 129-148.

Liang, T. P., J.S. Huang (1998). “An Empirical Study on Consumer Acceptance of Products in Electronic Markets: A Transaction CostModel.”Decision Support

Systems, vol. 24, 29-43.

Malone T., Yates J., Benjamin R. (1987). “ElectronicMarketsand Electronic Hierarchies.”

Communications of the ACM, vol. 6 , 485-497.

McKnight & J. P. Bailey, (Eds.). (1997). Internet Economics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Ndou, Valentina (2004). “E–Government for Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges.”The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in

Developing Countries, 18(1), 1-24.

Noordegraaf, Mirko and Tineke Abma (2002). “Management by Measurement?

Public Management Practices Amidst Ambiguity.”

Publc Administration,

81(4):853-871.

North, Douglass (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic

Performance. Cambridge University Press.

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (2003). Progress Implementing the

Pr e s i de nt s Manage me nt Age nda. Was hi ngt on,D.C.: Office of Management

and Budget.

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (2009). “Rating ThePerformanceof FederalPrograms.”Retrived March 15, 2009 from

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/part/.

Palme, J. (1984). “

You Have 134 Unread Mail! Do You Want to Read Them Now?”

IFIP WG 6.5 Working conference on computer-based document services, Nottingham.

Podsakoff, P. and D.W. Organ (1986). “Self-Reports in Organizational Research:

Problems and Prospects.”Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.

Picot, Arnold, Ralf Reichwald and Rolf Wigand (2008). Information, Organization

and Management, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Schultze, U. and Vandenbosch, B. (1998). “Information Overload in a Groupware Environment: Now you seeit,now you don’t.”Journal of Organisational

Computing and Electronic Commerce. 8(2), 127-148.

Smith, Peter (1990). “The Use of Performance Indicators in the Public Sector.”

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society), 153(1),

53-72.

Tashakkori A. and Teddlie C. (1998). Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative

and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Teo, Thompson S. H., and Yuanyou Yu. (2005). “Online Buying Behavior: a Transaction Cost Economics Perspective”,Omega, Oxford, 33(5):451-465.

Wang, Eric T. (2002). “Transaction Attributes and Software Outsourcing Success: an Empirical Investigation of Transaction Cost Theory.”Information Systems

Journal, 12 (2), 153-181.

Wholey, Joseph S. ( 2007). “Quality Control:Assessing theAccuracy and Usefulness ofPerformanceMeasurementSystem.”in Harry P. Hatry (Ed.), Performance

Measurement: Getting Results ( 2

ndEd., p.p. 217-240) . Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press.

Williamson, Oliver E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust

Implications : A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization. New York :

Free Press.

Williamson, Oliver E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism : Firms,

Markets, Relational Contracting(1

stEd.). New York : Free Press.

Williamson, Oliver E. (1999). “Publicand Private Bureaucracies: A Transaction Cost EconomicsPerspective.”Journal of Law Economics & Organization, 15(1), 306-342.

Yen, Chia-Hui, Chih-Chin Yang, and Mei-Chuan Huang (2009). “

An Empirical

St udy of Bi dde r s Pe r c e i v e d Val ue i n Onl i ne Auc t i on: I nt e gr at i ng Tr ans ac t i on Cost Economics and Expectancy Confirmation Theory.”International

Conference on Business And Information, 2009 July,6-8.

van Thiel, S. and Frans L. Leeuw (2002). “ThePerformanceParadox in thePublic Sector.”Public Performance & Management Review, 25(3), 267-281.

Venkatesh, Viswanath and Fred D. Davis (2000). “A TheoreticalExtension ofthe Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies.”Management

Science, 46(2), 186-204.

中央社(2009)。〈經建會:明年公共建設經費85%屬愛台12建設〉。2009年7月 13日報導。

行政院主計處(2001)。《政府跨機關網際網路服務(Extranet)的應用現況調 查》。發布於2001/3/1。

行政院主計處(2004)。《政府機構行政業務資訊化程度與應用概況》。發布於 2004/5/1。

行政院主計處(2009)。《97年電腦應用概況調查速報》,2009年9月21日,取 自:http://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=17967&CtNode=4919。

行政院研考會(2001)。《行政院所屬各機關施政績效評估要點》。台北:研考 會。

行政院研考會(2008)。《電子化政府軌跡》,2009年9月17日,取自:

http://www.rdec.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4087173&CtNode=12037&mp=100。

李茂能(2008)。〈SEM 適配度指標的潛藏問題:最佳模式難求〉,測驗統計 年刊,16(2),17-30。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

李鍵壕(2004)。高雄市公務人員對知識管理系統之科技接受度。國立中山大學 公共事務管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,中山大學。

吳芝儀、李奉儒合譯(1999)。質的評鑑與研究(Michael Quinn Patton原著)。

台北:桂冠,初版三刷。

吳安妮(2004)。平衡計分卡在公務機關實施之探討。收錄於政府績效評估,台 北:行政院研考會。

邱皓政(2003)。結構方程模式。台北:雙葉書廊。

施宗英、陳海雄(2006)。政府計畫網路化管理機制建置與展望。研考雙月刊,

30 (1),65-102。

郭昱瑩(2004)。政府機關績效評估探討。收錄於政府績效評估,台北:行政院 研考會。

陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。台北:五南。

陳淑鳳(2001)。電子化政府下國稅稽徵人員資訊科技接受行為模式之研究。國 立中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士在職專班論文,未出版,中山大學。

陳祥甫(2007)。探討台灣汽車消費者資訊搜尋行為,國立東華大學企業管理研 究所碩士在職專班論文,未出版,東華大學。

陳海雄、蔡世田(2007)。政府實施計畫網路化管理後的新課題。研考雙月刊,

(31) 4: 102-111。

陳敦源(2005)。民主與官僚:新制度論的觀點。台北:韋伯,初版。

張鐙文(2009)。我國地方行政主管對電子化參與之認知與行為:計畫行為理論

張鐙文(2009)。我國地方行政主管對電子化參與之認知與行為:計畫行為理論