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美國破產改革法(Bankruptcy Reform Act) 第 912 條草案

第六章 美國法上對於真實買賣問題之回應-安全港條款

第二節 美國破產改革法(Bankruptcy Reform Act) 第 912 條草案

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第二節 美國破產改革法(Bankruptcy Reform Act) 第 912 條草案 (Proposed Section 912)

第一項 破產法第912條修正案之理由

破產法第11章之主要政策與目的是債務人之重建,至於其他破產 政策都是次要的。而重建之目的包括工作之保護與避免經濟上之瓦 解。簡言之,破產法第11章是鼓勵公司重整,縱使重整該公司與極大 化分配給債權人之目的相衝突。在LTV一案中,法院准許債務人使用 形式上非債務人個體之財產,以避免債務人經營之完全中斷,即可得 知。

破產法第11章之重整程序為集體程序,因此迫使所有當事人均參 與同一會議,並取代了債權人個人之權利,故破產法第11章之目的僅 在迫使所有債權人參與債務人之重整程序。

欲使破產法第11章有效運作之方式,即擴大參與重整之成員,此 鼓勵法院對債務人之財產從寬解釋,並禁止以契約排除第11章之適 用。而證券化是由創始機構移轉資產予特殊目的個體,故當創始機構 有第11章重整之情形,則與證券化之架構將發生緊張之關係。

第二項 破產法第912條修正案

證券化優勢,係因建立形式化之法律架構,可保護資產組群免於 受到創始機構破產之波及。然而這些形式架構發揮效用之前提,須這 些形式架構被聯邦破產法院之法官尊重。為達到上述目的,美國國會 於2002年1月,曾提出破產法第912條修正案,以保障架構式融資產 業,渠等提議破產法第11章第541條修正為285

285 SEC. 912. ASSET-BACKED SECURITIZATIONS.

Section 541 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-

(1) in subsection (b), by inserting after paragraph (7), as added by this Act, the following:‘(8) any eligible asset (or proceeds thereof), to the extent that such eligible asset was transferred by the debtor, before the date of commencement of the case, to an eligible entity in connection with an asset-backed

(eligible entity)之合格資產(eligible asset)或因該合格資 產所生收益之範圍內,排除受託管理人依第550條對上述資產主 張移轉無效,並依第548條第(a)項回復上述資產。

(2)新增以下新項:

(f)本條之目的

securitization, except to the extent such asset (or proceeds or value thereof) may be recovered by the trustee under section 550 by virtue of avoidance under section 548(a);’; and

(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:

‘(f) For purposes of this section-

‘(1) the term ‘asset-backed securitization’ means a transaction in which eligible assets transferred to an eligible entity are used as the source of payment on securities, including, without limitation, all securities issued by governmental units, at least one class or tranche of which was rated investment grade by one or more nationally recognized [securities]

[FN72] rating organizations, when the securities were initially issued by an issuer;

‘(2) the term ‘eligible asset’ means-

‘(A) financial assets (including interests therein and proceeds thereof), either fixed or revolving, whether or not the same are in existence as of the date of the transfer, including residential and commercial mortgage loans, consumer receivables, trade receivables, assets of governmental units, including payment obligations relating to taxes, receipts, fines, tickets, and other sources of revenue, and lease receivables, that, by their terms, convert into cash within a finite time period, plus any residual interest in property subject to receivables included in such financial assets plus *118 any rights or other assets designed to assure the servicing or timely distribution of proceeds to security holders;

‘(B) cash; and

‘(C) securities, including without limitation, all securities issued by governmental units;

‘(3) the term ‘eligible entity’ means-

‘(A) an issuer; or

‘(B) a trust, corporation, partnership, governmental unit, limited liability company (including a single member limited liability company), or other entity engaged exclusively in the business of acquiring and transferring eligible assets directly or indirectly to an issuer and taking actions ancillary thereto;

‘(4) the term ‘issuer’ means a trust, corporation, partnership, or other entity engaged exclusively in the business of acquiring and holding eligible assets, issuing securities backed by eligible assets, and taking actions ancillary thereto; and

‘(5) the term ‘transferred’ means the debtor, under a written agreement, represented and warranted that eligible assets were sold, contributed, or otherwise conveyed with the intention of removing them from the estate of the debtor pursuant to subsection (b)(8) (whether or not reference is made to this title or any section hereof), irrespective and without limitation of-

‘(A) whether the debtor directly or indirectly obtained or held an interest in the issuer or in any securities issued by the issuer;

‘(B) whether the debtor had an obligation to repurchase or to service or supervise the servicing of all or any portion of such eligible assets; or

‘(C) the characterization of such sale, contribution, or other conveyance for tax, accounting, regulatory reporting,

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(1)資產基礎證券化係指移轉至合格實體之合格資產作為於支 付證券來源之交易,所有證券包括但不限於由政府機構發 行,當發行者最初發行證券時,經一個或更多國家承認之 證券評等機構評定投資等級。

(2)合格資產係指

(A)金融資產(包括其利息及收益),固定或循環,不論 於移轉日是否相同存在,包括住宅與商業不動產貸 款、消費性應收帳款、交易性應收帳款、政府單位之 資產,包括相關稅賦、收據、罰鍰、門票與其他收益 來源之支付責任,及租金應收帳款,在其存續期間之 一定期間內轉變為現金,並加上前述金融資產之所有 剩餘利益,與作為確保服務或即時分配收益予證券持 有人之所有權利或資產。

(B)現金

(C)證券,包括但不限於政府機關所發行之證券

(3)合格個體係指

(A)發行者;或

(B)信託、公司、合夥、政府單位、有限責任公司(包括 單一股東有限責任公司)或其他直接或間接專門從事 取得或移轉合格資產予發行者或從事附屬業務之企 業。

(4)發行者係指信託、公司、合夥或其他專門從事取得或持有合 格資產,並以合格資產為基礎發行證券及從事附隨業務之企 業。

(5)移轉係指在書面協議下,債務人表示並保證合格資產已出 售、分配或其他依第(b)項第(8)款之規定,基於財產隔離意 圖之移轉(不論此權狀上之相關資料或其他相關規定),不 論且不限於:

(A)不論債務人直接或間接獲得或持有發行者之股份或發行 者所發行之任何證券。

(B)不論債務人有買回或服務之義務,或監督此合格資產之

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所有或任何部份之服務。

(C)不論在稅賦或會計或其他控制報告,對此買賣、分配或 其他移轉之定性。

第三項 破產法第912條修正案之失敗因素

上述修正草案之條文,遭遇到眾多之挑戰。如第(5)項第(B)款之 規定,即「不論債務人有買回義務...」。換言之,在證券化架構下,

創始機構與SPE雖有買回約定,但仍可被定性為買賣。然此規定典型 為賣方保留出賣物之跌價損失風險,經濟實質上並非買賣。有論者認 為,此點問題不大,尊重當事人之意思,可作為對抗之基礎。然更嚴 重之問題在於,第三人將會錯誤信賴證券化當事人所提供之契約定 性。換言之,當證券化資產出售時,創始機構將計入收益,但無須揭 露其所保留之買回義務,此可能鼓勵公司將資產出售給SPE,計入收 入,但隱藏責任義務,此將導致財務報表無法反應創始機構真實之財 務狀況286

有論者認為287,證券化產業推出之草案並不妥適,故縱使未獲通 過,未嘗不是一件好事。蓋草案是以評等機構決定何者構成真實之證 券化交易,而目前評等機構係以相關法規作為其判斷因素。若評等機 構可自行決定實體法之來源,反而會使問題更為嚴重。更有甚者,在 破產法下之資產基礎證券化,將造成創始機構支付多少服務費,就可 增加多少評等等級之情形。換言之,評等機構之獨立性將受到極大的 挑戰,評等機構能否勝任,令人質疑。

然而,於2002年9月時,因爆發Enron案,而使上述新法之制訂胎 死腹中。據此,證券化業者欲透過國會幫助之希望,越來越渺茫。新 法制訂失敗,使這個快速發展的融資工具,持續建立在疑慮與風險中

286 The definition of "transferred" in former section 912 included all transfers "irrespective and without limitation of ... whether the debtor had an obligation to repurchase or to service or supervise the servicing of all or any portion of" the securitized assets.

287 See Stephen J. Lubben, BEYOND TRUE SALES: SECURITIZATION AND CHAPTER 11, 1 N.Y.U. J. L. & Bus. 89, at100(Fall, 2004).

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