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俄羅斯針對獨立國協的移民政策

18MLlce8WV4SSyg2Y4iTmSov8kO9655dyjg7cOmxjUz63Q4xY2sDGOC24, Accessed Date: May 31, 2019.

47 Поставнин Вячеслав Александрович, «Предложение по Институциональной Модернизаций Российской Миграционной Политики,» Миграция и денежные переводы в странах регионы Европы и Центральной Азии, МИРПАЛ, стр. 2.

prisoedinenie-fms-k-mvd-peredacha-funktsiy-guvm-mvd?fbclid=IwAR1xA91hGwaqCSfQVtW0g7OhXMpT30tccj5ytQtgxxNKJZ2MHYWgyiVYGD4, Accessed Date: May 31, 2019.

由宣言》。1992 年俄羅斯簽署了 1951 年《難民地位公約(Convention relating to the Status of Refugees)》及其 1967 年之附加議定書。51同年 3 月 3 日按照執行 https://magref.ru/razvitie-migratsionnogo-zakonodatelstva-i-migratsionnoy-sistemyi-v-rossii/?fbclid=IwAR2S0PRW2rRGaUu2AffAd6estM9bHcj8PHOG4YmAZgd-IKBTe-agGjBDkP0 (2014), MAGREF, Accessed Date: May 31, 2019.

51 Olga Choudinovskikh & Mikhail Denissenko, “Russia: A Migration System with Soviet Roots,”

Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/russia-migration-system-soviet-roots (2017), Accessed Date: Dec 19, 2018.

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《支持來自原蘇聯各加盟共和國難民和被迫移民的長期移民綱要》。同年,俄羅 斯也通過了關於移民自由遷移和居住選擇的法律,擴大了過的移民機會,首次 確認了州際協調對這一類群體,包含難民、流離失所者、移民提供援助的必要 性。521994 年,俄羅斯政府又將包括其遠東沿海邊疆區、哈巴羅夫斯克邊疆區 和阿穆爾州在內的 13 個地區定為暫時接納外來移民的主要地區。53

另外,蘇聯解體後立即通過了「公民身份法」的規範,與前蘇聯共和國之 間仍然保持著密切聯繫,這使得居住在 15 個獨立國協的居民相當容易可以獲得 俄羅斯公民身份。根據「公民身份法」,前蘇聯國家的公民可以簡化獲得俄羅斯 公民身份的程序,這也代表申請文件可以直接從申請人所在的國家發送,而不 必在俄羅斯境內。然而,該法被一些學者認為是無效的,而且過於官僚主義,

因為若想申請成為俄羅斯公民需要遞交許多文件。以難民和國內流離失所者身 份逃往俄羅斯的人大多沒有適當的證件,因此無法獲得俄羅斯公民身份。54

隨著 1990 年代第二次移民潮,此時期俄羅斯將移民政策的重心放在移民勞 工與打擊非法移民。1998 年,俄羅斯政府通過了《1998-2000 年俄羅斯聯邦移 民綱要》,規定在外國移民勞工的領域中,國家首先保證本國公民在勞動力市場 上的優先就業權,然後確定每年接收難民的限額,同時加強對移入移民的監 督。55

52 Kim, Timur, “Changes of Russia’s Migration Policies and Human Rights of Labor Migrants,” Master’s thesis, Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (2016), p. 17.

53 強曉芸,「俄羅斯移民政策的調整—《2025 年前俄羅斯聯邦國家移民政策構想》」,世界民

族,第 5 期(2013),頁 54。

54 Kim, Timur, “Changes of Russia’s Migration Policies and Human Rights of Labor Migrants,” Master’s thesis, Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (2016), p. 18.

55 ---,「俄羅斯移民政策的調整—《2025 年前俄羅斯聯邦國家移民政策構想》」,世界民族,

第 5 期(2013),頁 54。

56 Federal Law No. 115-FZ of July 25, 2002 “On The Legal Position of Foreign Citizens in The Russian Federation”(with the Amendments and Additions of June 30, 2003, August 22, November 2, 2004, July 18, December 29, 2006, January 6, December 1, 4, 2007, May 6, 2008), http://en.kremlin.ru, Accessed Date: Oct. 25, 2018.

57 Опора Дружбы, «Проект Концепции государственной миграционной политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 г.,» стр. 1-8.

61 Vitaliy Timkiv, “New citizenship shortcut for Russian-speakers of Soviet, Imperial ancestry,” RIA Novosti, Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/russia/russian-citizenship-ancestors-language-764/

(2014), Accessed Date: Nov. 26, 2018.

62 ---, “New citizenship shortcut for Russian-speakers of Soviet, Imperial ancestry,” RIA Novosti, Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/russia/russian-citizenship-ancestors-language-764/ (2014), Accessed Date: Nov. 26, 2018.

63 Sergei Makeev, Ekaterina Matveeva & Oksana Golubeva, “New Version of the National Vision of State Immigration Policy for 2019–2025,” https://www.ey.com/ru/en/services/tax/ey-novaya-redaktsiya-natsionalnoy-kontseptsii-gosudarstvennoi-migratsionnoi-politiki-na-2019-2025-gody (2018), Accessed Date: Nov 26, 2018.

до 2025 года,»

http://www.kurier.lt/putin-podpisal-novuyu-koncepciyu-gosudarstvennoj-migracionnoj-politiki-do-2025-goda/ (2018), Accessed Date: Jan. 01, 2019.

65「外國公民在俄羅斯就業的有關規定、申辦程序和相關情況」,中華人民共和國外交部,

https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn//gxh/cgb/zcgmzysx/oz/1206_13/fyrygth/t248865.htm(2018 年 12 月 31 日),檢索日期:2019 年 01 月 27 日。

66 Expatica, “A guide to getting a Russian work permit,”

https://www.expatica.com/ru/employment/employment-law/a-guide-to-getting-a-russian-work-permit-104101/ (2018), Accessed Date: Jan. 11, 2019.

https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn//gxh/cgb/zcgmzysx/oz/1206_13/fyrygth/t248865.htm(2018 年 12 月 31 日),檢索日期:2019 年 01 月 27 日。

68 Expatica, “A guide to getting a Russian work permit,”

https://www.expatica.com/ru/employment/employment-law/a-guide-to-getting-a-russian-work-permit-104101/ (2018), Accessed Date: Jan. 11, 2019.

https://www.expatica.com/ru/employment/employment-law/a-guide-to-getting-a-russian-work-permit-104101/ (2018), Accessed Date: Jan. 11, 2019.

70 Andrey Yakimov, “European and Russian migration policy in perspective,” DOC Research Institute, https://doc-research.org/2018/03/60926/ (2018), Accessed Date: Dec 16, 2018.

71 ---, “European and Russian migration policy in perspective,” DOC Research Institute, https://doc-research.org/2018/03/60926/ (2018), Accessed Date: Dec 16, 2018.

72 OECD, “International Migration Outlook Report 2017,”

http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/International_Migration_Outlook_2017.pdf (2017), pp. 54, Accessed Date:

Jan 05, 2019.

activity)」、「成員國勞工(Member-State worker)」和「移民勞工家庭成員

(family member of migrant workers)」的概念,只有正式僱用和有證件的移民才 能在法律上被承認為移民勞工。第 97 條確認了成員國移民勞工自由進入勞動力

73 Andrey Yakimov, “European and Russian migration policy in perspective,” DOC Research Institute, https://doc-research.org/2018/03/60926/ (2018), Accessed Date: Dec 16, 2018.

74 2015 年俄羅斯取消了獨立國協居民的配額,僅須在入境 30 天內申請工作特許,再取得工作

特許後,然後必須在取得工作特許後的 60 天內找到工作。

75 Expatica, “A guide to getting a Russian work permit,”

https://www.expatica.com/ru/employment/employment-law/a-guide-to-getting-a-russian-work-permit-104101/ (2018), Accessed Date: Jan. 11, 2019.

78 Irina Sinitsina, “Economic Cooperation between Russia and Central Asian Countries: Trends and Outlook,” University of Central Asia, Working Paper No. 5 (2012), p. 43.

79 Davé Bhavna, “Becoming “Legal” Through “Illegal” Procedures: The Precarious Status of Migrant Workers in Russia”, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 159 (2014), p. 6.

80 S.V. Ryazantsev, “Labour Migration in CIS and Baltic Countries: Trends, Consequences, Regulation,”

Moscow: Formula prava (2007), p. 25.