Council for Exceptional Children
(1988)指出,身心障礙者的家長所應 盡的責任是:一、清楚瞭解其障礙子女 需扮演多種生活角色;二、儘早與特殊 教育教師及相關人員共同為其殘障子女 安排有關活動,以學習與未來生活有關 的各種生活知識與技能。
然而,Paul 和 Frea(2002)認為,
環境的不同會產生價值觀的差異,對子 女的期許也會有不同。家長因為不同的 背景因素,對其智障子女未來生活需求 的看法有所差異。
以下將影響家長對其智障子女未來 生活需求的因素分成智障子女及家長本
身兩部份,分別以表一與表二說明之。
王天苗(民82)指出,心智發展障 礙兒童的家庭,可能因為其子女在不同 的年齡階段、不同的障礙狀況而對生活 有其獨特需求。而從表一可知,在研究 家長對其智障子女未來生活需求時,子 女的性別、障礙程度、安置類型是最常 被探討的因素,也就是說子女的性別、
障礙程度往往影響了家長對其智障子女 的未來生活期待。
至於家長本身,在文獻上有關影響 其對子女需求的因素有性別、年齡、居 住地區,詳細內容如表二所示。
由表一與表二,我們可知,智障者 常因文化環境的不同,以及社會大眾接 納程度的差異,影響了他們日常的生 活。此外,智障者本身的障礙與家庭所
處的環境,亦直接或間接地影響了智障
Hanley- Maxwell et al(1995)、
Lowitzer
(1989)、
Mutua et al
(2002)、
Mutua et al
(2002)、 Baliey(1992)、
Reilly &
Conliffe(2002)
1.母親對智障子
Hanley-Maxwell et al (1995)
Hanley-Maxwell et al(1995)、
Mutua & Miller & Mwavita (2002)、 Mutua & Dimitrov
(2001) 素(Lustig, 2002)。此外,父母抱持的信 念與期望,對孩子的未來生活發展具有 決 定 性 的 影 響 ( Hastings & Taunt,
2002;Hornby, 1994;Mutua & Dimitrov, 2002;Masino & Hodapp, 1996;Paul &
生活妥善規劃,並落實於教學內容,才 是真正實現讓智障孩子自立自強的教育 目標。
參考書目
一、中文部分
王天中(民 88)。生涯規劃概論。台北:
桂冠。
王天苗(民 82)。心智發展障礙兒童家 庭需要之研究。特殊教育學刊,9,
73-90。
王天苗(民 85)。臺灣地區心智發展障 礙幼兒早期療育服務供需及相關 問題之研究。特殊教育學刊,14,
21-44。
王天苗(民 91)。障礙者家庭支援。上 課講義。台北:師大。
張史如(民 86)。父母親和教師在特殊 兒童生涯教育中所扮演的角色。國 小特殊教育,23,19-23。
孫淑柔(民 86)。從智能障礙者生活品 質評量的趨勢談質的研究的可行 性。特殊教育,62,10-15。
教育部(民 91)。特殊教育法實施細則。
台北:教育部。
陳明聰(民 86)。身心障礙教育中父母 參與的重要性及其相關因素探 討。特殊教育季刊,64,21-27。
陳昭儀(民 84)。身心障礙兒童與家庭。
師大學報,40,187-212。
二、英文部分
Baliey, D. B., Blasco, P. M., &
Simeonsson, R. J.(1992). Needs
young children with disabilities.
American Journal on Mental Retardation, 97(1), 1-10.
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Cooney, B.F.(2002). Exploring perspective on transition of youth with disabilities: Voice of young adults, parents, and professionals.
Mental Retardation, 42(6)425-435.
Dettmer, P., Thurston, L. P., & Dyck, N.
(2002). Consultation,
collaboration and teamwork for students with special needs. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Everson, J. M., & Moon, M. S.(1987).
Transition services for young adults with severe disabilities: defining professional and parental roles and responsibilities. Journal of the Association for Person with Severe
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Fong, L., Wilgosh, L., & Sobsey, D.
(1993). The experience of parenting an adolescent with autism.
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Hanley-Maxwell, C., Whitney-Thomas, J.,
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Hasting, R.P., & Taunt, H.M.(2002).
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Hornby, G.(1994). Effects of children with disabilities on fathers: A review and analysis of literature.
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 41, 171-184.
Lehmann, J. P., & Roberto, K.A. (1996).
Comparison of factors influencing others’ perceptions about the futures of their adolescent children with and without disabilities. Mental
Retardation, 34, 27-38.
Lowitzer, A. C.(1989). Family demographics, family functioning, and parent involvement. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education.
(ERIC Document for Research
Service No. ED311669).
Lustig, D.C. (2002). Family coping in families with a child with a disability.
Educational and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 37(1), 14-22.
Masino, L.L., & Hodapp, R.M.(1996).
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Exceptional Children, 62, 515-523.
&
Turnbull Ⅲ, H. R.(1995). Whatdo students with disabilities tell us about th eimportance of family
involvement in the transition from school to adult life? Exceptional Children, 62(3), 249-260.
Mutua, N. K., Miller, J. W. & Mwavita, M.(2002). Resource utilization by children with developmental
disabilities in Kenya: discrepancy analysis of parents’ expectation-to- importance appraisals. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 191-201.
Mutua, N. K., & Dimitrov, D. M.(2001).
Parent’s expectations about future outcomes of children with MR in Kenya: Differential effects of gender and severity of MR. Journal of Special Education, 35(3), 172-181.
Paul, A. S., & Frea, W. D.(2002). The importance of understanding the goals of the family. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 4, 61-63.
& Conliffe, C.(2002).
Facilitating future planning for ageing adults with intellectual disabilities using a planning tool that incorporate quality of life domains.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 37(3-4), 105-119.
Vaughn, B. J., Wyatte, M. L., & Dunlap, G.(2002). “We can’t expect other people to understand”: Family perspectives on problem behavior.
Exceptional Children, 68, 437-450.