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第五章 我國基因改造食品標示規範與 WTO 協定之合致性探討:以 TBT 協定

第二節 TBT 協定之適用與重要規範

130 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, preamble: “… Having regard to the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; Desiring to further the objectives of GATT 1994; Recognizing the important contribution that international standards and conformity assessment systems can make in this regard by improving efficiency of production and facilitating the conduct of international trade;

Desiring therefore to encourage the development of such international standards and conformity assessment systems; Desiring however to ensure that technical regulations and standards, including packaging, marking and labelling requirements, and procedures for assessment of conformity with technical regulations and standards do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade;

Recognizing that no country should be prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure the quality of its exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade, and are otherwise in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement;

Recognizing that no country should be prevented from taking measures necessary for the protection of its essential security interest; ….”

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訂定「技術性法規」、「標準」或「符合性評定程序」此三類型之措施,統稱為「技 術性貿易障礙」措施;然而,技術性貿易障礙之存在,必然對於產品自由貿易造 成一定程度之限制,例如對出口國而言,必須因應不同進口國之不同技術性貿易 障礙,而必須對其產品作相應的調整,造成成本的上升。為降低此類貿易障礙,

TBT 協定對於前述技術性貿易障礙設有若干規定,在確保各國藉由相關措施達 成各自內國政策目標之餘,同時希冀能確保產品貿易之自由不受不當之限制。

第二項 TBT 措施:技術性法規

由於適用 TBT 協定分析一項措施是否符合 TBT 協定之前提,係一國之措施 必須屬於一項「技術性貿易障礙」,即須符合 TBT 協定附件 1 所規定之「技術性 法規」、「標準」或「符合性評估程序」之定義,其中尤以「技術性法規」為主要,

因此,以下本文首先將藉由判斷我國基因改造食品標示之相關法規是否為 TBT 協定附件第 1.1 條所定義之「技術性法規」,對何謂「技術性法規」作一簡介。

按 TBT 協定第 1.1 條規定:「就本協定之目的而言,應適用下列定義:規定 產品特性或其相關製程及產製方法,包括適用具強制性之管理規定之文件。該文 件亦得包括或僅規定適用於產品、製程或產製方法之專門術語、符號、包裝、標 記或標示之規定131。」此係 TBT 協定關於「技術性貿易障礙」中的第一類-「技 術性法規」所作之定義。而關於上述技術性法規之定義應如何被解釋與適用,

WTO 爭端解決機構多沿用該機構過往處理歐體石棉案(EC-Asbestos)所建立 的三項檢驗標準。WTO 爭端解決機構中之上訴機構(Appellate Body)在歐體石 棉案指出,若一項措施屬「技術性法規」,則首先該措施須以強制、具拘束力

(mandatory)的方式規範產品;次之,該措施須適用於一項或一群「可得特定

131 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Annex 1.1: “… For the purpose of this Agreement, however, the following definitions shall apply: 1. Technical regulation: Document which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method.”

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( identifiable ) 之 產 品 」; 最 後 , 該 措 施 須 規 範 一 項 或 數 項 的 「 產 品 特 性

(characteristics)」132。以下將就我國基因改造食品標示規範是否符合前揭要件 分別討論之。

一、須以強制、具拘束力之方式規範產品

在歐體石棉案中,上訴機構認為「技術性法規」須以強制而具有拘束力的方 式規範產品。而我國食品安全衛生管理法第 22 條第 1 項第 9 款規定,食品之容 器或外包裝,「應」以中文及通用符號,明顯標示含基因改造食品原料;第 24 條第 1 項第 9 款規定,食品添加物之容器或外包裝,「應」以中文及通用符號,

明顯標示含基因改造食品添加物之原料;第 25 條第 1 項規定,「中央主管機關 得」…對特定散裝食品販賣者…「要求」以中文標示…含基因改造食品原料。由 上述法規所使用之文字係以「應」或「中央主管機關得要求…」之「強制性」用 語可知,我國食品安全衛生管理法對於基因改造食品之標示規範,係以強制、具 拘束力之方式為規範。

另外,相關之行政規則,即我國包裝食品/食品添加物/散裝食品含基因改 造食品原料標示應遵行事項中,其中較主要之規範,係從第 2 點第 2 項至第 5 點規定。其第 2 點第 2 項規定,包裝食品/散裝食品/食品添加物係以基因改造 食品為原料者,「應」標示基因改造或含基因改造;第 2 點第 3 項規定,直接使 用基因改造食品原料,於最終產品已不含轉殖基因片段或轉殖蛋白質者,「應」

從該點所列出之三種關於「產品為基因改造〇〇加工製成,但已不含基因改造成 分」或「本產品加工原料中有基因改造〇〇,但已不含有基因改造成分」之行文 或用語,擇其一種並標示於產品之上;第 3 點規定,非故意摻雜率超過 3%者,

視為基因改造食品原料,因此,此時須依第 2 點第 2 項規定,「應」標示基因改 造;第 4 點規定,所含非基因改造食品原料,其並存在有國際上已審核通過可種

132 Appellate Body Report, European CommunitiesMeasures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, ¶ 75, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).

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植或作為食品原料使用屬基因改造者,始得標示非基因改造或不是基因改造字樣,

是以,從法條文意反面推之,若非屬前述情形者,則「不得」標示為「非基因改 造」;至於第 5 點則更進一步規範了標示之方法,包含所標示之基因改造字樣「須」

與其他文字明顯區別、字體長寬「不得」小於 2 毫米,或「應」於陳列販售之場 所,以卡片、標記(標籤)或標示牌(板)等型式,採懸掛、立(插)牌、黏貼 或其他足以明顯辨明之方式為標示。從上述包裝食品/食品添加物/散裝食品含 基因改造食品原料標示應遵行事項之法條用語為「應」或「不得」觀之,可知其 係「強制」並「具有拘束力」。

故本文認為,我國食品安全衛生管理法第 22 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 24 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 25 條第 1 項,及包裝食品/食品添加物/散裝食品含基因改造食 品原料標示應遵行事項第 2 點第 2 項、第 2 點第 3 項、第 3 點、第 4 點與第 5 點,符合技術性法規須具有「以強制、具拘束力之方式規範產品」之要件。

二、須適用於一項或一群可得特定之產品

本項要件之目的在於,唯有在技術性法規的適用產品範圍可得特定時,會員 在 TBT 協定下的義務才有被履行的可能,而使我們得以預見此項技術性法規所 欲涵蓋的產品範圍133。在歐體石棉案中,上訴機構認為所謂「可被辨識的產品」

並不一定要有個確切的名稱,只要這項產品在概念上可以被辨識出來,即足當之

134

因此,檢視我國食品安全衛生管理法第 22 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 24 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 25 條第 1 項,及包裝食品/食品添加物/散裝食品含基因改造食 品原料標示應遵行事項第 2 點第 2 項、第 2 點第 3 項、第 3 點、第 4 點與第 5 點,其規定業者應予進行食品標示之食品對象,可被特定在「含基因改造的產品」

133 Appellate Body Report, ECAsbestos, ¶ 70.

134 Id.

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上,其適用的產品範圍相當特定而可以被辨識、確認出來,故本文認為前揭法規 係適用於一項或一群可被辨識的產品。

三、須規範一項或數項的產品特性

所謂「產品特性(Characteristic)」,上訴機構在歐體石棉案中指出其係指可 被定義的(definable)產品特徵、質量或其他明顯可辨的特色,如大小、形狀、

顏色、質地、強度等135。此外,上訴機構在歐體石棉案中亦指出 TBT 協定附件 有與「產品特性」相關的規定,根據 TBT 協定附件第 1.1 條規定可知,除了產 品本身的「物理性質」可供作為認定產品特性的參考外,亦可透過例如產品之識 別、呈現與外顯樣貌之方式(the means of identification, the presentation and the appearance of a product):如專業術語(terminology)、符號(symbols)、包裝

(packaging)、標註(marking),或標示要求(labelling requirements);是以,上 訴機構在歐體石棉案指出「技術性法規」可以包括,或係專門(exclusively)處 理專業術語、符號、包裝、標註或標示之法規136。因此,基於上訴機構在歐體石 棉案認為標示即符合此項要件之見解,對照我國食品安全衛生管理法第 22 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 24 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 25 條第 1 項,及包裝食品/食品添加物

/散裝食品含基因改造食品原料標示應遵行事項第 2 點第 2 項、第 2 點第 3 項、

第 3 點、第 4 點與第 5 點,其係屬對於基因改造食品之「標示」規定,因此符合 本項要件。

綜合以上分析,我國食品安全衛生管理法第 22 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 24 條第 1 項第 9 款、第 25 條第 1 項,及包裝食品/食品添加物/散裝食品含基因改造 食品原料標示應遵行事項第 2 點第 2 項、第 2 點第 3 項、第 3 點、第 4 點與第 5 點,符合前述三項要件,係屬 TBT 協定附件 1.1 條所定義之技術性法規,而有 TBT 協定之適用。

135 Id. ¶ 67.

136 Appellate Body Report, ECAsbestos, ¶ 67.

條係不歧視原則在 TBT 協定下之體現,包含最惠國待遇(most-favored-nation treatment)與國民待遇(national treatment)原則。最惠國待遇原則在 WTO 體系 下係指會員國應給予所有其他會員國有如享有最優惠待遇國家之相同待遇;國民 technical regulations, products imported from the territory of any Member shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin and to like products originating in any other country.”

138 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, art.2.2: “Members shall ensure that technical regulations are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade. For this purpose, technical regulations shall not be more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective, taking account of the risks non-fulfilment would create. Such legitimate objectives are, inter alia: national security requirements; the prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, or the environment. In assessing such risks, relevant elements of consideration are, inter alia: available scientific and technical information, related processing technology or intended end-uses of products.”

relevant international standards exist or their completion is imminent, Members shall use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for their technical regulations except when such international standards or relevant parts would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfilment of the legitimate objectives pursued, for instance because of fundamental climatic or geographical factors or fundamental technological problems.”

140 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, art.2.9: “Whenever a relevant international standard does not exist or the technical content of a proposed technical regulation is not in accordance with the technical content of relevant international standards, and if the technical regulation may have a significant effect on trade of other Members, Members shall: publish a notice in a publication at an early appropriate stage, in such a manner as to enable interested parties in other Members to become acquainted with it, that they propose to introduce a particular technical regulation; notify other Members through the Secretariat of the products to be covered by the proposed technical regulation, together with a brief indication of its objective and rationale. Such notifications shall take place at an

140 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, art.2.9: “Whenever a relevant international standard does not exist or the technical content of a proposed technical regulation is not in accordance with the technical content of relevant international standards, and if the technical regulation may have a significant effect on trade of other Members, Members shall: publish a notice in a publication at an early appropriate stage, in such a manner as to enable interested parties in other Members to become acquainted with it, that they propose to introduce a particular technical regulation; notify other Members through the Secretariat of the products to be covered by the proposed technical regulation, together with a brief indication of its objective and rationale. Such notifications shall take place at an