• 沒有找到結果。

How Urban Sprawl is Undermining America's Environment, Economy and Social Fabric, Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

賴明洲、薛怡珍,2004,「從地景生態學觀點建構全國校園生物棲地網絡」,『自 然保育季刊』,46:6-15。

謝高橋、張清富,1997,「城鄉連結—遷徙人口的特性與適應」。頁 259-286,收 錄於蔡勇美,、章英華編,『台灣的都市社會』,台北:巨流圖書公司。

仙台市總合研究機構,1999,『コンパクトシティ創造のための基本方向につい ての調査研究』,日本仙台市總合研究機構研究報告。

岩崎裕直,2002,「公共交通整備が先導する杜の都(仙台)のまちづくり一コ ンパクトな都市づくりへの課題と取り組みー」,『交通工學』,第37 卷 增刊號:43-52。

Anas, A., Arnott, R. and Small, K. A., 1998, “Urban Spatial Structure,” Journal of

Economic Literature, 36(3): 1426-1464.

Alston, L. J., 1996, “Empirical Work in Institutional Economics: an Overview.” pp.

25-30 in Empirical Studies in Institutional Change, edited by Alston, L. J., Eggertsson, T., and North, D. C., New York: Cambridge.

Antrop, M., 2000, “Changing Patterns in the Urbanized Countryside of Western Europe”, Landscape Ecology, 15: 257–270.

Antrop, M., 2004, “Landscape Change and the Urbanization Process in Europe,”

Landscape and Urban Planning, 67: 9–26.

Arrow, K. J., 2000, “Increasing Returns: Historiographic Issues and Path Dependence,” History of Economic Thought, 7(2), 171-180.

Atkinson, G., and Oleson, T., 1996, “Urban Sprawl as a Path Dependent Process,”

Journal of Economic Issues, XXX (2):609-615.

Benfield, F. K., Matthew D. R. and Chen, D. D. T., 1999, Once There Were Greenfields:

How Urban Sprawl is Undermining America's Environment, Economy and Social Fabric,

Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council.

Benson, J. B. and MacKenzie, M. D., 1995, “Effects of Sensor Spatial Resolution on Landscape Structure Parameters,” Landscape Ecology, 10(2): 113–120.

Blumenauer, E., 1998, “The View from the Capital,” Brookings Review, 16 (4): 15-16.

Brandt, J., 2000 “The Landscape of Landscape Ecologists,” Landscape Ecology, 15:

181–185.

Breheny, M., 1997, “Urban Compaction: Feasible and Acceptable?” Cities, (14)4:

209-217.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參-6

Brown, D. G., Page, S., Riolo, R., Zellner, M. and Rand, W., 2003, “Path Dependence and the Validation of Agent-Based Spatial Models of Land Use,” International

Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 19(2): 153-174.

Brueckner, J. K., 2000, “Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies,” International

Regional Science Review, 23(2): 160-171.

Burchell, R. W. and Listokin, D., 1995, Land, Infrastructure, Housing Costs and Fiscal

Impacts Associated with Growth: The Literature on the Impacts of Sprawl versus Managed Growth, Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Burchell, R. W., 1992, Impact Assessment of the New Jersey Interim State Development and

Redevelopment Plan, NJ: New Jersey Office of State Planning.

Burchell, R. W., Downs, A., McCann, B. and Mukherji, S., 2005, Sprawl Cost —

Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development, Washington D.C.: Island Press.

Burchell, R. W., Shad, N.A., Listokin, D., Phillips, H., Downs, A., Seskin, S., Davis, J.S., Moore, T., Helton, D. and Gall, M., 1998, The Cost of Sprawl-Revisited. TCRP

report 39, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Burgess, P., 1998, Revisiting “Sprawl”: Lessons from the Past, Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University Press.

Burton, E., 2000, “The Compact City: Just or Just Compact? A Preliminary Analysis,” Urban Studies, 37(11): 1969-2001.

Cortell, A. P., Peterson, S., 2001, “Limiting the Unintended Consequences of Institutional Change,” Comparative Political Studies, 34 (7): 768-799.

David, P. A., 1994, “Why are Institutions the ' Carriers of History '? Path Dependence and the Evolution of Conventions, organizations and institutions,”

Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 5(2): 205-220.

Diamond, H. L. and Noonon, P. F., 1996, Land Use in America, Washington, D.C.:

Island Press.

Dieleman, F. M., Dijst, M., and Burghouwt, G., 2002, “Urban Form and Travel Behaviour: Micro-level Household Attributes and Residential Context,” Urban

Studies, 39(3): 507-527.

Dimaggio, P. J., 1991, “Constructing an Organizational Field as Professional Project:

U.S. Art Museums, 1920-1940.” pp. 267-292 in

The New Institutionalism in

Organizational Analysis, edited by Powell, P., Dimaggio, P. J., Chicago: Chicago

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

University Press.

European Environment Agency, 2006, Urban Sprawl in Europe –The Ignored Challenge, Denmark: European Environment Agency.

Ewing, R. H., 1994, “Characteristics, Causes, and Effects of sprawl: A Literature Review,”

Environmental and Urban Issues, 21(2): 1-15.

Farina, A., 2000, Landscape Ecology in Action, Boston:Kluwer Academic.

Forman, R. T. T. and Godron, M., 1986, Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley.

Freeman, L., 2001, “The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties,” Journal of

the American Planning Association, 67(1): 69-77.

Freilich, R. H., 1999, From Sprawl to Smart Growth: Successful Legal, Planning, and

Environmental Systems, Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.

Frenkel, A., 2004, “A Land-Consumption Model Its Application to Israel's Future Spatial Development,” Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(4): 453-470.

Frenkel, A. Ashkenazi, M., 2008, “Measuring Urban Sprawl: How Can We Deal With It?” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(1): 56-79.

Fulton, W., Pendall, R., Nguyen, M., and Harrison, A., 2001, “Who Sprawls Most?

How Growth Patterns Differ Across the U.S,”

The Brookings Institution  Survey Series, July: 1-23.

Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M. R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., and Freihage, J., 2001, “Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept,” Housing Policy Debate, 12(4): 681-717.

Gardner, S., 2006, “The Impact of Sprawl on the Environment and Human Health.” pp.240-259 in Urban Sprawl:A Comprehensive Reference Guide, edited by Soule, D.

C., Greenwood Press.

Gold, T. B., 1986. State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle, New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Goodwin Procter., 2002, “Urban Sprawl and Smart Growth State and Local Governments Adopting "Smart" Solutions to a "Growing" Problem,”

Environmental Law Advisory, September: 1-5.

Gordon, P. and Richardson, H. W., 1997, “Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?”

Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1): 95-106.

Greener, I., 2005, “The Potential of Path Dependence in Political Studies,” Politics,

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參-8

25(1): 62-72.

Hadly, C.C., 2000, Urban Sprawl: Indicators, Causes , and Solutions, Prepared for the Bloomington Environmental Commission, available at:

http://www.city.bloomington.in.us/planning/ec/reports/sprawl.html.

Hall, P. A. and Taylor, R. C. R., 1996, “Political Science and Three New Institutionalism,” Political Studies, 44 (2):936-957.

Hasse, J. E. and Lathrop, R. G., 2003, “Land Resource Impact Indicators of Urban Sprawl”, Applied Geography, 23: 159-175.

Herold, M. Goldstein, N. C. and Clarke, K. C., 2003, “The Spatiotemporal form of Urban Growth: Measurement, analysis and Modeling,” Remote Sensing of

Environment, 86: 286-302.

Hess, G. R., Daley, S. S., Derrison, B. K., Lubkin, S. R., McGuinn, R. P., Morin, V.

Z., Potter, K. M., Savage, R. E., Shelton, W. G., Snow, C. M., Wrege, B. M., 2001, “Just What is Sprawl, Anyway? ” Carolina Planning, 26(2): 11–26.

Hsu, K. C., and Lai, T. Y., 2007, Institutions and Institutional Changes: the Case of Taiwan Non-Urban Land Development System, Paper presented at the 12th Asian Real Estate Society Annual Conference and The 2007 AREUEA International Conference, Macau, China, July9-12 .

Hulshoff, R. M., 1995, “Landscape Indices Describing a Dutch Landscape,” Landscape

Ecology, 10(2): 101-111.

Ishikawa, A., Amagasa, M., Shiga, T., Tomizawa, G., Tatsuta, R., and Mieno, H., 1993, “The Max-Min Delphi Method and Fuzzy Delphi Method Via Fuzzy integration,” Fuzzy Sets and System, 55: 241-253.

Jenks, M., Burton, E., and Williams, K., 1996, The Compact city a sustainable urban

form?London: Oxford.

Johnson, M. P., 2001, “Environment Impacts of Urban Sprawl: A Survey of the Literature and Proposed Research Agenda,” Environment and Planning A, 33(4):

717-735.

Kasanko, M., Barredo, J. I., Lavalle, C., McCormick, N., Demicheli, L., Sagris,V.,Brezger, A., 2006, “Are European cities becoming dispersed? A Comparative Analysis of 15 European Urban Areas,” Landscape and Urban

Planning, 77: 111-130.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Kato, J., 1996, “Institutions and Rationality in Politics: Three Varieties of Neo-Institutionalists,”

British Journal of Political Science, 26(1): 553-582.

Kienast, F., 1993, “Analysis of Historic Landscape Patterns with Geographic Information Systems – a Methodological Outline,” Landscape Ecology, 8(2):

103–118.

Knaap, G., Talen, E. , Olshansky, R., and Forrest, C., 2001, Government Policy and Urban Sprawl, Report Prepared for Illinois Department of Natural Resources;

available at: http://dnr. state.il.us/orep/c2000/balancedgrowth/reports.htm.

Knaap, G. J., Song, Y., Ewing, R. and Clifton, K., 2005, “Seeing the Elephant:

Multi-Disciplinary Measures of Urban Sprawl,” Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Working Paper.

Knight, C., 1996, “Economic and Social Issues ,The Compact City a Sustainable Urban Form?” pp. 114-121 in

The Compact city a sustainable urban form? edited by

Jenks, M., London: Oxford.

Koelble, T. A., 1995, “The New Institutionalism in Political Science and Sociology,”

Comparative Politics, 27(2): 231-243.

Kolankiewicz, L. and Beck, R., 2001, Weighting Sprawl Factor in Large U.S. Cities, Arlington: NumbersUSA Press.

Kuo, W.Y., Ranis, G. and Fei, C.H., 1981, The Taiwan Success Story: Rapid Growth with

Improved Distribution in the Republic of China 1952-1979, Boulder: Westview Press.

Lee, J. and Tian, L., 1998, “Analyzing Growth - Management Policies with Geographical Information Systems,” Environment and Planning B – Planning and

Design, 25(6): 865-879.

Lopez, R. and Hynes, H. P., 2003, “Sprawl in the 1990s: Measurement, Distribution and Trends,”

Urban Affairs Reviews, 38(3): 325-355.

Luck, M. and Wu, J., 2002, “A Gradient Analysis of the Landscape Pattern of Urbanization in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area of USA,” Landscape Ecology, 17:

327-339.

Mahoney, J., 2000, “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology,” Theory and Society, 29:

507-548.

Martin, R., 2000, “Institutional Approaches in Economic Geography.” pp. 77-94 in A

Companion to Economic Geography, edited by Sheppard, E., and Barnes, T.J.,

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參-10

Oxford: Blackwell Press.

Martinuzzi, S., Gould, W. A., and Gonzalez, O. M. R., 2007, “Land Development, Land Use, and Urban Sprawl in Puerto Rico Integrating Remote Sensing and Population Census Data,” Landscape and Urban Planning, 79: 288-297.

Mieszkowski, P. and Mills, E. S., 1993, “The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization,”

The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3): 135-147.

Millward, H., Xue, G., 2007, “Local Urban Form Measures Related to Land-Use and Development Period: a Case-Study for Halifax, Nova Scotia,” Canadian Journal of

Urban Research, 16(2): 53-72.

Nelson, A. C. and Duncan, J. B., 1995, Growth Management Principles and Practices, Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.

Nelson, A., 1992, “Characterizing Exurbia,” Journal of Planning Literature, 6(4):

350-368.

Newman, P. W. G. and Kenworthy, J. R., 1988, “The Transport Energy Trade-Off:

Fuel-Efficient Traffic Versus Fuel-Efficient Cities,” Transportation Research, 22A:

163-174.

Newman, P. W. G. and Kenworthy, J. R., 1989, “Gasoline Consumption and Cities,”

Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(1): 24-37.

North, D. C. and Thomas, R. P., 1970, “An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World,” Economic History Review, 23: 1-17.

North, D. C., 1981, Structure and Change in Economic History, New York: Norton Press.

North, D. C., 1990, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

North, D. C., 1996, “Epilogue: Economic Performance Though Time.” pp. 342-355 in

Empirical Studies in Institutional Change, edited by Alston, L. J., Eggertsson, T., and

North, D. C., New York: Cambridge.

Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, 1992, Strategic Plan for Land Resource

Management, Chicago, IL: Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission.

Pemer, M., 2001, Developing a Sustainable Compact City in Stockholm, Sweden, Thematic

Committee, Stockholm City Planning Administration.

Pierson, P., 2000, “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics,”

the American Political Science Review, 94(2): 251-267.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Remmer, K. L., 1997, “Theoretical Decay and Theoretical Development: The Resurgence of Institutional Analysis,”

World Politics, 50(1): 34-61.

Schiller, T., 2004, “Sprawl: What is in a Name,” Business Review, Fourth Quarter:

26-38.

Schneider, A. and Woodcock, C. E., 2008, “Compact, Dispersed, Fragmented, Extensive? A Comparison of Urban Growth in Twenty-five Global Cities using Remotely Sensed Data, Pattern Metric and Census Information,” Urban Studies, 45(3): 659-692.

Shinbein, P. J., 1997, “Multimodal Approaches to Land Use Planning,” ITE Journal, March: 26-32.

Sierra Club, 1998a, What is Sprawl? http://sierraclub.org/sprwl/report98/html.

Sierra Club, 1998b, The Dark Side of the American Dream: The Costs and Consequences of Suburban Sprawl, http:// sierraclub.org/sprawl/report98/html.

Smyth, H., 1996, “Running the Gauntlet: A Compact City within a Doughnut of Decay.” pp. 101-113 in The Compact city a sustainable urban form?, edited by Jenks, M., London: Oxford.

Song, Y. and Knaap, G. J., 2004, “Measuring Urban Form - Is Portland Winning the War on Sprawl?” Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(2): 210-224.

Soule, D. C., 2006, “Historical Framework: Cities and Their Regions, Suburbanization, and Federal Policies.” pp. 12-25 in Urban Sprawl : A

Comprehensive Reference Guide, edited by Soule, D. C., Westport: Greenwood.

Southworth, J., Munroe, D., and Nagendra, H., 2004, “Land Cover Change and Landscape Ragmentation—Comparing the Utility of Continuous and Discrete Analyses for a Western Honduras Region,” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 101: 185–205.

Staley, S R., 1999, The Sprawling of America: In Defense of the Dynamic City, Policy Study, No. 251, available at: http://www.rppi.org/ps251.html.

Steadman, J. P., 1996, “A Land use, Transport and Energy Model of a Medium-Size,”

Information Systems and Processes for Urban Civic Engineering Applications, Rome,

Nov: 21-22.

Su and DeSalvo, 2008, “The Effect of Transportation Subsidies on Urban Sprawl,”

Journal of Regional Science, 48(3): 567-594.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參-12

Swedberg, R., 1997, “New Economic Sociology: What Has Been Accomplished, What Is Ahead?” Acta Sociologica, 40: 161-182.

Thelen, K., 1999, “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics,” Annual Review

of Political Science, 2: 369-404.

Tsai, Y. H., 2005, “Quantifying Urban Form: Compactness Versus Sprawl,” Urban

Studies, 42(1): 248-275.

USHUD, 1999, The State of the Cities 1999: Third Annual Report, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

Wassmer, R., 2000, Urban Sprawl in U.S. Metropolitan Area: Ways to Measure and a Comparison of the Sacramento Area to Similar Metropolitan Area in California and the U.S., Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper.

Weiler, S., 2003, “Pioneers of Rural Sprawl in the Rocky Mountain West,” The Review

of Regional Studies, 33(3): 264-283.

Williams, D. C., 2000, Urban Sprawl: A Reference Handbook, Santa Barbara, CA:

ABC-CLIO.

Williams, K., Burton, E., and Jenks, M., 1996, “Achieving the Compact City through Intensification: An Acceptable Option? ” pp. 83-100 in The Compact city a

sustainable urban form?, edited by Jenks, M., London: Oxford.

Wolman, H., Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M., Furdell, K. and Sarzynski, A., 2005, “The Fundamental Challenge in Measuring Sprawl: With Land Should Be Considered?” The Professional Geographer, 57(1): 94-105.

Yeh, A. G. O. and Li, X., 2001, “Measurement and Monitoring of Urban Sprawl in a Rapidly Growing Region Using Entropy,” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote

Sensing, 67(1): 83-90.

Yenigul, B. S., 2007, The Effects of Local Government Policies on the Urban Sprawl

“ANKARA CASE”, Paper presented at ENHR International Conference Sustainable Urban Areas, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, June25-28.

Young, D., 1995, Alternatives to Sprawl, Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

「台北都會區蔓延發展型態之影響因素調查」模糊德爾菲專家問卷

教授 您好

感謝您百忙之中撥冗填寫此份專家問卷,本調查之受訪者皆為國內在國土 規劃管制、土地使用與開發管制、交通運輸規劃等領域,學有專精之專家學者。

調查目的主要在選取出影響台北都會區空間發展型態之相關因素,希冀藉 由受訪者之專業判斷,協助挑選出與台北都會區(包括:台北縣市與基隆市)

空間蔓延現象有所關聯之因素,便於本研究能接續採用此等影響因素,透過多 項羅吉特模式之統計運算,判定出此等因素影響整體都會區空間發展樣貌之程 度與面向。本調查完全為學術研究性質,結果將不會對外公開,在此請您放心 針對下列問題選擇適當答案,整份問卷預估需要 15-20 分鐘,若能先行閱讀下列 背景說明後,方進行填答,將可協助您更輕易地完成此份問卷。

您的寶貴意見,將是我們研究進行之最大助力 謹此致上最誠摯的謝意

國 立 政 治 大 學 地 政 學 系 賴宗裕 教授 徐國城 博士生

壹、背景說明

一、都市蔓延之定義

都市蔓延泛指都市成長過程中,人口、產業活動與公私部門開發行為,零 星散亂地擴張至郊區的現象,由於各國在地理環境、社經背景、土地使用管制 框架與交通運輸等條件上的差異,對於蔓延現象的詳細界定將隨之不同。針對 台灣地區之特殊環境與發展脈絡,都市蔓延可解釋為:

「居住、商業與產業發展等類型之開發活動遠離都市中心地區,細碎、低 密度地散佈於都市邊緣或鄉村地區,伴隨低落的公共設施服務水準與民眾依賴 私人運具使用的習慣,城鄉環境呈現不協調的地景風貌。」

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

肆、問卷填答

一、五大層面影響空間發展型態之程度

名稱 填答內容

對於空間發展型態之影響程度 可接受

最小值 最適值 可接受 1 社會經濟層面 最大值

對於空間發展型態之影響程度 可接受

最小值 最適值 可接受 2 土地使用制度變遷層面 最大值

對於空間發展型態之影響程度 可接受

最小值 最適值 可接受 3 空間區位層面 最大值

對於空間發展型態之影響程度 可接受

最小值 最適值 可接受 4 交通運輸層面 最大值

對於空間發展型態之影響程度 可接受

最小值 最適值 可接受 5 公共建設層面 最大值