從國家自主性論行政內部聯繫之制度設計 ─ 兼論行政之組織自主權 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文指導教授：詹鎮榮博士. 從國家自主性論行政內部聯繫之制度設計政治大 ─ 兼論行政之組織自主權立. ‧ 國. 學. Designing Institutions for Administrative Internal. ‧. Contacts from the Perspective of State Autonomy. Nat. io. sit. y. - and a Related Discussion on Administrative. n. al. er. Organizational Autonomy. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 研究生：鄭光倫撰學號：97651034 中華民國一百零二年七月.

(2) 謝辭. 終於畢業了。這本論文的完成，最要感謝的是指導教授詹鎮榮老師包容我的莽撞還有粗率。還記得拜師之初，對自己的自我期待是能夠在詹門完成一篇上通國家理論下通法制度的大作，可惜最終仍然是一本我行我素的天馬行空。感謝兩位口試委員給予這本論文的指正，尤其是黃錦堂老師在考試院公務繁忙之餘仍願撥冗提供由公法學與行政學交織的觀點，補足了本文對於行政部門做為行動者的認識不足；林佳和老師的意見，則是讓本文更能理解政治經濟學文獻的脈絡。此外，佳和老師讀出了本文許多隱微之處潛藏的矛盾，請容許作為學生輩的我斗膽地說老師您是最好的讀者。. 政治大. 特別感謝孫迺翊老師。擔任孫老師助理的日子，讓我學習到了治學的態度。老師平時的提醒與關心，更是讓學生永遠銘記在心。. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 由於本文在個人的公法學習生涯中是最重要且首要的里程碑，因此必須感謝的人實在很多很多。台中二中伍少俠老師在歷史課堂上的授業，是我人文社會學習的起點，也感謝所有陪伴我渡過這段高中歲月的同學，尤其是林雅夫、洪伯倫、陳立武、陳昭榮、許智堯、許凱傑、蔡其翰。曾經短暫停留的輔大，在哲學系與戲劇社結識的朋友與夥伴，提供了我尋找人生目標的動力，感謝你們。尤其是在以《世界末日與冷酷異境》為劇本的「奶油指甲刀」擔任導演的老頭，總能用看似. Nat. er. io. sit. y. 無厘頭的方式引出我的潛力，能夠進入博士班就讀，也許早在給予我瘋狂科學家角色的時候就已注入了神祕的力量。感謝東吳法律系奠定了我能夠作為一名法律人的基礎與條件。感謝教導我民法總則的李玲玲老師，每次想起自己曾經問老師「系爭土地是什麼樣子的土地？」就覺得當時的自己真的很傻，除此之外，也感謝老師擔任班導師時所付出的關心；感謝林東茂老師在刑法總則課堂上給予的許多哲學思考，讓我始終對於法律思想史保持興趣；還有成永裕老師、藍獻林老師、陳明堂老師、林利芝老師、蔡聖偉老師、陳志輝老師、徐育安老師，感謝諸位老師除了課堂知識之外，給予學生的關心與問候。. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 大學時利用有限的學習空間接觸社會科學，感謝母校的課程規劃以及諸位老師給予的知識：大一社會學拿了 98 分，感謝社會系裴元領老師的肯定與鼓勵；社工系李明政老師的社會福利概論，不但提供了專業知識，課堂上也認識了不少志同道合的夥伴；感謝台大歷史系黃俊傑老師的講座課程，提供了社會科學的人文關懷向度，也感謝擔任該課程助理的學長姐們；感謝社會系蔡錦昌老師在文化人類學課堂上精采的授課，讓我在研究方法的認識上多了不同的觀點；感謝心理系邱耀初老師，讓我對認知科學有了基礎的認識；感謝哲學系宋灝（Mathias Obert）老師在美學導論課程上藉由藝術品欣賞來演練黑格爾辯證法。.

(3) 東吳法律系紮實的公法課程，提供了豐富的知識，也滿足了我對公法學的狂熱，尤其是林三欽老師的大一憲法還有程明修老師的大二行政法，燃起了學生對於公法學的濃厚興趣，因此從大二到大五陸陸續續選修或旁聽了許多公法或相關課程，感謝每一位因為課程而結緣的老師：讓我體會到考試殘酷現實的張錕盛老師憲法案例解析還有憲法專題研究、一度讓我想報考基礎法學組的黃源盛老師中國法制史、程明修老師的行政法案例解析、王和雄老師人生閱歷豐富的國家賠償法、魏千峰老師氣勢磅礡的勞工法、蔡秀卿老師用心講學從不間斷的行政程序法、許春鎮老師體系明確的地方自治法、廖元豪老師的美國憲法、張錕盛老師的訴願法及行政訴訟法、高仁川老師的行政法綜合研習、林三欽老師的行政法案例及判解評析、洪家殷老師的行政罰法、鄧衍森老師的國際人權法還有歐洲聯盟法、李貴英老師的國際貿易法、江彥佐學長生動活潑的行政法綜合研習、張桐銳老師學養深厚的社會法、林明昕老師魅力四射的行政法專題研究以及楊奕華老師的法理學。大四與大五擔任張錕盛老師憲法、行政法以及訴願與行政訴訟法課程助理，感謝張老師。還有范文清老師，雖然大學時無緣參與老師的課堂，但是也從老師身上學到很多知識與經驗。. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 在政大的日子，受到了更多老師的照顧與教導：感謝江玉林老師，在老師的課堂我才認識了傅柯；感謝姜世明老師，老師的課堂讓我見識到了民事訴訟法學的嚴謹度；感謝蘇永欽老師，讓我學習到兼顧創意與嚴謹度的公法學思考；感謝劉宗德老師與董保城老師在日常生活與事務上展現的細心與熱情；還有陳惠馨老師與郭明政老師，感謝兩位老師擔任院系主管時付出的努力。還有廖元豪老師、劉定. io. sit. y. Nat. 基老師，感謝兩位老師平時在生活上的關心。最要特別感謝的，是翁岳生老師，感謝翁老師對學生的肯定與關心。. n. al. er. 感謝湯德宗老師，在 2011 年用心規劃了中研院法律所薪傳營，也感謝將近一週的營隊期間當中李建良、簡資修、廖福特、黃國昌、邱文聰、王必芳、黃舒芃、張永健、吳全峰、許家馨、黃丞儀、王鵬翔、吳宗謀等諸位老師的關心與經驗分享，尤其是許家馨老師與王鵬翔老師。營隊後參與了黃丞儀老師的「比較『憲法政治』工作坊」豐富了知識版圖，感謝黃老師還有陳嘉銘老師。另外，也一併感謝蘇彥圖老師，在許多座談會提供了民主法的視野。還有，撰寫論文的日子裡，認識了鍾芳樺老師還有萬毓澤老師，感謝兩位老師的著作豐富我的觀點。. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 感謝永社諸位師長，陳傳岳律師、范光群律師、陳耀祥老師、高涌誠律師、吳景欽老師、王思為老師、羅承宗老師、鄭文龍律師、許惠峰律師、楊聰榮老師、莊國榮老師以及辛苦的秘書妙音。不只永社，還有許多在不同位置奮鬥的師長，都是我為人處事的楷模：史明歐里桑、陳繼盛老師、洪貴參律師、吳慎宜老師、張信堂老師、陳儀深老師、吳秀娟主任、張巍老師。. 1.

(4) 碩班期間作了不少工作，在不同位置獲得了許多經驗。感謝保成的梅琴姐，以及新學林與學稔的毛總、靜妙姐、江承勳大哥、協奇學長、秉錡、浩南哥、翁進士、小梁、王蘋、千惠；也感謝擔任月旦法學雜誌編輯期間，許耀明老師、林盟翔學長、癸菁、林達陽、葛名翔對我的照顧。還有佳韻、銘哲、小猴子、昱龍，讓我多知道了好幾家美食。感謝秩序動盪的憲法還有風起雲湧的社會，激盪了獨立青年陣線、佔領台北、島民讀書會、思想地下室、拒絕中時、反媒體壟斷青年聯盟等等的許多組合，讓我結識了許多夥伴：虹靈、妖西、士博、俐茹、小豬、昺崙、勝涵、宜修、ㄐㄍ、飛帆、芷菱、鴨子、安慈、運鴻、清鴻、瑜庭、永婷、映昕、婷方、念儒、宗延，每一位夥伴都讓我覺得自己的學識還有努力都還不足夠。在中研院薪傳營以及比憲政工作坊認識了許多志同道合的朋友，感謝你們每一位：黑熊學長、陽升學長、侃學、張力、瑋辰、詩涵、明蓉、、林杰、玉盈、念修、柏宇、宛蓉、政佑、禮工、瑞光、家慶、智新。. 政治大就讀碩班的日子，永遠無法忘懷，公法組的大家，總是沒大沒小你一言我一語地立把公法中心變成整層樓最熱鬧的地方。感謝同屆的俐君、椅子、莅薰、大師、葉 ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 子，沒想到我們這屆真的全員畢業了。坤樵、怡雯、玉玲、昶宇、馥瑤、南君等諸位學長姐的照顧，讓碩班生活輕鬆許多；榮華、德田、小鐵、宇修、王瑄、允翔、軍志、荃和、咪羊、小璧、榮光、許幹、佳鴻、鍾安、之昱、文華、人和、子琳，其實我們根本是同班同學。還有各位在形式上必須被歸類為學弟妹的敬人、鴻昇、耘豪、詠婷、以璇、明勳、幸茹、昱宗、沅淩、念儂、長江、奕安、. y. Nat. sit. n. al. er. io. 雪梅、立亭、奕晟、紹萱、世樺、張荃，感謝你們每一位給予我的幫助還有忍受我的粗線條。還有刑法組、民法組、基法組、勞社法組甚至是遠從中國而來的朋友：思齊、建豪、伯任、軒劭、家榮學長、平政、小八、孟釗、耀賞、小白、張智程、章程、家豪、瑞元、鈞婷、吟吏、國媛、白承育、朝欽，很高興認識你們。這段日子也認識了韻青、楚婷、易儒、裴松毅醫師、傅馨儀律師，在此一併感謝。. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 感謝東吳法律 97A 所有同學的同班情誼，尤其是大五時一起讀書吃飯聊天的固定班底吳治霖、周琮逸、何昇昀、吳佑霖、鍾尚倫。也感謝準備國考期間一起組讀書會的學長姐、同學還有學弟妹：于捷學姐、小江學長、周敦偉、楊理安、林立邕、Emma、珮玟、瑋甄、盼盼。感謝大學時時常一起喇賽的同學：魚頭、子涵、佩萱、忠廷、閔駿、老吳、洪胖、昭蓉、彥民、協旻、吳桂瑛、毛順毅、晉哥、孟哲、阿聰、芳儀、景琇。感謝家族的昊文學長、存孝學長、羿如學姐、伊坪、So-Hard。還有感謝天綱學長、恩廷學長、鼎棫學長、維哲學長以及韋志學長，提供了我許多經驗。東吳公法組的諸位學長姐：仲妮學姐、陳君漢律師、宇軒、俊傑、一宏、士熙、昱葳、世淵、易廷、智鈞，感謝每一位對我的照顧。還有地閱洞穴區的大家，與你們一起吃飯聊天實在很開心。. 2.

(5) 東吳公法幫在不知不覺中愈來愈茁壯，已經從公法一班到公法不知道幾班了，我只記得我是三班。感謝一直以來彼此之間的情誼不曾改變：荃和、允翔、弘宇、彥賦、帝穎、弦璋、雁翔、亭瑩、國芬、之昱、鎰仲、永志、英哲、敬人、才鋒、小辜、大口、幸茹、念儂、佳穎、雪梅、長文、家穎、長文、育翔、凱傑、天界、晁綱；還有台灣青年智庫的夥伴們，宗棠、依婷、若淇、崇佑、崇銘、阿川、詩弦、緯政、黃絜、慧儀、小揚、益樑，在此一併感謝你們的友誼。口試當天腦筋時常一片空白。感謝前來幫忙與一起晚餐的力力、之昱、小花、以璇以及 Iriz。系辦助教子欣讓一切非常順利。簡訊與鍵盤聲援非常重要，感謝彥賦、弦璋、雁翔、允翔、宇修、鼎棫、仲妮學姐、國芬、帝穎、妙音、小璧、軍志、荃和、短文、婷文學姐(誤)、幸茹、子毅、裴帥、阿寡、琦萱、Polly、大口。還有時常忍受我耍冷與胡言亂語的秀琳、良承、彥霖、懷仁哥、亞蘭、怡銘、仁傑還有國應。. 政治大. 最後，還要感謝父母親鄭三洪先生以及林素琴女士的養育之恩。尤其是母親，讓我從小到大一直享有獨立且自由的思想空間。. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 2013 年 8 月誌於永社. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 3. i n U. v.

(6) 摘要我國自 21 世紀初啟動的政府再造工程，係以新自由主義與民營化為其核心理念。新自由主義並非完美無缺，民營化也並非萬靈丹。信奉「最小國家」的新自由主義實際上正透過全球化而分散國家的治理結構與能力，而我國主事者卻完全忽略這些風險與危機。例如，從「八八風災」、「三聚氰胺毒奶」到「證所稅不同調」等事件，顯示國家內部逐漸失去凝聚力。國家核心已經產生裂痕，這包括了「獨尊效率與經濟的迷思」、「部會施政與基本權價值脫鉤」以及「缺乏機關橫向聯結」等等。從國家角色與國家性之變遷觀察，當前發生在國家內部的「國家自主性的危機」，造成行政之公共性、治理結構崩毀以及中央行政的諸多亂象，顯示國家正遭受來自全球化以及新自由主義的「掏空」。本文認為公法學在研究策略上應從結構面的觀點，對「國家內部空間」展開探索，並對於政府改造背後的「新自由主義」路線提出檢討、批判與修正，再參酌「憲法變遷」理論來重新整理憲法上的諸項誡命內容。在研究途徑上，本文以「科際整合」為核心，揉合各種公法學之「鄰接科學」，包括國家學、社會學、行政學、制度經濟學以及政治經濟學，考察現實面的國家活動以及規範面的制度結構。準此，本文從「國家自主性」出發，對於「行政內部聯繫」制度展開研究，並提出此制度之設計方案；此外，在權力分立層次上極為重要的「機關組織權之權限分配秩序」，本文認為應以「行政之組織自主權」為核心，重新規劃內部聯繫制度，並且調整《中央行政機關組織基準法》。. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. y. sit. n. al. er. io. 公法學有必要重新檢視組織法學目前的發展，尋找「組織最適誡命」、「基觀橫向聯繫」以及「行政權內部聯繫」的強化方案。因此，本文嘗試探索「內部聯繫」的經驗性與規範性意義，以及其制度設計理念與所需面對之問題，並在各種行政任務領域中，分就立法例、行政實務以及司法實務評析「內部聯繫在我國的實踐」，最後提出制度改良芻議。. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 關鍵字：國家自主性、行政之組織自主權、行政內部聯繫、科際整合.

(7) Abstract. Neoliberalism has been the core philosophy behind the government-reengineering of Taiwan that was launched in the beginning of the twenty-first century. However, neoliberalism is not a panacea. In fact, it is decentralizing the country’s governing structure through globalization, and these risks and crises are completely ignored by the engineers. It is evident, from observing the role of the state and changes on a national scale, that the current “crisis of the state autonomy” has caused a breakdown in the public nature of administration and the governing structure, as well as chaos in the central administration. Neoliberalism is emptying out the country’s core.. 政治大. This article argues that the research strategy of public law should be to examine, criticize, and rectify the course of neoliberalism behind governmental reengineering from a structural perspective. This paper takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining fields of study related to public law such as theories of the state, sociology, public administration, institutional economics, and political economy to examine the country’s activities, which are positive, and systems and structures, which are normative. Therefore, this article is entitled “Designing Institutions for Administrative Internal Contacts from the Perspective of State Autonomy; and a. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. sit. y. Related Discussion on Administrative Organizational Autonomy.”. n. al. er. io. This article attempts to explore the empirical and normative significance of “internal contact,” as well as the concept of its structural design and the problems it must confront. The article also analyzes the application of “internal contacts” in Taiwan to a variety of administrative tasks in legislative, administrative, and judicial practices. Finally, the article offers preliminary thoughts on institutional improvement.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Key Words: State Autonomy, Administrative Organizational Autonomy, Administrative Internal Contacts, interdisciplinary approach.

(8) 目錄第一章. 導論 ····························································1. 第一節. 問題提出........................................ 1. 第一項. 從幾個案例談起 ·······································································2 １、. 勞委會向關廠勞工催討債權案 ························2. ２、. 環保署自廢環評否決權事件 ····························2. ３、. 政府派遣問題 ·························································3. ４、. 治 ·························································4 政八八風災事件大. 立５、. ‧ 國. 第二項. 證所稅不同調事件 ···············································5. 學. ６、. 三聚氰胺毒奶事件 ···············································4. 案例的問題所在 ·······································································5. 第一款. 部會施政與基本權價值脫鉤 ······································8. 第二款. 社會國原則遭到踐踏 ················································· 10. y. sit. er. io. al. 第三款. ‧. 獨尊「效率」與「經濟」的迷思 ····························6. Nat. 第一款. 對行政組織法議題的輕忽 ········································ 11. 第五款. 國家自主性的危機 ······················································ 13. n. 第四款. v i n C h機關橫向聯繫的缺乏 e n g c h i U ················································· 12. 第二節. 研究策略....................................... 13. 第一項. 研究範疇··················································································· 13. 第二項. 國家內部空間的描繪與探索 ············································ 14. 第三項. 對新自由主義的批判與修正 ············································ 15. 第四項. 憲法誡命內容的重新整理 ················································· 16. 第五項. 結構面的觀點 ········································································· 17. 第六項. 規範與事實之間 ···································································· 18 I.

(9) 第三節. 研究方法....................................... 19. 第一項. 比較法研究 ·············································································· 19. 第二項. 科際整合研究 ········································································· 20. 第一款. 我國法學界對「科際整合」的重視： ················ 20. 第二款. 德國「行政法革新運動」對科際整合的倡議·· 22. 第三款. 對於「行政法革新」的一個方法論上之提問·· 23. 第四款. 整合的核心 ─ 法釋義學 ········································ 25. 第一款. 鄰接科學 ─ 國家學 ················································· 28. 第一目第二目第二款. 政治大鄰接科學 ─ 行政學 ················································· 33. 第三款. 鄰接科學 ─ 社會學 ················································· 34. n. 第三項. 第四節. 第二章. 全球化 ···································································· 34. ２、. 系統理論································································ 35. ３、. 國家社會學與國家理論 ··································· 35. y. sit. 鄰接科學 ─ 新制度經濟學 ··································· 36. er. io. al. 第五款. １、. ‧. Nat. 第四款. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 國家學的梗概 ·············································28 國家學與制度設計 ·····································30. 鄰接科學 ─ 政治經濟學 ········································ 39. v i n Ch 整合結晶：國家任務、法政策、制度設計 ················ 40 engchi U. 第一款. 國家任務 ········································································· 40. 第二款. 法政策學 ········································································· 40. 第三款. 制度設計 ········································································· 41. 本文架構....................................... 42. 國家自主性的危機 ········································ 44. 第一節. 國家自主性的意義 .............................. 44. 第二節. 國家角色的變遷 ................................ 45 II.

(10) 第一項. 國家角色、國家性、公共性 ············································ 45. 第二項. 歐洲發明了國家 ···································································· 46. 第三項. 從警察國家、夜警國家到福利國家 ······························ 47. 第一款. 警察國家 ········································································· 48. 第二款. 夜警國家 ········································································· 50. 第三款. 福利國家 ········································································· 51. 第四項. 國家在台灣的形成及其角色變遷 ··································· 53 日治時期（1895-1945） ·········································· 53. 第一款第一目第二目第二款. 立. 現代國家機器之基礎行政權力落地生根 ·54 憲政主義思想逐漸萌芽 ·····························54. 政治大威權體制時期（1949-1987）································· 55. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 第一目憲政主義遭受架空 ·····································55 第二目殘缺式的福利國家圖像 ·····························55 第三目戒嚴時期的行制革新計畫 ·························56 第三款威權轉型時期（1987-2001）································· 57 黨國資本主義備受批判 ·····························57. y. Nat. 第一目. sit. n. al. er. io. 第二目解嚴之後的行政革新計畫 ·························58 第四款民主化時期（2001 至今）······································· 58. i n U. v. 第一目解除管制浪潮的興起 ·································58 第二目納入企業理念的政府改造 ·························59 第三目新自由主義的孳生與蔓延 ·························60 消失中的國家性與公共性 ........................ 61. 第三節第一項. Ch. engchi. 全球化時代的國家································································ 61. 第一款. 全球化的樣貌與現象 ················································· 62. 第二款. 全球化對國家角色的衝擊 ········································ 63. 第一目全球化對於各國主權的侵蝕 ·····················63 第二目全球化對於國家性的改變 ·························64 第三款與全球化關係密切的新自由主義 ························· 66 第一目. 新自由主義的興起 ·····································66 III.

(11) 第四節. 第二目. 新自由主義倡導的價值 ·····························67. 第三目１、. 新自由主義提出的國家藍圖 ·····················68 從「最小政府」到改造國家 ························· 68. ２、. 去國家化································································ 69. 第四目１、. 新自由主義帶來的後果 ·····························69 公共財的私有化 ················································· 69. ２、. 治理的碎裂化 ······················································ 70. 被掏空的國家內部空間 .......................... 70. 第一項. 國家內部空間的概念與思維 ············································ 70. 第二項. 當代基進理論對國家內部空間的再探索····················· 72. 第三項. 新自由主義對國家的掏空手段 ········································ 75. 立. 我國中央行政當前的亂象 ........................ 77. 學. ‧ 國. 第五節. 政治大. 首長領導權功效不彰 ··························································· 77. 第二項. 部會橫向聯繫不足································································ 78. 第三項. 多邊利益調節失衡································································ 78. ‧. 第一項. y. Nat. io. 國家自主性的危機 .............................. 79. n. al. er. 第六節. 公共財分配不均 ···································································· 79. sit. 第四項. 第一項第二項. 第三章. Ch. i n U. v. 破除新自由主義的迷思 ······················································ 79. engchi. 國家內部空間掏空的藥方 ················································· 80. 國家自主性危機下的行政之組織自主權 ············· 83. 第一節. 行政作為組織面向的國家 ........................ 83. 第二節. 行政之組織自主權的意義與內涵 .................. 84. 第一項. 國家學上的意義 ···································································· 84. 第二項. 權力分立上的意義································································ 85. 第一款. 水平權力分立································································ 85 IV.

(12) 第一目. 三級機關法律保留爭議 ·····························86. 釋字 613 號解釋 ·········································87 第二目第三目釋字 632 號解釋 ·········································88 第四目釋字 645 號解釋 ·········································89 第二款垂直權力分立································································ 89 釋字 467 號解釋 ·········································89 釋字 527 號解釋 ·········································90 鄉鎮市長轉任區長案 ·································91 其他概念之區辨 ···································································· 91. 第一目第二目第三目第三項第一款. 行政保留 ········································································· 92. 第二款. 行政自主地位································································ 93. 第三款. 行政之保留、自主地位與組織自主權之關係·· 93. 立. 第三節. 政治大. 組織自主權的運用：機關組織權 .................. 94 機關組織權的歸屬者 ··························································· 95. 第二項. 機關組織權的類型及其行使 ············································ 96. 第一款. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 第一項. 機關建制權 ···································································· 96. Nat. 第三款. 機關配置權 ·································································· 102. er. sit. y. 機關設置權 ···································································· 98. io. 第二款. n. a l 機關組織權之裁量及其界限i v·········································· 103 n Ch U e n g c h i ···················································· 103 第一款機關組織權之裁量. 第三項. 第二款第四節. 機關組織權裁量之界限 ·········································· 105. 當前組織法學對國家角色變遷的應變方案 ......... 105. 第一項. 以「制度性法律保留理論」穩定組織法··················· 106. 第一款. 來自德國的制度性法律保留理論 ······················· 106. 第二款. 評析：機關組織權權限分配難題仍然存在 ···· 107. 第二項第一款. 嘗試建構組織裁量之憲法框架 ······································ 108 組織最適誡命的提出 ··············································· 108 V.

(13) 第二款第五節. 評析：有必要持續類型化 ······································ 109. 小結.......................................... 110. 第一項. 民營化歷程與國家角色定位的反思 ···························· 110. 第二項. 重新定義「經濟」與「競爭力」 ································· 112. 第三項. 國家自主性的重視······························································ 112. 第一款. 社會中心論 VS 國家中心論································ 112. 第二款. 響應「重回國家」的呼聲 ······································ 112. 第三款. 正視行政權擴張的正當性 ······································ 113 １、２、. 立３、. 治政行政管制面的擴張大 ·········································· 114 二元民主的結構 ··············································· 114. ‧ 國. 學. 第四項. 從權力建築學觀點看機關組織權 ································· 115. 行政權內部聯繫及其制度設計理念 ··················117. sit. y. 內部聯繫的必要 ............................... 117. er. 內部聯繫的經驗性概念 ......................... 117. io. 第二節. Nat. 第一節. ‧. 第四章. 從威權到民主的國家轉型 ···························· 113. 第三項. 協力（collaboration）······················································ 119. 第四項. 整合（intergration） ························································ 119. 第五項. 內部聯繫的阻礙 ·································································· 120. n. 第二項. a l 合作（cooperation）························································· v 118 i n Ch U e n g c h i ······················································· 協調（coordination） 118. 第一項. 第三節. 全觀型治理（holistice governance） .............. 121. 第四節. 行政權內部聯繫的意義 ......................... 123. 第五節. 行政權內部聯繫的憲法基礎 ..................... 124. 第一項. 民主原則················································································· 125 VI.