• 沒有找到結果。

第七章 結論

第二節 檢討與建議

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

這些有選區經驗的不分區立委,受到制度的影響更強,讓自己轉型成為更接近不 分區立委的代表角色。這是本研究針對不分區立委的代表角色,與過去研究所認 為的論點不同的地方,也解答了從第三屆至第六屆立委屆期中,有選區經驗的不 分區立委所表現出的角色與行為,和一般的不分區立委相異之處。

當然,本研究也控制了其他影響立法委員行為的因素,包括所屬政黨、屆期 時空背景以及資深程度等,都會影響立委的立法提案行為和政黨向心力的程度。

因此,對於過去所認為不分區立委為單一角色的看法,本研究的結果可以為此提 供不同的觀點。

第二節 檢討與建議

過去國內有關於不分區立委的研究,較少針對代表屬性的差異進行探討。因 此本研究試著利用不分區立委具有選區經驗的特性,分析不同代表屬性的不分區 立委,在立法提案和政黨向心力等指標上有無表現出差異。並且也控制許多可能 會影響立法行為的因素,綜合討論這些因素影響的程度多寡。然而在研究過程中,

受到許多條件的限制,以致於在分析上無法更為深入地符合理論預期。以下將分 別從指標設定與研究方法進行檢討,並且提出部分建議,以作為日後相關研究之 參考。

一、 立法行為的指標

在立法提案的指標方面,本研究使用了立委個人的主提案來測量立委的立法 行為。以主提案而言,本研究希望能測量立委的立法表現,但卻可能忽略掉其它 包括質詢、委員會內的審議過程等,也就無法掌握立法行為的完整面向。加上,

本研究完全以提案次數作為測量指標,並沒有針對提案內容依照性質進行更詳細 的分類。但事實上依據提案的內容,應可看出立委在立法表現上的確會有不同的 付出程度,甚至可以得到更為豐富的資訊。但受限於時間與人力的因素,本研究 只能單純以立法提案作為檢視的指標。否則應能更深入地掌握立法表現的情況。

在政黨向心力的指標方面,本研究使用了立委在記名投票表決時,依據採取

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

的立場與黨內多數議員相同或相異,而得出的向心力指標。目的是希望得知立委 個人的政黨團結情形。由於能夠測量立委團結程度的方式為記名投票表決,這在 美國國會的研究中是相當重要的指標;但在臺灣,記名表決的實用性仍然受到不 少的質疑,認為不太能夠測量出立委採取立場的變異。再加上,議案的記名表決 本身也有其議題性質,不同面向的議題類型可能也會影響立委採取立場的想法。

因此,本研究只單純採取記名表決立場的整體資料,在測量上似乎仍有不足之處。

如能針對議題類型進行分類,或許能夠得到更為詳細的分析結果。

二、 研究方法的問題

本研究針對不分區立委進行分析,主要使用量化分析方法探究不同屬性的立 委,在立法表現和政黨團結方面有何不同。雖然這裡本研究採用迴歸分析的方式 來得知不同影響因素對於立法行為的因果關係,但事實上仍有不足。如果能夠針 對本研究所聚焦的區域立委與不分區立委,以深入訪談的方式得知其立法表現與 政黨團結方面,所考量的各種因素為何,應該就更能瞭解不同代表屬性的立委成 員,的確在立法行為上彼此之間是有不同的表現。這個部份也受限於筆者的時間 因素,無法更為深入地進行研究。或許,以質性訪談的資料輔助,更能印證本研 究所提出的理論建構。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

參考書目

(一) 中文部分

王業立,1998,《比較選舉制度》,台北市:五南圖書。

王靖興,2007,《立法委員的立法問政與選區服務之分析:政黨輪替前後的持續 與變遷》,國立政治大學政治學系研究所。

李昆澤,2002,《民主進步黨初選制度的研究-初選制度的設計與演變》,國立中 山大學政治學系研究所。

林佳欣,1999,《我國主要政黨提名制度之研究-八十七年個案探討》,中國文化 大學政治學系研究所。

吳東野,1999,〈我國立法院全國不分區委員制度之研究〉,《選舉研究》,6(1):

143-174。

胡舜基,2005,《我國立法院全國不分區委員制度之研究(1992~2004)》,國立台 灣師範大學政治學系研究所。

盛杏湲,1999,《立法委員的代表行為》,計畫編號:NSC88-2414-H-004-023,台 北:行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫。

---,2000a,〈政黨或選區?立法委員的代表取向與行為〉,《選舉研究》,7(2):

37-70。

---,2000b,《立法委員的代表行為(Ⅱ)》,計畫編號:NSC89-2414-H-004-031,

台北:行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫。

---,2005a,《政黨的國會領導:臺灣政黨輪替前後的比較》,計畫編號:

(NSC94-2414-H-004-028),台北:行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫。

---,2005b,〈選區代表與集體代表:立法委員的代表角色〉,《東吳政治學報》,

21:1-40。

---,2006-2007,《選區、政黨與立法委員的三角關係》,計畫編號:

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

NSC95-2414-H-046-MY3,台北:行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫。

---,2008b,〈政黨的國會領導與凝聚力-2000 年政黨輪替前後的觀察〉,《臺 灣民主季刊》,5(4),1-46。

陳佳吉,2000,〈國、民兩黨提名制度演變之研析〉,《復興崗學報》,71,89-143。

黃秀端,1994,〈選區服務〉,台北:唐山出版社。

---,2000,〈立法院內不同類型委員會的運作方式〉,《東吳政治學報》,11:35-70。

---,2004,〈政黨輪替前後的立法院內投票結盟〉,《選舉研究》,11(1),1-32。

黃德福,2001,〈立法院委員會資深制之建立〉,《國政研究報告》,台北:財團法 人國家政策研究基金會。

黃麗香,1999,〈國會政黨的組織誘因與立法團結:以第二屆立法院為例的探討〉, 東吳大學政治學系碩士論文。

羅清俊,2002,〈立法院常設委員會審查功能之實證研究-委員會資深程度與不 分區立委角色的影響〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,86: 36-61。

(二) 英文部分

Batto, Nathan F. 2005. “Electoral Strategy, Committee Membership, and Rent

Seeking in the Taiwanese Legislature, 1992-2001.” Legislature Studies Quarterly.

30(1): 43-62.

---. 2009. “Party Cohesion in Roll Call Votes among District and List Legislators in Taiwan, 1993-2007.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.

Bawn, K., and Thies, M.F., 2003. “A Comparative Theory of Electoral Incentives:

Representing the Unorganized under PR, Plurality and Mixed-Member Electoral Systems.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. 15(1): 5-32.

Cain, Bruce, John A. Ferejohn, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1984. “The constituency

Service Basis of the Personal Vote for U.S. Representatives and British Members of Parliament.” American Political Science Review. 78(1): 110-125.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

---. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence.

Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Carey, John and Mathew S. Shugart. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: a Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies. 14: 419-439.

Cox, Karen E., and Schoppa Leonard J. 2002. “Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Theory and Evidence From Germany, Japan, Italy.”

Comparative Political Studies. 35(9): 1027-1053.

Crisp, Brian F., Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon, Bradford S. Jones, Mark P. Jones, and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson. 2004. “Vote-Seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies.” The Journal of Politics. 66(3):

823-846.

Crisp, Brian F. 2007. “Incentives in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: General Election Laws, Candidate Selection Procedures, and Cameral Rules.” Comparative Political Studies. 40(12): 1460-1485.

Fenno, Richard. 1973. Congressmen in Committees. Boston: Little, Brown.

---. 1978. Home Style: Home Members in Their Districts. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Ferrara, Federico. 2004. “Frogs, Mice, and Mixed Electoral Institutions: Party

Discipline in the XIV Italian Chamber of Deputies.” Journal of Legislative Studies.

10(4): 10-31.

Ferrara, Federico, Herron Erik S., and Nishigawa M. 2005. Mixed Electoral Systems:

Contamination and Its Electoral Consequences. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Fiorina, Morris. 1989. Congress: Keysotne of the Washington Establishment. 2nd ed.

New Heaven: Yale University Press.

Gallagher, Michael and Michael Marsh. 1988. Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: SAGE.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

Haspel, Moshe, Thomas F. Remington, and Steven S. Smith. 1998. “Electoral Institutions and Party Cohesion in the Russian Duma.” The Journal of Politics.

60(2): 417-439.

Hazan, Reuven Y. 1999. “Constituency Interests Without Constituencies: The

Geographical Impact of Candidate Selection on Party Organization and Legislative Behavior in the 14th Israeli Knesset, 1996-99.” Political Geography. 18:791-811.

---. 2000. “Yes, Institutions Matter: The Impact of Institutional Reform on Parliamentary Member and Leaders in Israel.” In The Uneasy Relationships Between Parliamentary Members and Leaders, eds. D. L. Lawrence and R. Y.

Hazan. London: Frank Cass.

Herron, Erik S. 2002. “Mixed Electoral Rules and Party Strategies: Responses to Incentives by Ukraine’s Rukh and Russia’s Yabloko.” Party Politics. 8(6): 719-733.

Hirano, Shigeo. 2006. “Electoral Institutions, Hometowns, and Favored

Minorities:Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms.” World Politics.59:51-82.

Jun, Hae-Won and Simon Hix. 2010. “Electoral Systems, Political Career Paths and Legislative Behavior: Evidence from South Korea’s Mixed-Member System.”

Japanese Journal of Political Science. 11(2):153-171.

Kerevel, Yann. 2010. “The Legislative Consequences of Mexico’s Mixed-Member Electoral System, 2000-2009.” Electoral Studies. 29: 691-703.

Kingdon, John W. 1977. “Models of Legislative Voting.” Journal of Politics.

39:563-595.

Kulishek, Michael, and Brian Crisp. 2001. “The Legislative Consequences of MMP Electoral Rules in Venezuela.” In Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Matthew Shugart and Martin Wattenberg, eds. New York: Oxford university Press.

Lancaster, Thomas D., and David W. Patterson. 1990. “Comparative Pork Barrel

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

Politics: Perceptions from the West German Bundestag.” Comparative Political Studies. 22(4): 458-477.

Loewenberg, Gerhard, and Samuel C. Patterson. 1979. Comparing Legislatures. New York: University Press of America, Inc.

Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Heaven: Yale University Press.

---. 1987. “The Electoral Connection and the Congress.” In Congress, eds.

McCubbins, Mathew D. and Terry Sullivan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18-29.

McCubbins, Mathew D., and Frances Rosenbluth. 1995. “Party Provision for Personal Politics: Dividing the Vote in Japan.” In Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States, eds. Peter Cowhey and Mathew D. McCubbins. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. pp. 35-55.

Meserve,Stephen A., Daniel Pemstein, and William T. Bernhard. 2010. “Candidate Selection in European Parliament Election” April 19.

http://www.danpemstein.com/files/CandidateProject.pdf. (June 4, 2011).

Műller, Wolfgang C., and Kaare Strøm. 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Olson, David. 1994. Democratic Legislative Institution: A Comparative View. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

Pekkanen, Robert, Benjamin Nyblade, and Ellis S. Krauss. 2006. “Electoral Incentives in Mixed Member Systems: Party, Posts and Zombie Politicians in Japan.” American Political Science Review. 100(2): 183-193.

Polsby, Nelson W. 1968. “The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of

Representatives.” Reprinted in McCubbins, Mathew D. and Terry Sullivan. eds.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

Congress. 1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Ranny, Austin. 1981. “Candidate Selection” In David Butler, Howard R. Penniman, and Austin Ranny, Eds., Democracy at the Polls. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.

Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Shing-Yuan, Sheng. 2006. “The Personal Vote-Seeking and the Initiation of Particularistic Benefits Bills in the Taiwanese Legislature.” Legislatures and Parliaments in the 21st Century” Conference, Soochow University, July 7-8.

Shomer, Yael. 2009a. “Candidate Selection Procedures, Seniority, and Vote-Seeking Behavior.” Comparative Political Studies. 42:945-970.

---. 2009b. “Electoral Systems and Intra-Party Candidate Selection effects on Legislators’ Behavior.” Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the America Political Science Association, September 3-6, 2009, Toronto, Canada.

Shugart, Mathew S., Valdini M. Ellis, and Suominen Kati. 2005. “Looking for Locals:

Voter Information Demands and Personal Vote-Earning Attributes of Legislators Under Proportional Representation.” American Journal of Political Science. 49(2):

437-449.

Shugart, Mathew S., and Wattenberg M. P. 2001. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems:

The Best of Both Worlds?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sieberer, Ulrich. 2006. “Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Legislative Studies. 12: 150-178.

---. 2010. “Behavioral Consequences of Mixed Electoral Systems: Deviating Voting Behavior of District and List MPs in the German Bundestag.” Electoral Studies. 29:

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

Na tiona

l Ch engchi University

484-496.

Stratmann, T. and M. Baur. 2002. “Plurality Rule, Proportional Representation, and the German Bundestag: How Incentives to Pork-Barrel Differ across Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science. 46(3): 506-514.

Stratmann, Thomas. 2006. “Party-Line Voting and Committee Assignments in the German Mixed-Member System.” In Democratic Constitutional Design and Public Policy. Analysis and Evidence, eds. Congleton, R. D., and Swedenborg B.

Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 111-130.

Taagepera, Rein, and Matthew, Shugart. 1989. Seats & Votes: The Effects &

Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Thames, Frank C. 2001. “Legislative Voting Behavior in the Russian Duma:

Understanding the Effect of Mandate.” Europe-Asia Studies. 53(6): 869-884.

---. 2005. “A House Divided: Party Strength and the Mandate Divide in Hungary, Russia, and Ukraine.” Comparative Political Studies. 38(3): 282-303.

Valdini, Melody Ellis. 2005. “The Demand for Information: The Effects of Electoral Institutions on the Types of Information Shortcuts Employed by Voters, and the Resulting Impact on Party Strategy.” Prepared of presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.