第五章 標價偏低顯不合理之處置
第八節 歐洲聯盟採購指令對於標價異常偏低之處理方式
歐洲聯盟（ European Union ）對於政府採購的規範，包含一般 政府採購指令（ DIRECTIVE 2004/18/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ）及公用事業採購指令（ DIRECTIVE 2004/17/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ）。有關投標價 格異常偏低（ abnormally low ）之處理方式在一般政府採購指令第 55 條規定208，而在公用事業採購指令則在第 57 條規定209，該二個條
208 DIRECTIVE 2004/18/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004, Article 55：（1） If, for a given contract, tenders appear to be abnormally low in relation to the goods, works or services, the contracting authority shall, before it may reject those tenders, request in writing details of the constituent elements of the tender which it considers relevant. Those details may relate in particular to: (a) the economics of the construction method, the manufacturing process or the services provided; (b) the technical solutions chosen and/or any exceptionally favourable conditions available to the tenderer for the execution of the work, for the supply of the goods or services; (c) the originality of the work, supplies or services proposed by the tenderer; (d) compliance with the provisions relating to employment protection and working conditions in force at the place where the work, service or supply is to be performed; (e) the possibility of the tenderer obtaining State aid.
（2） The contracting authority shall verify those constituent elements by consulting the tenderer, taking account of the evidence supplied. （3） Where a contracting authority establishes that a tender is abnormally low because the tenderer has obtained State aid, thetender can be rejected on that ground alone only after consultation with the tenderer where the latter is unable to prove, within a sufficient time limit fixed by the contracting authority, that the aid in question wasgranted legally. Where the contracting authority rejects a tender in thesecircumstances, it shall inform the Commission of that fact.
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209 DIRECTIVE 2004/17/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004, Article 57：（1） If, for a given contract, tenders appear to be abnormally low in relation to the goods, works or services, the contracting authority shall, before it may reject those tenders, request in writing details of the constituent elements of the tender which it considers relevant. Those details may relate in particular to: (a) the economics of the construction method, the manufacturing process or the services provided; (b) the technical solutions chosen and/or any exceptionally favourable conditions available to the tenderer for the execution of the work, for the supply of the goods or services; (c) the originality of the work, supplies or services proposed by the tenderer; (d) compliance with the provisions relating to employment protection and working conditions in force at the place where the work, service or supply is to be performed; (e) the possibility of the tenderer obtaining State aid.
（2） The contracting authority shall verify those constituent elements by consulting the tenderer, taking account of the evidence supplied. （3） Where a contracting authority establishes that a tender is abnormally low because the tenderer has obtained State aid, thetender can be rejected on that ground alone only after consultation with the tenderer where the latter is unable to prove, within a sufficient time limit fixed by the contracting authority, that the aid in question wasgranted legally. Where the contracting authority rejects a tender in thesecircumstances, it shall inform the Commission of that fact.
210 DIRECTIVE 2004/18/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004, Article 53：（1）Without prejudice to national laws, regulations or administrative provisions concerning the remuneration of certain services, the criteria on which the contracting authorities shall base the award of public contracts shall be either: (a) when the award is made to the tender most economically advantageous from the point of view of the contracting authority, various criteria linked to the subject-matter of the public contract in question, for example, quality, price, technical merit, aesthetic and functional characteristics, environmental characteristics, running costs, cost-effectiveness, after-sales service and technical assistance, delivery date and delivery period or period of completion, or (b) the lowest price only. （2） Without prejudice to the provisions of the third subparagraph, in the case referred to in paragraph 1(a) the contracting authority shall specify in the contract notice or in the contract documents or, in the case of a competitive dialogue, in the descriptive document, the relative weighting which it gives to each of the criteria chosen to determine the most economically advantageous tender. Those weightings can be expressed by providing for a range with an appropriate maximum spread. Where, in the opinion of the contracting authority, weighting is not possible for demonstrable reasons, the contracting authority shall indicate in the contract notice or contract documents or, in the case
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of a competitive dialogue, in the descriptive document, the criteria in descending order of importance.
211 DIRECTIVE 2004/17/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004, Article 55：（1） Without prejudice to national laws, regulations or administrative provisions on the remuneration of certain services, the criteria on which the contracting entities shall base the award of contracts shall: (a) where the contract is awarded on the basis of the most economically advantageous tender from the point of view of the contracting entity, be various criteria linked to the subject-matter of the contract in question, such as delivery or completion date, running costs, cost-effectiveness, quality, aesthetic and functional characteristics, environmental characteristics, technical merit, after-sales service and technical assistance, commitments with regard to parts, security of supply, and price or otherwise (b) the lowest price only. （2） Without prejudice to the provisions of the third subparagraph, in the case referred to in paragraph 1(a), the contracting entity shall specify the relative weighting which it gives to each of the criteria chosen to determine the most economically advantageous tender. Those weightings can be expressed by providing for a range with an appropriate maximum spread. Where, in the opinion of the contracting entity, weighting is not possible for demonstrable reasons, the contracting entity shall indicate the criteria in descending order of importance. The relative weighting or order of importance shall be specified, as appropriate, in the notice used as a means of calling for competition, in the invitation to confirm the interest referred to in Article 47(5), in the invitation to tender or to negotiate, or in the specifications.
212 Christopher H. Bovis, EU Public Procurement Law 286（ 2007）.
213 Christopher H. Bovis, EU Public Procurement Law 286（ 2007）.
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三、廠商所提供的工程、財物或勞務具有原創性。
四、與廠商施工、提供服務或財物有關的勞工就業及勞動條件。
五、得標廠商獲得國家獎助的可能性。
當招標機關認為標價異常偏低的廠商因為獲得政府補助而造成 標價異常偏低時，招標機關必須向該廠商詢問投標價的組合情形，並 給予一定時間提出說明，在該廠商沒有辦法在期限內證明其獲得政府 補助係合法之情形下，招標機關才可以不決標給該標價異常偏低廠 商，並應將結果通知歐洲聯盟委員會（Commission of European Union）214，亦即當標價異常偏低廠商能夠證明其獲得政府補助係合 法時，招標機關仍應決標給該標價異常偏低廠商。
第二項 歐洲聯盟法院之見解
歐洲法院 (European Court of Justice) 是歐盟的仲裁機構，
負責審理和裁決在執行歐盟條約和有關規定中發生的各種爭執。現有 15 名法官和 9 名檢察官，由成員國政府共同任命215。歐洲法院對於最 低標廠商標價異常偏低的見解基本上認為招標機關得不決標予該最 低標廠商216。歐盟執行委員會( European Commission；EC)217對於投
214 Christopher H. Bovis, EU Public Procurement Law 286（ 2007）.。
215 參閱網址：http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-12/19/conten t_664530.htm，瀏覽日期：99 年 9 月 27 日。
216 Christopher H. Bovis, EU Public Procurement Law 287（ 2007）.
217 歐盟執行委員會( European Commission；EC )是歐盟的執行機構，負責起草歐盟法規，
實施歐盟條約、法規和理事會決定、向理事會提出立法動議並監督其執行情況。代表歐 盟負責對外聯係及經貿談判，對外派駐使團。實行集體領導和多數表決制。委員會由 1 位主席、5 位副主席，27 位委員組成。歐盟現行的「尼斯條約」規定，歐盟委員會主席 一職需要由歐盟 27 個成員國最高元首組成的理事會提出一個候選人，之後由歐洲議會 批準通過。委員由成員國政府推薦，並徵得歐洲議會同意，任期 5 年。委員會下設 37 個總司或專門的服務處。總部設在比利時首都布魯塞爾法律大街 200 號一座十字形的大 廈 內 。 現 任 歐 盟 委 員 會 主 席 巴 羅 佐 ， 2004 年 11 月 上 任 。 參 閱 網 址 ：
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標價格異常偏低（ abnormally low ）並沒有給予定義，而歐洲法院 在相關判決裡亦未給予特別的解釋，但歐洲法院認為招標機關在決標 前，應就相關法律規定去審查投標廠商標價之細目，招標機關有義務 去瞭解標價異常偏低廠商對於標價偏低的解釋，或通知廠商其標價異 常偏低，並給予廠商合理時間提出更詳細的說明。
當「明顯異常偏低」之標價出現時，歐洲法院認為招標機關基於 數量上的標準判斷，而拒絕給予廠商加以解釋，並不符合採購指令的 精神。在有些判決中，歐洲法院裁定招標機關必須給予投標廠商解釋 標 價 異 常 偏 低 的 真 正 原 因 。 但 是 ， 歐 洲 法 院 並 沒 有 繼 續 對 明 顯
（ obviously ）一詞加以分析說明，而認為明顯（ obviously ）代 表 標 價 異 常 偏 低 的 確 存 在 。 在 另 一 方 面 ， 歐 洲 法 院 對 於 異 常
（ abnormally ）一詞卻給予招標機關從數量上的判準有相當的裁量 權218。