第六章 研究結論
第二節 研究限制
本文採用的研究方法面臨一些限制，雖盡力涵蓋了不同的安慰情境，且 每個語言的不同情境都包含了一百筆的真實語料，但是在統計學上可能需要 透過更廣泛的語料蒐集來做出具代表性的結論。且本研究因為是從電子佈告 欄系統搜集語料，所以無法將人與人之間的社會距離納入本研究做為考量。
最後，在本文的分析過程中雖力求每項策略的定義和界線都清楚明瞭，但是 未無法透過第三者分析本研究的語料。本文所做出的跨文化對比分析基礎，
歸納了具體策略模式與序列結構，將其應用在教學建議中，期望各位前輩新 進能不吝指教。
參考文獻
中文參考文獻
BBS （ 無 日 期 ） 。 維 基 百 科 ， 自 由 的 百 科 全 書 。 取 自 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBS。
王永娜、李軍（2003）。安慰的話語模式和修辭策略介析。修辭學習，3，
48-49。
王蕾（2013）。探漢語網路語言出現的社會意義。青春歲月，2，163。
石琳（2012）。高語境文化與美國人的會話風格。海外英語，23，201-203。
江中信（2002）。人際傳播學（增訂版）。台北市：風雲論壇。
吳姝倩（1996）。電腦中介傳播人際情感親密關係之研究（未出版之碩士論 文）。國立交通大學，新竹市。
呂雪芬（2012）。中美高低語境文化交流之探悉。牡丹江大學學報，21，4，
86-88。
呂朦（2014）。高低語境文化角度分析漢英語篇結構差異。內蒙古電大學刊，
3，103-104。
李佑豐（2008）。安慰言語行為的語用分析。邵陽學院學報（社會科學版），
7，6，114-116。
李佳源（2011）。心理安慰話語的選擇策略。語言教學與研究，3，95-101。
李娟（2007）。日漢語安慰語比較淺析。雙語學習，9，151-194。
李靜宇（2014）。漢語和英語語言冗餘機制的語用學闡釋。遼寧教育行政學 院學報，2，97-99。
周小麗（2013）。漢語安慰言語行為策略及實現模式研究(未出版之碩士論 文）。華中師範大學，中國武漢市。
承曉燕（2012）。以霍爾模式解讀《喜福會》中的母女衝突。牡丹江大學學 報，21，11，56-57。
施香如（2003）。網路虛擬世界的特性及其對青少年的影響。學生輔導雙月 刊，89，80-89。
夏鑄九、王志弘、殷寶寧、溫蓓章、黃麗玲、魏慶嘉（譯）（1998）。網絡 社會之崛起（原作者：M. Castells）。臺北市：唐山出版社。（原著出 版年：1996）
徐豔紅（2015）。網路語言變異及對外語教學的啟示。高教學刊，23，114-115。
財團法人台灣網路資訊中心（2015）。2015 年台灣寬頻網路使用調查。取 自 http://www.twnic.net.tw/download/200307/20150901e.pdf。
張紅玲（2007）。跨文化外語教育。上海市：上海外語教育出版社。
張魯寧、楊穎（2008）。高語境與低語境文化交際比較。重慶社會科學，2，
120-122。
許力生（2006）。跨語言研究的跨文化視野。上海市：上海外語教育出版社。
許妲（2004）。網絡中新型人際關係分析─以網上交友為例（碩士論文）。
取自 http://www.taodocs.com/p-3371660.html。
郭書祺（2001）。企業運用網路公關之研究初探---從電腦中介傳播談起（未 出版之碩士論文）。國立交通大學，新竹市。
陳思齊（2000）。超文本環境下敘事文本結構與類型對閱讀之影響（未出版 之碩士論文）。國立交通大學，新竹市。
陳麗芳（2010）。語言及傳統藝術菱鏡下中國文化的高語境特徵。太原師範 學院學報（社會科學版），9，6，97-99。
彭慧（2008）。言語溝通上的安慰策略。鄖陽師範高等專科學校學報，28，
2，69-98。
曾鳳英、竇秋萍（2012）。安慰言語行為及其策略分析，齊魯師範學院學報，
27，3，137-139。
黃少華、陳文江。（2002）。重塑自我的遊戲：網路空間的人際交往。高雄 市：高雄復文。
黃厚銘（2000）。網路人際關係的親疏遠近。國立臺灣大學社會學刊，28，
117-154。
楊易亦（2011）。安慰語語用探析。語言應用研究，81-83。
楊慧（2012）。高低語境影響下中西方交際差異。語言研究，3，79-80。
溫雲水（1999）。安慰語初探。修辭學習，6，1-2。
齊力平（1996）。電子郵件的使用對組織傳播民主化的影響（未出版之碩士 論文）。國立交通大學，新竹市。
錢賢敏（2010）。禮貌原則對安慰用語的闡釋與啟示。南京郵電大學學報（社 會科學版），12，1，77-81。
戴怡君、董旭英（2002）。使用網際網路進行互動者特質之探討。資訊社會 研究，2，29-58。
謝佳玲（2015）。漢語與英語跨文化對比：網路社會之語用策略研究。台北 市：文鶴出版有限公司。
譚幸（2012）。跨文化溝通上高低語境文化對比概論。考試周刊，33，20-21。
英文參考文獻
Ashamalla, M. (1998). International human resources management practice: The challenge of expatriation. Commercial Reviews, 8(2), 54-65.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words? Oxford, U.K.: The Clarendon Press.
Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice:
Designing and developing useful language tests. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Bagarić, V., & Djigunović J. M. (2007). Defining communicative competence.
Metodika, 8(1), 94-103.
Bakić-Mirić, N. (2007). Intercultural communication and culturing new vistas and new possibilities. Linguistics and Literature, 5(1), 79-84.
Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the ‘‘true self’’ on the internet.
Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 33-48.
Bippus, A. M. (2001). Recipients’ criteria for evaluating the skillfulness of comforting communication and the outcomes of comforting interactions.
Communication Monographs, 68(3), 301-313.
Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1989). A practical but theory-based framework for selecting cross-cultural training methods. Human Resources Management, 28(4), 511- 539.
Brislin, R., Landis, D., & Brandt, M. (1983). Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Vol. 1. Issues in theory and design (pp. 1-35). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
Burleson, B. R. (1984a). Age, social-cognitive development, and the use of comforting strategies. Communication Monographs, 51(2), 140-153.
Burleson, B. R. (1984b). Comforting communication. In H. E. Sypher & J. L.
Applegate (Eds.), Communication by children and adults: Social cognitive and strategic processes (Vol. 5, pp. 63-105). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Burleson, B. R. (1994). Comforting messages: Significance, approaches, and effects. In B. R. Burleson, T. L. Albrecht, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 3-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Burleson, B. R. (2008). What counts as effective emotional support? In M. T.
Montley (Ed.), Studies in applied interpersonal communication (pp.
207-228). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Burleson, B. R. (2010). Explaining recipient responses to supportive messages:
Development and tests of a dual-process theory. In S. W. Smith & S. R.
Wilson (Eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication research (pp. 159-179). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Byram, M., Gribkova, B., & Starky, H. (2002). Developing the intercultural dimension in language teaching: A practical introduction for teachers.
Council of Europe. Retrieved from
https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/Guide_dimintercult_EN.pdf.
Campbell, R. (1969). United States military training for cross-cultural interaction. Office of Naval Research, U.S.: Office of Naval Research.
Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In Jack C. Richards & Richard W. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 2-27). London, U.K.: Longman.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
Caplan, S. E., & Samter, W. (1999). The role of facework in younger and older
adults' evaluations of social support messages. Communication Quarterly, 47(3), 245-264.
Caplan, S. E., & Turner, J. S. (2007). Bringing theory to research on computer-mediated comforting communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(2), 985-998.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: The MIT PRESS.
Comfort. (2016a). In Macmillan dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/comfort_2
Comfort. (2016b). In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online.
Retrieved from http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/comfort
Comfort. (2016c). In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/comfort
Console. (2016a). In Macmillan dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/console_1
Console. (2016b). In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online.
Retrieved from http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/console
Console. (2016c). In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/console?q=Console Cook, G. (2003). Applied linguistics. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Culnan, M. J., & Markus, M. L. (1987). Information technologies. In F. M.
Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp.
420-443). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2012). Understanding the individualism-collectivism cleavage and its effects: Lessons from cultural psychology. In M. Aoki, T. Kuran, & G. Roland (Eds.), Institutions and
comparative economic development (pp. 213-236). London, U.K.: Palgrave McMillan.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 3, pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Gudykunst, W. B. (1983). Uncertainty reduction and predictability of behavior in low- and high-context cultures: An exploratory study. Communication Quarterly, 31(1), 49-55.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Lee, C. M. (2002). Cross-cultural communication theories.
In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 25-50). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1998). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hale, J. L., Mongeau, P., & Tighe, M. R. (1997). Effects of event type and sex on comforting messages. Communication Research Reports, 14(2), 214-220.
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.
Hofstade, G., & Hofstade, G. J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (2th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (1983). National cultures in four dimensions a research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management and Organizations, 13(1-2), 46-74.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw
Hill.
Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J.
Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). London, U.K.: Penguin.
Keesing, R. M. (1974). Theories of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3, 73-97.
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39(10), 1123-1134.
Kim, J. (2002, October). Interpersonal interaction in computer mediated communication (CMC): Exploratory qualitative research based on critical review of existing theories. Paper presented at the Communication and Technology Division 53rd Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA. Abstract retrieved from http://blog.timebarrow.com/2010/03/interpersonal-interaction-in-computer-mediated-communication-cmc/.
Ko, Hsiu-Ching, & Yang, Mu-Li. (2011). The effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate assignments. Intercultural Communication Studies, 10(1), 158-174.
Lemieux, R., & Tighe, M. R. (2004). Attachment styles and the evaluation of comforting responses: A receiver perspective. Communication Research Reports, 21(2), 144-153.
Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of communication theory:
1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Long, J. ( 龍 娟 ). (2009). A contrastive study of consoling speech act.
(Dissertation, Guangxi Normal University). Retrieved from http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10602-2007166202.htm.
Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2006). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal
communication across cultures. Boston, MA: Pearson.
McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh. J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the internet: Identity ‘demarginalization’ through virtual group participation.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 681-694.
McLeod, P. L. (1996). New communication technologies for group decision making: Toward an integrative framework. In R. Y. Hirokawa & M. S.
Poole (Eds.), Communication and group decision making (2th ed., pp.
426-461). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Mendenhall, M., Dunbar, E., & Oddou, G. R. (1987). Expatriate selection, training and careering-pathing: A review and critique. Human Resources Management, 26(3), 331-345.
Miller, H. (1995, June). The presentation of self in electronic life: Goffman on the internet. Paper presented at the Embodied Knowledge and Virtual Space Conference Goldsmiths' College, University of London. Abstract retrieved from http://www.douri.sh/classes/ics234cw04/miller2.pdf.
Patel, F., Rampersad, G., & Sooknanan, P. (2012). Diffusing the innovation in international develpoement: Redressing the injustices of modernity. In F.
Patel, P. Sooknanan, G., Rampersad, & A. Mundkur (Eds.), Information technology, development, and social change (pp. 3-15). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Pew Research Center (2015). Technology device ownership: 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/29/technology-device-ownership-2015 /pi_2015-10-29_device-ownership_0-03/.
Phạm Thị, K. C. (2010). A study of comforting in English and Vietnamese.
(Dissertation, University of Danang, Vietnam). Retrieved from http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/120/1/Summary.pdf.
Reddit (n.d.). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit.
Rogers, E. M. (1986). Communication technology: The new media in society.
New York, NY: Free Press.
Rogers, E. M., & Rafaeli, S. (1985). Computer and communication. In B. D.
Ruben (Ed.), Information and behavior (pp. 95-112). New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Books.
Rogers, E. M., Hart, W. B., & Miike, Y. (2002). Edward T. Hall and the history of intercultural communication: The United States and Japan. Keio Communication Review, 24, 3-26.
Samter, B. R. W., Jones, S. M., Kunkel, A., Holmstrom, A. J., Mortenson, S. T.,
& MacGeorgeet, E. L. (2005). Which comforting messages really work best? A different perspective on Lemieux and Tighe’s ‘receiver perspective’. Communication Research Reports, 22(2), 87-100.
Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. (1985). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communication. Management Science, 32(11), 1492-1512.
Suzuki, T. (2008, August). A corpus-based study of the speech act of
“comforting”: Naturalness and appropriateness for English language teaching. Paper presented at the PAAL 2008 the 13th conference of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, University of Hawaii, Manoa, U.S.A. Abstract retrieved from http://www.f.waseda.jp/toshisuz/paal2008handout.pdf.
Svennevig, J. (2014). Direct and indirect self-presentation in first conversations.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(3), 302–327.
Taft, R. (1977). Coping with unfamiliar cultures. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 121-153). London, U.K.: Academic Press.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
Tung, R. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments.
Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1), 68-78.
Tung, R. (1982). Selection and training procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese multinationals. Columbia Management Review, 25(1), 57-71.
Turkle, S. (1997). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the internet. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
University of Southern California (2015). The 2015 digital future report surveying the digital future. Retrieved from http://www.digitalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2015-Digital-Fut ure-Report.pdf.
Van Ek, J. A. (1986). Objectives for foreign language learning. Vol. I: Scope.
Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., & Yates, S. J. (2001). Discourse as data: A guide for analysis. London, U.K.: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Yang, L. (楊琳琳). (2012). Pragmatic fossilization of comforting speech act in Chinese EFL learners. (Dissertation, Henan University). Retrieved from http://research001.com/?showinfo-100-496781-0.html.
教材
Liu， Yuehua， Yao， Tao-chung， Bi， Nyan-ping， Ge， Liangyan， &
Shi， Yaohua. (2010). Integrated Chinese: Level 2， part 1 (3th ed.).
Boston， MA: Cheng & Tsui Company.
國立臺灣師範大學（主編）（2008）。新版實用視聽漢語（二版）。台北市：
正中書局。
葉德明（主編）（2007）。遠東生活華語 2。台北市：遠東圖書股份有限公 司。
劉珣（主編）（2002）。新實用漢語課本 1。北京市：北京語言大學出版社。