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第二章、 專利之排他權與禁制令救濟措施

第三節、 專利侵權之禁制令救濟

A. 聯邦地方法院

的救濟措施。禁制令的救濟可分為三種:暫時限制令(Temporary Restraining

       

27 35 U.S.C. § 283,“The several courts having jurisdiction of cases under this title may grant injunctions in accordance with the principles of equity to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court deems reasonable.

28 35 U.S.C. § 271 (e) (3), “In any action for patent infringement brought under this section, no injunctive or other relief may be granted which would prohibit the making, using, offering to sell, or selling within the United States or importing into the United States of a patented invention under paragraph (1).”, also see 35 U.S.C. § 271 (e) (1) It shall not be an act of infringement to make, use, offer to sell, or sell within the United States or import into the United States a patented invention (other than a new animal drug or veterinary biological product (as those terms are used in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Act of March 4, 1913) which is primarily manufactured using recombinant DNA, recombinant RNA, hybridism technology, or other processes involving site specific genetic manipulation techniques) solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of information under a Federal law which regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of drugs or veterinary biological products.

29 Supra note 24, p. 1339

Order, TRO)、初步禁制令(Preliminary Injunction)和永久禁制令(Permanent Injunction)。在過去專利權人提起專利侵權訴訟原則上會請求勝訴判決時核 准永久禁制令,被告若有不服則需上訴至聯邦巡迴上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals Federal Circuit,C.A.F.C.)。

i.

暫時限制令(Temporary Restraining Order, TRO)

美國暫時限制令必須依照聯邦民事訴訟規則第65條(b)項30之規定,

30 U.S. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b):“A temporary restraining order may be granted without written or oral notice to the adverse party or that party's attorney only if (1) it clearly appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or by the verified complaint that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the applicant before the adverse party or that party's attorney can be heard in opposition, and (2) the applicant's attorney certifies to the court in writing the efforts, if any, which have been made to give the notice and the reasons supporting the claim that notice should not be required. Every temporary restraining order granted without notice shall be indorsed with the date and hour of issuance; shall be filed forthwith in the clerk's office and entered of record; shall define the injury and state why it is irreparable and why the order was granted without notice; and shall expire by its terms within such time after entry, not to exceed 10 days, as the court fixes, unless within the time so fixed the order, for good cause shown, is extended for a like period or unless the party against whom the order is directed consents that it may be extended for a longer period. The reasons for the extension shall be entered of record. In case a temporary restraining order is granted without notice, the motion for a preliminary injunction shall be set down for hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence of all matters except older matters of the same character; and when the motion comes on for hearing the party who obtained the temporary restraining order shall proceed with the application for a preliminary injunction and, if the party does not do so, the court shall dissolve the temporary restraining order. On 2 days' notice to the party who obtained the temporary restraining order without notice or on such shorter notice to that party as the court may prescribe, the adverse party may appear and move its dissolution or modification and in that event the court shall proceed to hear and determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice require.”

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在於原告必須提出證據明白表示其受有無可回復之損害,因此若延遲提出 初步禁制令聲請,則法院會認為其未受有無可回復之損害,並無急迫上之 危險,沒有准許暫時限制令的必要31

ii.

初步禁制令(Preliminary Injunction)

初步禁制令的主要目的在於維持現有的法律狀態,而在審判結束前,

依照聯邦民事訴訟規則第條 65(a)項32必須經過合法通知、聽審、辯論程 序,甚至是提供擔保金等,主要目的在於維持法律現狀,保護原告之權利 在訴訟期間不會受到損害擴大或防止未來無法從被告處獲得救濟。初步禁 制令的判斷原則是Smith International, Inc. v. Highes Tool Co.33一案所發展 出的衡平法之四要素:

(1) 證明在本案可能勝訴性;

(a showing of probability of success on the merits)

(2) 證明若無禁制令將遭受無可回復之損害;

(a showing that the movant will suffer immediately irreparable harm if the injunction is not granted)

(3)核准或拒絕禁制令對利害關係人的可能損害;

(the possibility of harm to other interested persons from the grant or denial of injunction)

(4)公眾利益;(the public interest)

       

31 張勤敏(2006 年 7 月),專利侵害民事救濟程序問題研究—以保全程序與證據調查為

中心,清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,38-41。

32 U.S. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)(1) “Notice. No preliminary injunction shall be issued without notice to the adverse party.(2) Consolidation of Hearing With Trial on Merits. Before or after the commencement of the hearing of an application for a preliminary injunction, the court may order the trial of the action on the merits to be advanced and consolidated with the hearing of the application. Even when this consolidation is not ordered, any evidence received upon an application for a preliminary injunction which would be admissible upon the trial on the merits becomes part of the record on the trial and need not be repeated upon the trial. This subdivision (a)(2) shall be so construed and applied as to save to the parties any rights they may have to trial by jury.

33 Smith Int’l., Inc. v. Hughes Tool Co., 718 F.2d 1573, 219 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 686 , (Fed. Cir.

1983).

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法院在決定是否核發時會就上述四項考量因素逐一審核情節之輕重,

以及聲請的範圍,最後基於裁量權作最後決定。這四個考量因素一直到2003 年都沒有任何變更34。只要下級法院根據上級法院所發展的判斷標準要件做 出合理判斷,就不會有濫用裁量權的情況,而上級法院也會尊重下級法院 之判斷。亦有部分法院採取「移動尺度檢驗法」(sliding scale test)35,首 先,考量如果不予核發是否將導致立即且無法彌補之損害,再考量實體部 分勝訴之可能性或有足夠嚴重問題,可認為提起訴訟是合理且不核發禁制 令,可能對聲請人造成的損害將大於核准後對被告所造成的損害,兩者其 中之一要素。因此如果聲請人在無法證明其勝訴可能性時,替代方法為提 出訴訟的合理理由,而雙方損益平衡下,不核發初步禁制令對原告的影響 與核發下對被告的影響去作比較36

如同前文所述,上訴法院曾認為初步禁制令是一種激烈且特殊的救濟,

因此不應未經過更全面的考量即批准,由此觀之,專利案件中對初步禁制 令之聲請原則不核准,例外才核准。由學者Lanjouw 和 Lerner 針對聯邦地 方法院於1990 年 1 月到 1991 年 6 月 30 日之專利案件加以研究37,發現只 有19%的專利案件(48 件)的專利權人會聲請初步禁制令,而實際進行初 步禁制令審理的案件僅有23 件,法院僅核准其中的 12 件,核准比率僅佔 實際審理案件的將近50%,就聲請總數來看核准率有 25%,以專利訴訟總 數來看(252 件),僅有不到 5% 的專利案件會被核准初步禁制令之聲請,

因此法院的核准率不高,專利權人利用初步禁制令的誘因逐漸降低。這些 實證的資料顯示法院對初步禁制令的核准率日益減低,且要獲得初步禁制 令的核准越來越難,也更呼應了當初上訴法院認為初步禁制令是一種例外 的救濟手段之見解。

       

34 Oakley Inc. v. Sunglass Hut International, 316 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

35 劉尚志、王敏銓、張宇樞、林明儀(2005 年),Patent Wars 美台專利訴訟—實戰暨裁

判解析,頁156。

36 Jeffrey Milstein, Inc. v. Greger, Lawlor, Roth, Inc. 58 F.3d 27, 31, 35 u.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1284, 1286 (2d Cir. 1995).

37 馮震宇(2004 年 6 月),從美國司法實務看台灣專利案件之假處分救濟,月旦法學,

第109 期,22-23。

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而稍後在1995 年在 High Tech Med. Instrumentation Inc. v. New Image Indus. Inc.38 一案,美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals Federal Circuit; C.A.F.C.)將該四個標準的文字稍作修正,改成聲請人是否可能在 本案判決中勝訴、初步禁制令若核准聲請人是否將遭受無可回復之損害、

就平衡當事人損害實是偏向聲請人或相對人、最後是核准初步禁制令會否 對公眾利益帶來負面影響39

iii.

永久禁制令(Permanent Injunction)

專利侵害爭議訴訟結束後,經法院判決確定權利人之專利有效性及侵 權成立的情形下,專利權人得向法院聲請核發永久禁制令,禁止侵權人繼 續任何侵害的行為。在過去的判決先例表示,在絕大多數的專利權人勝訴 的情形下,法院鮮少拒絕核發永久禁制令,因為專利權具有財產權之特性,

其主要的本質在於排他權,唯有透過永久禁制令的核發才能有效地確保專 利權人之排他權。永久禁制令的判斷原則為 Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo40 一案所發展出的衡平法四要素測試法:

(1) 專利權人受有無可回復之損害;

(it has suffered an irreparable injury)

(2) 法律上之救濟不足以彌補該損害;

(remedies available at law are inadequate to compensate for the injury)

(3) 在衡量雙方損益後,認為應核發永久禁制令;以及

(considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and the defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted)

(4) 核發禁制令不會損害公眾利益;

(the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent        

38 High Tech Med. Instrumentation Inc. v. New Image Indus. Inc., 49 F.3d 1551 (Fed. Cir.

1995).

39 馮震宇(2004 年 6 月),前揭註 37,頁 22。

40 Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 320, 102 S.Ct. 1798, 72 L.Ed.2d 91.

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injunction)

專利權人勝訴後向法院請求永久禁制令時,因本案已證明了專利之合 法性,且侵權成立,法院將推定專利權人因此受有無可回復之損害,且該 損害通常是金錢所難以補償的,例如市占率之侵蝕、聲譽之損害等,除非 被告能有力舉出重大公眾利益的情形拒絕核發永久禁制令,法院將准許原 告之請求。基本上與初步禁制令之核發要素41很相似,僅有些許之不同。

上訴法院在 Richardson v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd.42一案,明確地建立了 一旦專利有效性及侵權成立與否的爭議經判決確定,法院幾乎「全自動性」

核發永久禁制令之普遍原則(general rule),此已成為美國實務的判決先例。

僅有極少數基於公眾利益考量的案件中,法院拒絕核發永久禁制令。儘管 如此,法院在判斷是否核發永久禁制令的理由一直有所變化43。CAFC 雖建 立了永久禁制令核發的標準,必須符合傳統衡平法四要素的考量,但是只 要專利權人勝訴,證明了其專利的有效性及侵權成立的情形,法院將認定 原告在未來將因持續的侵權行為而受到無可回復的損害,除非有重大公眾 利益的情形,否則通常都會准許原告之請求,核發永久禁制令。

然而到2006 年 5 月 15 日美國聯邦最高法院在 eBay 案的判決中44,其 主文表示:(1) 在專利法由生的案件中,關於永久禁制令核發的審核必須適 用傳統的衡平四要素測試法(four-factors test)。(2) 在專利侵權成立的案件 中,專利權人對其專利之授權意願及,是否具有實施其專利或商業化的行 為,不能作為排除其獲得永久禁制令救濟之當然理由45

最高法院引用 Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo 一案,最高法院所建立的 衡平四要素測試法(4-factors test)46,在過去被衡平法院用來判斷在專利        

41 Supra note 33

42 Richardson v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 868 F.2d 1226, 1247, 9 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1913, 1929 (Fed. Cir. 1989)

43Donald S. Chisum et al (2004), Supra note 24, p. 1340.

44 eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388 (2006)

45 Id. at 1838-1841

46 Id., see also Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 102 S.Ct. 1798 (1982).

則(general rule)這樣的作法,已經違反了美國專利法第 283 條以及過去 衡平法院所建立的傳統衡平四要素測試法的原則,eBay 認為聯邦巡迴上訴 發,因此 CAFC 之普遍原則(general rule)是不對的。雖然在專利法 261 條規定49;專利有個人私有財產的特質,加上同法第154 條(a)項(1)款50也提

聽取案件的原則有二:一為權利人本身的權利(by right),二為調閱令(by certiorari);eBay

聽取案件的原則有二:一為權利人本身的權利(by right),二為調閱令(by certiorari);eBay