第五章 傳統與統包採購制度對營造專案效率之影響
6.3 後續研究建議
接續簡化後之模式，本研究提出可進一步發展的課題，建議如下：
1. 本研究之參數設定乃以合理猜測為主，未來若能收集完整的實際 資料，所獲得之結果將更能反映實際現象。
2. 在採購過程影響營造專案效率最關鍵的層面是在決標層面，未來 若能繼續針對決標的方式改善，改變決標層面的結構，從而修導既 有的政策或發展新的政策，對於營造專案效率的提昇將可發揮更大 的功能。
參考文獻
一、西文部分
1.Abdel-Hamid, T. K., 1990,“Investigating the Cost/Schedule Trade-Off in Software Development＂, IEEE, Vol.7, Is. 1, pp.
97-105.
2.Atkinson, G., 1987, A Guide Through Construction Quality Standards, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London.
3.Construction Industry Board, 1996, Selecting Consultants forthe Team：Balancing Quality and Price, Thomas Telford, London.
4.Design-Build Institute of America, 1997,“Design-Build Process for Civil Infrastructure Project＂, Design-Build Manual of Best Practice Document Number 208, Design-Build Institute of America.
5.Design-Build Institute of America, 2001, Design-Build Single Source Book, January.
6.Forrester, J. W., 1961, Industrial Dynamics, MIT, Cambridge.
7.Fredrickson, K., 1998,“Design Guidelines for Design-Build Projects＂, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 14, No.
1, pp. 77-80.
8.Graham, A. K., 1980, Parameter Estimation in System Dynamics Modeling, North-Holland, New York.
9.Joiner, B. L., 1994, Fourth Generation Management：The New
Business Consciousness, McGraw-Hill, New York.
10.Larsen, E. R., Ackere, A. V., and Warren, K.,“The Growth of Service and the Service of Growth：Using System Dynamics to Understand Service Quality and Capital Allocation＂, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 271-287.
11.Majid, M. Z. A., and McCaffer, R., 1998,“Factors of Non-Excusable Delays That Influence Contractors＇
Performance＂, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 42-49.
12.Molenaar, K. R., Songer, A. D., and Barash, M., 1999,“Public-Sector Design/Build Evolution and
Performance＂, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 54-62.
13.More, P. Feniosky, Park, M., 2001,“Dynamic Planning for Fast-Tracking Building Construction Projects＂, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management Vol.127, No.6, pp.445-456
14.Newman, K., 1991,“Common Quality in Concrete Construction＂, Quality Assurance in Concrete Construction, ACI Compilation 16, Detroit.
15.Richardson, G. P., 1986,“Problems with Causal-Loop
Diagrams＂, System Dynamics Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 158-170.
16.Twomey, T. R., 1990, Understanding the Legal Aspects of
17.Wolstenholme, E. F., 1990, System Enquiry, Wiley, New York.
18.Zhu, 2000, Construction Project Management Structure Due to the Design and Build Approach as Practiced in Singapore, Singapore University, Thesis（M.S.）.
二、 中文部分
1.Feigenbaum著，孫葆銓譯，1973，全面品質管制，第三版，中國生產 力中心，台北。
2.Juran著，吳鄭重譯，1994，裘蘭品質領導手冊，初版，中國生產力 中心，台北。
3.Senge著，郭進隆譯，1994，第五項修練–學習型組織的藝術與實務，
初版，天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
4.王劍能，1998，“強化品質、縮短工期並兼顧工程價格之招標制度＂，
中華民國第一屆營建管理學術研討會論文集（三），4月。
5.石川馨著，鍾慶安等譯，1996，品質管理概論，初版，五南圖書出版 公司，台北。
6. 行政院公共工程委員會，2002，政府採購法令彙編，第十二版，行政 院公共工程委員會法規叢書（21-11）。
7. 李文，2001，公共工程施工品質評核模式建構之研究，台灣科技大學 營建工程系，碩士論文。
8. 李正彬，2002，高雄市公共工程施工品質與監造方式之探討，高雄第 一科技大學營建工程系，碩士論文。
9. 李得璋，1994，“不只訴訟一途而已！營建工程糾紛處理之道＂，法
10. 李得璋，2000，“公共工程統包制度之推動＂，營建工程統包制度 研討會，台北，5月。
11.辛其亮，1992，“公共工程變更設計之責任問題＂，營建知訊，第 一百一十八期，頁3-7，7月。
12.辛其亮，1994，“公共工程變更設計原因探討＂，工程，第六十七 期，頁3-6，8月。
13.呂世通、謝定亞、陳正均，2001，“公共工程完工驗收管理之研究＂，
第五屆營建工程與管理研究成果聯合發表會，頁307-317。
14.呂俊哲，1995，重大公共工程全面品質管理之研究- 工程規劃品質探 討，台灣大學土木工程學研究所，碩士論文。
15.呂燿光，1992，影響工程設計專案品質因素之研究–以國內大型工 程顧問公司為例，東吳大學管理學研究所，碩士論文。
16.林建良、羅維，2001，“系統動力學與工程品質管制＂，營建管理 季刊，第四十八期，頁29-36，9月。
17.吳俊明，2001，公共工程統包制度效益評估模式之研究，成功大學 建築研究所，碩士論文。
18.吳銜桑、羅維，2000，“公共工程統包（D/B）採購策略發展趨勢與 基本認知＂，營建管理季刊，第四十五期，頁28-35，12月。
19.吳憲彰，1999，“工程合約實務問題泛論（六）-營繕工程驗收與保 固之爭議＂，營造天下，第四十期，頁37-41，4月。
20.周慧瑜，2002，營建工程專案承包商風處置決策模式之研究，台灣 大學土木工程學研究所，博士論文。
21.胡偉良，1999，“從營建業的今昔看未來之道＂，營造天下，第四
22.俞金康，1993，系統動態學原理及其應用，初版，國防工業出版社，
北京。
23.姚德彥，1992，不動產市場模擬演練-微觀決策互動與巨觀波動行 為，中山大學企業管理研究所，碩士論文。
24.陶在樸，1999，系統動態學，初版，五南圖書出版公司，台北。
25.陳士賢，2001，以系統動力學檢視工程品質管理問題- 以高雄煉油廠 為例，高雄第一科技大學營建工程系，碩士論文。
26.陳世銘，1995，建築工程設計與施工結合制度之研究，台灣科技大 學營建工程系，碩士論文。
27.陳昱君，2001，應用系統動態方法探討水資源利用之研究，台北大 學資源管理研究所，碩士論文。
28.陳政漢，2000，公共工程品質評鑑制度實施成效之研究，中華大學 工業工程與管理研究所，碩士論文。
29.陳俊銘，1998，從營造業體質探討品質管理之機制，成功大學建築 學系，碩士論文。
30.陳煥文、林志隆，1994，“營建工程糾紛之類型及其仲裁案例＂，
法律與你，第八十期，頁8-19，6月。
31.陳煥文、陳炳林，1994，“如何簽訂工程契約？認識各類型之工程 契約＂，法律與你，第八十期，頁20-29，6月。
32.郭旭輝，2000，“統包工程之專案管理＂，營建工程統包制度研討 會，台北，5月。
33.黃世傑，1992，“台灣地區工程統包的可行性＂，工程，第六十五 期，頁56-60，4月。
建工程系，碩士論文。
35.曾義誠，2001，公共工程施工品質管理制度問題與對策之研究，中 央大學土木工程研究所，碩士論文。
36.曾惠斌等，2002，以統包制度加速推動國家計劃之研究，財團法人 台灣營建研究院，行政院公共工程委員會委託研究，10月。
37.劉福勳、江秉修，2000，“營建管理顧問與監造單位之差異性分析- 以高科技廠房新建工程為例＂，營建管理季刊，第四十二期，頁 45-47，3月。
38.謝長宏，1980，系統動態學理論、方法與應用，初版，中興管理顧 問公司，台北。
39.謝定亞、陳正均，2001，“公共工程完工結案問題成因之探討與改 善芻議＂，工程，第七十四期，頁107-112，4月。
40.陳正均，2001，公共工程完工未能如期結案問題之研究，中央大學 土木工程研究所，碩士論文。
41.顏敏仁，2001，統包制度對我國營建業市場結構與廠商經營行為影 響之研究，高雄第一科技大學營建工程系，碩士論文。
42.顏敏仁、羅維，2001，“統包制度對營建業市場結構之影響-以台灣 營建業為例＂，中國土木水利學會會刊，第二十七卷第四期，2月。
43.顏敏仁、林建良、羅維，2002，“系統動力學於營建工程管理之應 用＂，陸軍官校七十八週年校慶綜合學術研討會，5月。
44.蘇懋康，1988，系統動力學原理及應用，初版，上海交通大學出版 社，上海。
45.羅世輝，1991，以系統動力學探討台灣不動產市場週期循環之研 究，中山大學企業管理研究所，碩士論文。
三、 網路部分
1.http://www.dbia.org/fr_industryin.html
Sterman, J. D., 1992,“System Dynamics Modeling for Project Management＂, On-line Publication,
2.http://web.mit.edu/jsterman/www/.
附錄一 傳統採購制度系統動力學模式簡化前之電腦方程式
******************************************************
Constructor
******************************************************
Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t) = Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t - dt) +
(Change_in_Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability) * dt INIT Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability = 45 INFLOWS:
Change_in_Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability =
(45*Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability)-Constructor's_Contract_Perf ormance_Ability Acceptance_of_Qualified_Rate =
(Matching_of_Design_Drawing_&_Specification_Requirements*0.5)+(Deta ils_of_Engineering_Participator's_Right_&_Duty*0.5)
Accident_Event_Occurrence_Rate = (1-Site_Safety_Conditions) Bad_Constructor_Awarded_Probability =
1-Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability
Construction_Rework_Occurrence_Rate = (Construction_Uncertainty) Construction_Uncertainty =
(1-Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.6+(1-Accuracy_of_
Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.3+(Field_Supervision_Performance)*0.
1 Engineering_Disputes_Occurrence_Rate =
(1-Details_of_Engineering_Participator's_Right_&_Duty) Improper_Manpower_Dispatching_Occurrence_Rate = (1-Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)
Matching_of_Design_Drawing_&_Specification_Requirements =
(Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.9+(Field_Supervision
Materials_&_Equipment_Shortage_Occurrence_Rate = (1-Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100) Public_Pollution_Occurrence_Rate =
(1-Matching_of_Design_Drawing_&_Specification_Requirements) Site_Safety_Conditions =
(Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.9+(Field_Supervision _Performance)*0.1
Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability =
GRAPH((Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid))
(0.00, 1.00), (0.1, 0.95), (0.2, 0.84), (0.3, 0.665), (0.4, 0.495), (0.5, 0.36), (0.6, 0.26), (0.7, 0.165), (0.8, 0.095), (0.9, 0.04), (1, 0.00)
*************************************************************
*********
Delivery Policy
*************************************************************
*********
Bid_Price_Competition = 1
Completeness_&_Fairness_of_Contract = 0.5
Details_of_Engineering_Participator's_Right_&_Duty = (Completeness_&_Fairness_of_Contract)
Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid = IF Bid_Price_Competition = 0 THEN 0 ELSE
Bid_Price_Competition*(1-Quality_Attention_of_Constructor)
*************************************************************
*********
*************************************************************
*********
Designer's_Competence = 99
Accuracy_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration =
(Designer's_Competence/100)*0.3+(1-Design_Assumptions)*0.1+(Revise_
Flexibility_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.6 Change_Order_Occurrence_Rate =
((1-Accuracy_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.8)+(Changes_of_Own er's_Requirements*0.2)
Design_Assumptions = 0
Revise_Flexibility_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration = 0
*************************************************************
Owner
*************************************************************
Changes_of_Owner's_Requirements = 0
*************************************************************
Quality of Public Construction
*************************************************************
Quality_of_Public_Construction(t) = Quality_of_Public_Construction(t - dt) + (Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construciton) * dt
INIT Quality_of_Public_Construction = 0.5
INFLOWS:
Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construciton =
(Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality/Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_
Change)
Quality_Attention_of_Constructor = Quality_of_Public_Construction+0.2 Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality =
((1-Accident_Event_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Construction_Rework_Oc currence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Materials_&_Equipment_Shortage_Occurrence_
Rate)*0.125+(1-Improper_Manpower_Dispatching_Occurrence_Rate)*0.12 5+(1-Public_Pollution_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(Acceptance_of_Qualified _Rate)*0.125+(1-Engineering_Disputes_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Chan ge_Order_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125)-Quality_of_Public_Construction
*************************************************************
Supervisor
*************************************************************
Supervisor's_Competence = 99
Field_Supervision_Performance = (Supervisor's_Competence/100)
附錄二 統包採購制度系統動力學模式簡化前之電腦方程式
*************************************************************
DB Contractor
*************************************************************
DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t) = DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t - dt) +
(Change_in_DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability) * dt INIT DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability = 5
INFLOWS:
Change_in_DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability =
(70*Good_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability)-DB_Contractor's_Contra ct_Performance_Ability
Acceptance_of_Qualified_Rate =
(Matching_of_Specification*0.5)+(Details_of_Engineering_Participator's_R ight_&_Duty*0.5)
Accident_Event_Occurrence_Rate = (1-Site_Safety_Conditions) Accuracy_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration =
(DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.3+(1-Design_Ass umptions)*0.1+(Revise_Flexibility_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.
6
Bad_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability = 1-Good_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability Change_Order_Occurrence_Rate =
((1-Accuracy_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.8)+(Changes_of_Own er's_Requirements*0.2)
Constrcution_Rework_Occurrence_Rate = (Construction_Uncertainty) Construction_Uncertainty =
(DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.3+(Accuracy_of_
Design_Drawing_&_Illustration)*0.4+(Overlapping_Degree_between_Desi gn_&_Construction)*0.2+(Field_Supervision_Performance)*0.1
DB_Contractor_R&D_Investment = IF
Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price = 1 THEN 15 ELSE (Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price*0.05)*100
Design_Assumptions = IF Completeness_of_Design_Drawing = 1 THEN 0 ELSE (1-Completeness_of_Design_Drawing)
Engineering_Disputes_Occurrence_Rate =
(1-Details_of_Engineering_Participator's_Right_&_Duty) Improper_Manpower_Dispatching_Occurrence_Rate = (1-DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100) Matching_of_Specification =
(DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.9+(Field_Supervis ion_Performance)*0.1
Materals_&_Equipment_Shortage_Occurrence_Rate = (1-DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100) Overlapping_Degree_between_Design_&_Construction = (1-Completeness_of_Design_Drawing)
Public_Pollution_Occurrence_Rate = (1-Matching_of_Specification) Site_Safety_Conditions =
(DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.9+(Field_Supervis ion_Performance)*0.1
(DB_Contractor_Performance_Record*100)+DB_Contractor_R&D_Invest ment
Good_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability =
GRAPH((Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price*0.5)+(Tender_Overall_
Technique_Competence/100)*0.5)
(0.3, 0.3), (0.37, 0.401), (0.44, 0.506), (0.51, 0.605), (0.58, 0.696), (0.65, 0.779), (0.72, 0.843), (0.79, 0.898), (0.86, 0.94), (0.93, 0.975), (1, 1.00) Revise_Flexibility_of_Design_Drawing_&_Illustration =
GRAPH(Completeness_of_Design_Drawing)
(0.00, 1.00), (0.1, 0.98), (0.2, 0.905), (0.3, 0.705), (0.4, 0.36), (0.5, 0.195), (0.6, 0.1), (0.7, 0.06), (0.8, 0.025), (0.9, 0.01), (1, 0.00)
*************************************************************
Delivery Policy
*************************************************************
Bid_Price_Competition = Bid_Price_Weight_of_Contract_Awarding Bid_Price_Weight_of_Contract_Awarding = 0.5
Completeness_&_Fairness_of_Contract = 0.8
Details_of_Engineering_Participator's_Right_&_Duty = (Completeness_&_Fairness_of_Contract)
Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price = (1-Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid)
Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid = IF Bid_Price_Competition = 0 THEN 0 ELSE
Bid_Price_Competition*(1-Quality_Attention_of_DB_Contractor)
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
Changes_of_Owner's_Requirements = 1
*************************************************************
Quality of Public Construction
*************************************************************
Quality_of_Public_Construction(t) = Quality_of_Public_Construction(t - dt) + (Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction) * dt
INIT Quality_of_Public_Construction = 0.5 INFLOWS:
Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction =
(Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality/Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_
Change)
Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_Change = 3
DB_Contractor_Performance_Record = Quality_of_Public_Construction Quality_Attention_of_DB_Contractor =
Quality_of_Public_Construction+0.2 Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality =
((1-Accident_Event_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Public_Pollution_Occurre nce_Rate)*0.125+(Acceptance_of_Qualified_Rate)*0.125+(1-Engineering_
Disputes_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Materals_&_Equipment_Shortage_O ccurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Improper_Manpower_Dispatching_Occurrence_
Rate)*0.125+(1-Change_Order_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125+(1-Constrcution_
Rework_Occurrence_Rate)*0.125)-Quality_of_Public_Construction
*************************************************************
Supervisior
Supervision's_Competence = 1
Field_Supervision_Performance = (Supervision's_Competence/100)
附錄三 傳統採購制度系統動力學模式簡化後之電腦方程式
*************************************************************
Constructor
*************************************************************
Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t) = Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t - dt) +
(Change_in_Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability) * dt INIT Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability = 45
INFLOWS:
Change_in_Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability =
(45*Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability)-Constructor's_Contract_Perf ormance_Ability
Bad_Constructor_Awarded_Probability = 1-Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability Good_Constructor_Awarded_Probability =
GRAPH(Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid)
(0.00, 1.00), (0.1, 0.95), (0.2, 0.84), (0.3, 0.665), (0.4, 0.495), (0.5, 0.36), (0.6, 0.26), (0.7, 0.165), (0.8, 0.095), (0.9, 0.04), (1, 0.00)
*************************************************************
Delivery Policy
*************************************************************
Bid_Price_Competition = 1
Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid =
Bid_Price_Competition*(1-Quality_Attention_of_Constructor)
*************************************************************
Designer
*************************************************************
Designer's_Competence = 50
*************************************************************
Owner
*************************************************************
Owner's_Competence = 50
*************************************************************
Quality of Public Construction
*************************************************************
Quality_of_Public_Construction(t) = Quality_of_Public_Construction(t - dt) + (Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction) * dt
INIT Quality_of_Public_Construction = 0.5 INFLOWS:
Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction =
(Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality/Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_
Change)
Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_Change = 3 Meeting_Established_Requirements =
((Constructor's_Contract_Performance_Ability/100)*0.65+(Owner's_Compe tence/100)*0.1+(Designer's_Competence/100)*0.15+(Supervisor's_Compete nce/100)*0.1)-Quality_of_Public_Construction
Quality_Attention_of_Constructor = Quality_of_Public_Construction+0.2 Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality =
*************************************************************
Supervisor
*************************************************************
Supervisor's_Competence = 50
附錄四 統包採購制度系統動力學模式簡化後之電腦方程式
*************************************************************
DB contractor
*************************************************************
DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t) = DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability(t - dt) +
(Change_in_DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability) * dt INIT DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability = 5
INFLOWS:
Change_in_DB_Contractor's_Contract_Performance_Ability =
(70*Good_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability)-DB_Contractor's_Contra ct_Performance_Ability
Bad_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability = 1-Good_DB_Contractor_Awarded_Probability DB_Contractor_R&D_Investment = IF
Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price = 1 THEN 15 ELSE (Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price*0.05)*100
Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price = (1-Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid) Tender_Overall_Technique_Competence =
(DB_Contractor_Performance_Record*100)+DB_Contractor_R&D_Invest ment
GRAPH((Feasibility_of_DB_Contractor_Bid_Price*0.5)+(Tender_Overall_
Technique_Competence/100)*0.5)
(0. 3, 0.3), (0.37, 0.402), (0.44, 0.506), (0.51, 0.605), (0.58, 0.696), (0.65, 0.779), (0.72, 0.843), (0.79, 0.898), (0.86, 0.94), (0.93, 0.975), (1, 1.00)
*************************************************************
Delivery Policy
*************************************************************
Bid_Price_Competition = Bid_Price_Weight_of_Contract_Awarding Bid_Price_Weight_of_Contract_Awarding = 0
Probability_of_Unreasonably_Low_Bid = IF Bid_Price_Competition = 0 THEN 0 ELSE
Bid_Price_Competition*(1-Quality_Attention_of_DB_Contractor)
*************************************************************
Owner
*************************************************************
Owner's_Competence = 50
*************************************************************
Quality of Public Construction
*************************************************************
Quality_of_Public_Construction(t) = Quality_of_Public_Construction(t - dt) + (Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction) * dt
INIT Quality_of_Public_Construction = 0.5 INFLOWS:
Change_in_Quality_of_Public_Construction =
(Quantity_Change_Per_Unit_of_Quality/Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_
Change)
Average_Delay_Time_of_Quality_Change = 3
DB_Contractor_Performance_Record = Quality_of_Public_Constructio