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引領俄羅斯農業的未來。隨著經濟政策成功，農業政治上也取得相當成果。普欽 廣得農業地區居民的支持，並透過有效之政治手段，致使無論是保守或自由派農 業團體，皆收編於普欽政權下。面對過去所遺留之經濟與政治問題，在普欽的運 籌帷幄下，也看似漸有起色了。
本文主要從事葉爾欽的去集體化改革之研究。透過分析可以發現，一項政策 須包含良好之設計、執行之貫徹，以及克服種種問題之能力，更要配合國家之風 俗民情與歷史背景。葉爾欽改革也就是欠缺以上諸多設想，導致去集體化成效並 未如預期。但筆者也認為，並不能說改革是完全失敗，畢竟許多政策在俄羅斯多 是首創，也是由於葉爾欽開拓，使俄羅斯走出新的道路。普欽接任總統後，加以 調整過去的政策，使俄羅斯依靠大型農場企業成為當今的糧食大國，此實不同於 以往西方以私人農場為主體之結構。2007 年開始，隨著國際石油價格攀升，生 質能源愈趨重要，在各國爭相以農作物來生產燃料之際，國際間的糧食問題也開 始越顯嚴重。當然，全球暖化所帶動的氣候變遷，更是影響未來糧食生產的無形 力量。也因此，種種跡象突顯出農業事務的重要性，本研究也冀望能充實此等方 面之研究，提出了俄羅斯農業相關發展的議題。
第二節 後續研究建議
俄羅斯的農業發展有其相當的特殊性，是個值得研究探討的議題。儘管筆者 已試圖分析農業去集體化的背景、目的、過程與結果；然研究的複雜度也遠超出 筆者學識所能負擔之範圍，致使本文不免有所疏漏與缺憾。其次，本文對於後續 研究試著提出三個面向的建議。
筆者認為，倘若持續選擇專注於去集體化之研究，並與其它後社會主義國
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家，進行個案或是跨國比較，將是一個具有相當關聯性的研究取向。如本文第參 章所談到的土地「歸還」與「分配」，各個國家的改革方式不盡相同，也形成相 異的農場重組過程與結果。俄羅斯選擇了「分配」模式來建立私人農場，結果並 未如期所願。而其它轉型國家的發展情況又是如何，是否選擇如俄羅斯的模式卻 有不同的結果？這將是相當令人感興趣的研究題材。
本文主要探討葉爾欽對於俄羅斯農場結構的改革，觸及到如土地改革、農場 重組、私人農場與農場企業等議題。但實際上，就轉型國家而言，農業轉型議題 的範圍是相當廣闊地，諸如貿易政策、價格政策、農業金融、補助與借貸政策、
農業基礎建設、農村的民主化、農業利益團體，乃至農民技術教育等，都是值得 深入研究之議題。本研究由於必須輔助主論點之需求，文中多有所涉略，但多無 詳細探討。就如文中所分析，無論是建立私人農場，又或更名成農場企業，相關 農業政策不當，生產效率仍是無法提升，普遍農民也不會支持政權與改革。因此，
就上述其餘相關農業議題而言，都是相當值得研究之課題。
此外，不可諱言，本文對於普欽總統執政的改革，在探討程度上是不足的。
觀察普欽的政策，並持續延伸與本研究有關之議題，筆者在此提出對於新農業經 營者的研究方向。由於這些投資者已漸漸主導了俄羅斯農業經濟，在農村地區的 政治上也將會佔有一席之位，是個有必要探討的對象。雖然新農業經營者主要在 21 世紀嶄露頭角，但這些人過去多從事與農業有關之行業，如農業機械的服務 者、食物加工者與糧食貿易者，對於其由來背景、發展過程，以及對近代俄國農 業之影響，都是尚待開發的研究題材。
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Trends and Perspectives (Issue 22); 2000 年俄羅斯經濟：趨勢與前景 (22 期)].
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году: Тенденции и перспективы (Выпуск 29) [Russian Economy in 2007:
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Москва: Институт экономики переходного периода, 2007.
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[Public Opinion Monitor: Economic and Social Changes; 民意調查：經濟與 社會變動]. Москва: ВЦИОМ, Mай-июнь 2003.Российский cтатистический ежегодник 2001 [Statistical Yearbook of Russia 2001;
俄羅斯統計年鑑2001]. Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Cтатистики, 2001.
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俄羅斯統計年鑑2007]. Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Cтатистики, 2007.
（二）期刊論文
Балабанова, Е. С., А. Б. Бедный и А. О. Грудзинский. “Концентрация
cобственности в cельском хозяйстве-путь cтановления эффективного предприятия [Ownership Concentration in Agriculture- Way to Develop Effective Enterprises; 農業部門的所有權集中-成為有效率的農場].”
Социология Села, № 4 (2005), cc. 69-78.
Быстров, Г. Е.. “Земельная реформа в России: правовая теория и практика [Land Reform in Russia: Legal Theory and Practice; 俄羅斯土地改革：法律理論與 實踐].” Государство и Право, № 4 (2000), cc. 46-58.
Кознова, И. Е.. “Аграрные преобразования в памяти Российского крестьянства [Agrarian Reform in the Memory of Russian Peasantry; 俄羅斯農民對農業改 革之記憶].” Социологические Исследования, № 12 (2004), cc. 74-85.
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Public Opinion of Russian Agrarian Reform; 俄羅斯土地改革的民意觀點].”Мир России, № 3 (2000), cc. 96-115.
（三）網路資料
Вайсброт, А. А.. “Эффективность cовременных форм oрганизации cельскохозяйственного производства [The Efficiency of Modern
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Красноярский государственный аграрный университет, http://www.kgau.ru/img/konferenc/76.doc (15 января 2009).
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俄羅斯人口年鑑1996] (Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 1996 ), Таблица 1.8. In East View,
http://www.eastview.com/main/index.aspx (16 декабря 2008).
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俄羅斯人口年鑑1999] (Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 1996), Таблица 1.9, in East View,
http://www.eastview.com/main/index.aspx (16 декабря 2008).
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俄羅斯人口年鑑2000] (Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2000), Таблица 1.3. In East View,
http://www.eastview.com/main/index.aspx (28 июля 2009).
Калугина, З. И.. “Трансформационные процессыв aграрном cекторе России [The Transformation of Agricultural Sector in Russia; 俄羅斯農業部門的轉型].”
Cборник докладов, Общество и Экономика: Социальные Проблемы
Трансформации, http://nesch.ieie.nsc.ru/5KALUG8.html (21 марта 2009).
Коломейцев, Николай. “В России не обеспечена продовольственная
безопасность [Food Security Can’t Be Protected in Russia; 俄羅斯不能保證 糧食安全].” Советская Россия (2009), http://kprfnsk.ru/inform/news/6348/
(22 июля 2009).
Консультант Плюс, Гражданский кодекс РФ от 30.11.1994 [1994 年 3 月 11 日頒布 之民法], Раздел II. право собственности и другие вещные права [第二章、
所有權與其它物權],
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Медушевский, Андрей. “Стратегии решения aграрного вопроса в России [Strategies for Solving the Agrarian Question in Russia; 俄羅斯解決土地問 題之策略].” Отечественные Записки, №1 (2004).
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http://magazines.russ.ru/oz/2004/1/2004_1-1_46.html (16 декабря 2008).
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Федерации [俄羅斯聯邦立法決議]- Конституция Российской Федерации [俄羅斯聯邦憲法], http://www.gov.ru/main/page4.html (15 января 2009).
Родионова, Галина. “Приватизация земли: выжить или преуспеть? [The Privatization of Land: To Survive or to Succeed?; 土地私有化：生存或成 就？].” Отечественные Записки, №1 (2004),
http://magazines.russ.ru/oz/2004/1/2004_1-1_39.html (22 декабря 2008).
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二、英文文獻
（一）書籍
Allina-Pisano, Jessica. “Land Reform and the Social Origins of Private Farmers in Russia and Ukraine.” In Stephen K. Wegren (ed.), Rural Adaptation in Russia.
London: Taylor and Francis, 2005.
Amelina, Maria. “What Turn the Kolkhoz into a Firm? Regional Policies and the Elasticity of Budget Constraint.” In David J. O’Brien and Stephen K. Wegren (eds.), Rural Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002.
Atta, Don Van (ed.). The “Farmer Threat”: The Political Economy of Agrarian
Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.
Atta, Don Van. “Russian Agriculture between Plan and Market.” In Don Van Atta
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(ed.), The “Farmer Threat”: The Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in
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Atta, Don Van. “The Return of Individual Farming in Russia.” In Don Van Atta (ed.),
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Barnes, Andrew. Owning Russia-The Struggle over Factories, Farms, and Power.
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Colton, Timothy J.. Transitional Citizens: Voters and What Influences Them in the
New Russia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Hivon, Myriam. “The Bullied Farmer: Social Pressure as A Survival Strategy.” In Sue Bridger and Frances Pine (eds.), Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies
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Huntington, Samuel. Political Oder in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Lerman, Zvi. “Experience with Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in the Former Soviet Union.” In Johan Swinnen, Allan Buckwell and Erik Mathijs (eds.),
Agricultural Privatization, Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe. Aldershot : Ashgate, 1997.
Lerman, Zvi. “The Impact of Land Reform on the Rural Population.” In David J.
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Liefert, William and Olga Liefert. “The Russian Federation.” In Kym Anderson and Johan Swinnen (eds.), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's
Transition Economies. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2008.
Macey, David A.J.. “Stolypin Is Risen! The Ideology of Agrarian Reform in Contemporary Russia.” In Don Van Atta (ed.), The “Farmer Threat”: The
Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. Boulder, Colo.:
Westview Press, 1993.
McCauley, Martin. The Soviet Union: 1917-1991. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc, 1993.
Miller, Liesl L. Gambold. “Communal Coherence and Barriers to Reform.” In David J.
O’Brien and Stephen K. Wegren (eds.), Rural Reform in Post-Soviet Russia.
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Nelson, Lynn D. and Irina Y. Kuzes. Property to the People: The Struggle for Radical
Economic Reform in Russia. Armonk, New York: M.E. Share, 1994.
Nickoslsky, Sergei. “The Treadmill of Socialist Reforms and the Failures of Post-Communsit ‘Revolution’ in Russian Agriculture: Is There An
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Alternative?.” In Ivan Szelenyi (ed.), Privatizing the Land: Rural Political
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Pockney, B. P.. Soviet Statistics since 1950. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Rabinowicz, Ewa and Johan F. M. Swinnen. “Political Economy of Privatization and Decollectivization of Central and East European Agricultural: Definitions, Issues and Methodology.” In Johan Swinnen (ed.), Political Economy of
Agrarian Reform in Central and Eastern Europe. Aldershot, England: Avebury
Publishers, 1997.Serova, Eugenia. “Russia’s Agro-Food Sector: State of the Art.” In Peter Wehrheim, Klaus Frohberg, Eugenia Serova and Joachim Von Braun (eds.), Russia’s
Agro-food Sector Towards Truly Functioning Markets. Boston: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2000.Szelenyi, Ivan (ed.). Privatizing the Land: Rural Political Economy in
Post-Communist Societies. London: Routledge, 1998.
Wegren, Stephen K. (ed.). Land Reform in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Wegren, Stephen K. and Vladimir R. Belen’kyi. “Change in Land Relations: The Russia Land Market.” In David J. O’Brien and Stephen K. Wegren (eds.),
Rural Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson
Center Press, 2002.Wegren, Stephen K.. “Civil Society in Rural Russia.” In Alfred B. Evans, Laura A.
Henry and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom (eds.), Russian Civil Society: A Critical
Assessment. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
Wegren, Stephen K.. “Conduct and Impact of Reform in Russia.” In Stephen K.
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Wegren, Stephen K.. “Political Institutions and Agrarian Reform in Russia.” In Don Van Atta (ed.), The “Farmer Threat”: The Political Economy of Agrarian
Reform in Post-Soviet Russia. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.
Wegren, Stephen K.. “Putin and Agriculture.” In Dale R. Herspring (ed.), Putin's
Russian: Past Imperfect, Ffuture Uncertain, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield,
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Appel, H.. “Voucher Privatization in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform.” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 49 (1997), pp. 1433-1449.
Bezlepkina, Irina, Arie Oskam, Alfons Oude Lansink and Ruud Huirne.
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Bulter, Stephen B. and Sheila E. O’Leary. “Urban Land Allocation in the Russian Federation.” Post-Soviet Geography, 36, 1 (January 1995), pp. 13-40.
Csaki, Csaba and Zvi Lerman. “Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in East Central Europe and CIS in the 1990s: Expectations and Achievements After the First Five Years.” European Review of Agricultural Economics, 24 (1997), pp.
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（三）出版報告與會議文章
Allina-Pisano, Jessica. “Post-Soviet Bureaucrats and the Production of Institutional Facades.” Paper of the Second Annual Danyliw Research Seminar in
Contemporary Ukrainian Studies (October 2006).
Atta, Don Van. Political Obstacles to Agrarian Reform in Russia. Council Contract Number: 807-06. Washington D.C.: National Council for Soviet and East European Research, 1993.
Black, Bernard S. and Anna S. Tarassova. Institutional Reform in Transition: A Case
Study of Russia. John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper
No. 238. Stanford University: Stanford Law School, August 2002.Brooks, Karen and Zvi Lerman. Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in Russia.
World Bank Discussion Papers: 233. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1994.
Brooks, Karen, Elmira Krylatykh, Zvi Lerman, Aleksandr Petrikov and Vasilii Uzun.
Agriculture Reform in Russia-A View from the Farm Level. World Bank
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Discussion Papers: 327. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1996.
Csaki, Csaba, John Nash, Vera Matusevich and Holger Kray. Food and Agricultural
Policy in Russia-Progress to Date and the Road Forward. World Bank
Technical Paper No. 523. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2002.Hoppe, Robert A., Penni Korb, Erik J. O’Donoghue, and David E. Banker. Structure
and Finances of U.S. Farms: Family Farm Report, 2007. Economic
Information Bulletin No. 24. U.S. Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Service, 2007.
Koester, Ulrich. “Super-large Farms: The Importance of Institutions.” Paper of the 102nd EAAE Seminar (May 2007).
Lerman, Zvi, A Decade of Land Reform and Farm Restructuring: What Russia Can
Learn from the World Experience. Discussion Paper No. 7.01. Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: The Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, 2000.Lerman, Zvi, Csaba Csaki and Gershon Feder. Land Policies and Evolving Farm
Structures in Transition Countries. Policy Research Working Paper Series No.
2794. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2002.
Wegren, Stephen K.. Democratization and Urban Bias in Post-Communist Russia.
Council Contract Number: 814-14g. Washington D.C.: National Council for Soviet and East European Research, 2001.
Wegren, Stephen K.. The Communist Party of Russia: Rural Support and Implications
for the Party System. Council Contract Number: 816-14g. Washington D.C.:
National Council for Soviet and East European Research, 2003.
Wiebe, Keith and Noel Gollehon. Agricultural Resources and Environmental
Indicators, 2006. Economic Information Bulletin No. 16. U.S. Department of
Agriculture: Economic Research Service, 2006.（四）網路資料
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT- Production, http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx (accessed October13, 2009).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT- Trade, http://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx (accessed October13, 2009).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT- Food Balance Sheets, http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/default.aspx#ancor (accessed August 11, 2009).
Leach, Jerry. “The Emergence of Private Farming in Russia.” Problems of
Post-Communism, Vol. 42, Issue 4 (1995). In EBSCOhost,
http://connection.ebscohost.com/content/ (accessed January 15, 2009).
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Lerman, Zvi and Karen Brooks. “Russia's Legal Framework for Land Reform and Farm Restructuring.” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 43, Issue 6 (1996).
In EBSCOhost, http://connection.ebscohost.com/content/ (accessed January 15, 2009).
Statistics Canada, Agricultural- Total farm area, land tenure and land in crops, by province (Census of Agriculture, 1986 to 2006),
http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/agrc25a-eng.htm (accessed July16, 2009).
Wegren, Stephen K. and Vladimir R. Belen’kyi. “The Political Economy of the Russian Land Market.” Problems of Post-Communism, Volume 45, Issue 4, (1998). In EBSCOhost, http://connection.ebscohost.com/content/ (accessed January 15, 2009).
Yanbykh, R. and E. Serova. “Driving Forces in Russian Agrarian Policy in 1990-ties.”
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三、中文文獻
（一）書籍
人民出版社編，馬克斯恩格斯全集
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第二十二卷，北京：人民出版社，1964。人民出版社編，馬克斯恩格斯全集