第二章 國際勞工組織下的核心勞動基準
第三節 核心國際勞動基準
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第三節 核心國際勞動基準
核心國際勞動基準與其他國際勞動基準最大的差異在於核心勞動基準係對 ILO 的所有會員國適用，無論其是否有簽署、批准該公約，且亦不因經濟發展程 度的差異而有不同的，由此可知，核心國際勞動基準相較於其他的國際勞動基準 而言，具有更高的強制力42。一般所稱的核心國際勞動基準係指 ILO 於 1998 年 公布的「工作基本原則及權利宣言」（Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work）中所列出之四大類型的勞工權，分別為「結社自由及團體協商之 尊重」、「廢除強制性或強迫性勞動」、「廢除童工」、「消除就業歧視」。這四大原 則係具體的規範於國際勞工組織 188 項公約中的數項公約，一開始 1998 年公布 的宣言僅涵括 7 項公約，到了 2000 年之後另加入第 182 號公約。自此，宣言中 所列之四大類型的勞動基準的實質內容，分別規範於 8 項公約中43，以下將簡介 4 大類型的內容44：
一、結 社 自 由 及 團 體 協 商 之 尊 重 （ Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining）45
ILO 認知到結社自由及團體協商的權利對於保護勞工權利的重要性，故在 ILO 憲章及費城宣言中皆曾揭櫫此一重要權利，而在其他國際場域，如 1995 年
42 International labour organization, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principlw
43 其中關於第 182 號「最惡劣型態童工公約」（worst forms of child labour convetntion）係在 1999 年國際勞工組織召開第 87 屆國際勞工大會時，將此公約指定為核心國際勞動基準之一，並於 2000 年正式被加入核心國際勞動基準，較其他 7 個公約是較晚被指定為核心國際勞動基準。
44 International labour organization, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, http://www.ilo.org/declaration/lang--en/index.htm (last visited Apr. 7 2015)
45 International labour organization, Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining,
http://www.ilo.org/declaration/principles/freedomofassociation/lang--en/index.htm (last visited Apr. 11 2015)
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在哥本哈根所舉行的社會發展高峰會（World Summit for Social Development）也 提及了此一原則對於推進勞工福利的重要性，ILO 在 1998 年的「工作基本原則 及權利宣言」將 ILO 1948 年 87 號「保護集會自由與結社權公約」（C87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948）及 1949 年 的 98 號「組織權及集體談判權公約」（C98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949）兩公約納入，再次宣示結社自由及團體協商權對於 改善勞工環境及全球勞工市場治理的重要性46。
在 87 號「保護集會自由與結社權公約」中主要保護兩項基本權：（1）勞工 及雇主均應有權組織及參與其選擇的團體 （2） 工會組織及雇主團體一經設置 後，即應享有組織自治（organizational autonomy）權利，而 98 號「組織權及團 體協商權公約」則是對於 87 號公約之相關規定加以補充47，截至 2014 年的統計 數據顯示 87 號公約已有 153 個國家批准48、98 號公約則有 164 個國家批准49。
二、廢除強制性或強迫性勞動（Abolition of forced or compulsory labor）
1998 年的「工作基本原則及權利宣言」中，ILO 將 1930 年的第 29 號「強 迫勞動公約」及 1957 年的第 105 號「廢止強迫勞動公約」納入核心國際勞動基
46 Id.
47 焦興鎧，全球化與核心國際勞動基準之建議（上），法令月刊第 54 卷第 9 期，頁 27-28，民 92
年。
48 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C087 - Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312232 (last visited April. 12, 2015)
49 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C098 - Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312243 (last visited April. 12, 2015).
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50 International labour organization, elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour, http://www.ilo.org/declaration/principles/eliminationofchildlabour/lang--en/index.htm (last visited April. 16, 2015).
51 Forced Labour Convention, Art.2.1: “For the purposes of this Convention the term forced or compulsory labour shall mean all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.”
52 Supra note 47.
53 Forced Labour Convention, Art.2.2: “Nevertheless, for the purposes of this Convention, the term forced or compulsory labour shall not include-- (a) any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;…”.
54 前揭註 44，頁 27。
55 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.
29),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312174 (last visited April. 13 2015).
56 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C105 - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312250 (last visited April. 13 2015).
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三、廢除童工（Effective abolition of child labour）
廢除童工原則由 1973 年的 138 號「有關開始就業最低年齡公約」及 1999
60 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No.
138),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312283 (last visited April. 12, 2015 ).
61 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312327 (last visited April. 12, 2015 ).
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Equal Remuneration Convention）及 1958 年第 111 號「歧視（就業與職業）公約」（Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention）中62。就業歧視可能 來自於不同的成因，如因為性別、宗教、膚色、種族、社會階級等所造成在就業
63 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, Art.1: “1. … discrimination includes--(a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political
opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation;… 2. Any distinction, exclusion or preference in respect of a particular job based on the inherent requirements thereof shall not be deemed to be discrimination…”.
64 Equal Remuneration Convention, Art.1: “For the purpose of this Convention--
(a) the term remuneration includes the ordinary, basic or minimum wage or salary and any additional emoluments whatsoever payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker's employment; (b) the term equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value refers to rates of remuneration established without
discrimination based on sex.”.
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的程序（special procedures）68，本節將分別簡介以下兩種機制進行介紹：第一項 一般監督機制
一般的監督機制(Regular System of Supervision)主要在於藉由搜集各會員國
65 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, Art.1: “1. … discrimination includes--(a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political
opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation;… 2. Any distinction, exclusion or preference in respect of a particular job based on the inherent requirements thereof shall not be deemed to be discrimination…”. ; 焦興鎧，國際勞工組織重要公約及核心勞動基準之研究，國際勞動基準之建 構，頁 90-91，2006 年。
66 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312245 (last visited April. 12, 2015 )
67 International Labour Organization, Ratifications of C111 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111),
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312256 (last visited April. 2015)
68 STEVE HUGHES &NIGEL HAWORTH,THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO): COMING IN FROM THE COLD 27 (2011).