• 沒有找到結果。

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

第六章 預約一個教育最美的樣子

Figure 53.March Lin 拍攝於 2017 ART TAIPEI 國際藝術博覽會,層疊作品氳成特殊景色。

所有事物皆有其表象與隱喻,就連一隻螞蟻也能有牠複雜的英雄旅程,但人 們渴求唯一真相,卻經常不可得,因理性而困頓的心,無法接受混沌曖昧的藝術 性,也導致靈性的失神。研究者探究當代攝影的本質與人們的觀看之道,有相似 的困境,攝影求紀實,但紀實的真相性備受考驗,若不拋擲舊想法,攝影師與攝 影術也將宣告死亡。而就在台灣實驗教育發展二十年正值遍地開花之際,研究者 認為更需要新紀實視野,無論傳統體制或另類教育,任何教育型態都應該得到尊 重與發展,因為我們的孩子也有千百樣,任何形式的統一或凋零,都可能會傷害 到某一個孩子的受教權,總持無分別心的教育,教育才能讓每一個人都感受到自 己最美的樣子。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

靈性生態學述說的是萬物一體的存在美學,本研究期待教育者能以批判教育 學所稱的轉化型知識份子的角色、神經美學家的角色、藝術家與畫布的互為彼 此,在人類生命、生成與生態皆具有限性的個體化歷程中,通過利他的合作美學,

揚起受教育者的「原型認同」但不要令自我膨漲導致自以為神,接引受教育者的 社會歸屬感但不要使其受限於「人格面目」而自以為奴。

大腦的神經性能代表心智嗎?藝術性用草圖能代表嗎?靈性只表現在夢想 裡嗎?敘說流變可以不要精神兩字嗎?基於教育美學研究取徑,本研究從龐大複 雜的神經科學領域中探究神經美學一派,為的就是瞭解大腦如何與內外的心像起 共鳴,所謂心智(mind)就是能夠理解自我與周遭人們處境的能力,心智不能代 表整個大腦神經性網絡,但神經性的反射之中必需有心智地圖。藝術家從草圖到 繪畫實踐的過程中,經常不被理解其中所經歷的曖昧與混沌所具備的正向意義,

就如同受教育者成長過程經歷著各種改變與模擬兩可,教育做為一種等待生成的 藝術,草圖具有生猛的藝術性與教育美學隱喻,提取草圖理論並不是為了指稱藝 術的全體,而是提供教育美學研究一種類比歷程的觀看之道。至於靈性應不會只 表現在夢想裡,但擁抱夢想的人較具有將個人潛意識推動到客體心靈交接的邊緣 地帶,這也就是榮格學派所稱的「心靈內的功能常引發一連串的夢」,這可以讓 個體「有能力去理解他人的複雜性,並瞭解自身內在的其他部份」,在很多藝術 作品與文學作品中都能看到。本研究為教育美學三性研究,馮氏嘗言,教育美學 即在「創造感動、呈現希望與守護夢想」,若流變敘說中沒有精神(指心理狀態 或事物的意義)導入心智地圖、藝術化草圖以及夢想藍圖之中,是否人將如同川 上之夫,僅能喟嘆外在世界變遷,卻遺忘自我存有的意義。

身為一個人最美的樣子,應該充滿力量,充滿光,充滿夢想,而教育成人之 美不該只是一句空想或空談,何謂教育最美的樣子?研究者認為是:讓人能夠感 受成長之美、苦痛之美、孤獨之美、命運之美,以及利他之美。

導論中研究者曾提問:「當代的教育有被多數人當成一項藝術來實踐嗎?我 們的教育有美嗎?教育如何成人之美?我們又如何觀看教育之美?」

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

後現代教育美學,在新紀實視野裡,通過神經性、藝術性與靈性的共鳴,就 是希望尋回一個人最美的樣子,希望教育讓人有力量、有光芒、有夢想。本研究 並非不求紀實與真實,而是希望以一種新紀實的視野去接納更多真實來參與演 化。新紀實,以善變、善於等待、善用隻眼、善解的多元目光,做為一種觀看之 道的演化,換句話說,就是以多元真實化解僵局,以等待意義現身引入更多意義,

以無分別心對待眼前人事物,如是作皆是為了達到人與萬物生態之多相多元多義 的精神真實。

若我們能從教育美學三性再往靈性生態學推進,訴求我們的島嶼教育美學,

更加關注這個土地上的每一個孩子、每一位教師、每一種文化,那麼這就是本研 究目前未能達到的限制,也是未來教育美學三性可以繼續探討的方向。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

「一旦我們的目光觸及這些筆觸,就會被深深地吸引:裂變、冰片、碎片、無為、

破壞、災變、脆弱、薄片,一次次疊加,形成一個獨特的疊筆,擠壓中形成苔影 或影痕般的靈暈厚度,在這些影痕中:風光水氣全瀰漫其間,恍惚的影子,帶著 迷影或幻影,迷離或出離,迷惑中尋找,還有著迷茫或蒼茫的隱痛。」──劉國 夫畫展〈影痕的靈暈〉2017 ART TAIPEI 專刊

Figure 54.March Lin 攝 2017 ART TAIPEI 劉國夫畫作專刊

後記:在 2017 國際藝術博覽會拍攝本研究作品時,研究者被劉國夫充滿迷 離氣息的畫作吸引,駐足良久後忍不住向所屬藝廊經理詢問是否可以購買畫家專 刊,意想不到我指著那接待桌上唯一本厚重的精美畫冊的同時,藝廊經理直接說 送給我,我知道這類畫冊通常要價數千元,何況他們從香港來帶的本數應該有 限,但對方懇切相贈,我就歡天喜地抱著這貴重的心意離開。那時研究者的神經 性、藝術性與靈性都受到震顫,對於劉國夫,邂逅、投契與參化,瞬間成永恆。

Psychological review, 96(4), 703.

Austin, J. H. (2001). The Brain and Zen. In Contemporary Neuropsychiatry (pp.

94-97). Springer.

Boix Mansilla, V. (2006). Interdisciplinary work at the frontier: An empirical examination of expert interdisciplinary epistemologies. Issues in integrative

Studies, 24(1), 1-31.

Bosworth, P. (1984). Diane Arbus: a biography. WW Norton & Company.

Bruer, J. T. (1997). Education and the brain: A bridge too far. Educational researcher,

26(8), 4-16.

Calvocoressi, R., & Hammer, M. (2005). Francis Bacon. Portraits and Heads. In:

Ausst. Kat. Edinburgh, National Gallery of Modern Art), Edinburgh.

Cambiaghi, M., & Sacchetti, B. (2015). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). Journal

of neurology, 262(6), 1599.

Cambray, J. (2009). Synchronicity: Nature and psyche in an interconnected universe (Vol. 15): Texas A&M University Press.

Carew, T. J., & Magsamen, S. H. (2010). Neuroscience and education: An ideal partnership for producing evidence-based solutions to guide 21 st century learning. Neuron, 67(5), 685-688.

Chakravarty, A. (2010). Mona Lisa’s smile: A hypothesis based on a new principle of art neuroscience. Medical hypotheses, 75(1), 69-72.

CHRISTIE'S. (2014). FRANCIS BACON THREE STUDIES FOR A PORTRAIT OF JOHN EDWARDS. CHRISTIE'S, 3.

Croft, J. (2011). The challenges of interdisciplinary epistemology in neuroaesthetics.

Mind, Brain, and Education, 5(1), 5-11.

Curry, N. A., & Kasser, T. (2005). Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy,

22(2), 81-85.

Datla, A. M. (2012). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Andhra Pradesh Journal of Med, 13(2), 125.

Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., . . . Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic medicine, 65(4), 564-570.

Diener, C. I., & Dweck, C. S. (1980). An analysis of learned helplessness: II. The processing of success. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(5), 940.

Dweck, C. (2017). Mindset: changing the way you think to fulfil your potential:

Hachette UK.

Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 31(4), 674.

Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American

psychologist, 41(10), 1040.

Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and

development: Psychology Press.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success: Random House Incorporated.

Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C.-y., & Hong, Y.-y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A word from two perspectives. Psychological inquiry,

6(4), 267-285.

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological review, 95(2), 256.

Elliot, A. J., Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2017). Handbook of Competence and

Motivation: Theory and Application: Guilford Publications.

Fincher, S. F., & Johnson, R. A. (1991). Creating mandalas: For insight, healing, and

self-expression. Shambhala Boston, MA.

Fischer, K. W. (2009). Mind, brain, and education: building a scientific groundwork for learning and teaching1. Mind, Brain, and Education, 3(1), 3-16.

Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of freedom: Ethics, democracy, and civic courage.

Rowman & Littlefield.

Gardner, H. (2011). Truth, beauty, and goodness reframed: Educating for the virtues

in the age of truthiness and twitter. Basic Books.

Given, B. K. (2002). Teaching to the brain's natural learning systems. ASCD.

Gur-Ze’ev, I. (2002). Building a Critical Theory facing Post-modern Education.

Journal of philosophy of education, 36(3), 391-408.

Hall, J. A. (1983). Jungian dream interpretation: A handbook of theory and practice (Vol. 13). Inner City Books.

Heinrich, H., Gevensleben, H., & Strehl, U. (2007). Annotation: Neurofeedback–train your brain to train behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,

48(1), 3-16.

Heller, R. (2005). Becoming an artist-ethnographer. Visualizing Anthropology, 133.

Henderson, P., Rosen, D., & Mascaro, N. (2007). Empirical study on the healing nature of mandalas. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(3), 148.

Hopcke, R. H. (2013). A guided tour of the collected works of CG Jung. Shambhala Publications.

Hyman, J. (2010). Art and neuroscience. Paper presented at the Beyond mimesis and convention.

Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Damasio, A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and

Education, 1(1), 3-10.

Job, V., Dweck, C. S., & Walton, G. M. (2010). Ego depletion—Is it all in your head?

Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation. Psychological science,

21(11), 1686-1693.

Joyce, J. (1916). A portrait ofthe artist as a young man. New York: BW Huebsch.

Jung, C. (1959). Mandala Symbolism from The Archetypes and the Collective

Unconscious in The Collected Works of CG Jung, ed. William McGuire et al.

trans. RFC Hull, Bollingen Series XX (Princeton, NJ: : Princeton University Press, 1954-79) Vol. 9/1 par. 717.

Jung, C. (1973). Mandala symbolism (3rd printing)(RFC Hull, Trans.). Bollingen

Series. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Jung, C. (2009). The red book: Liber novus (S. Shamdasani, Ed.)(M. Kyburz, J. Peck,

Kabat-Zinn, J., & Davidson, R. (2011). The mind's own physician.

Knill, P., Barba, H., & Fuchs, M. (1996). Minstrels of Soul: Intermodal Expressive Therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 3(23), 275-276.

Kontsevich, L. L., & Tyler, C. W. (2004). What makes Mona Lisa smile? Vision

research, 44(13), 1493-1498.

Kozloff, M. (2017). Arbus / Friedlander / Winogrand : New Documents, 1967. New York: Museum of Modern Art.

Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., & Pearl, D. K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential) the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain, 106(3), 623-642.

Livingstone, M. S. (2000). Is it warm? Is it real? Or just low spatial frequency?

Science, 290(5495), 1299-1299.

Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004).

Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the

United States of America, 101(46), 16369-16373.

Mansilla, V. B. (2006). Assessing expert interdisciplinary work at the frontier: an empirical exploration. Research Evaluation, 15(1), 17-29.

Mansilla, V. B., Feller, I., & Gardner, H. (2006). Quality assessment in interdisciplinary research and education. Research Evaluation, 15(1), 69-74.

Martusewicz, R. A. (2001). Seeking passage: Post-structuralism, pedagogy, ethics:

Teachers College Press.

McGonigal, K. (2011). The willpower instinct: How self-control works, why it matters,

and what you can do to get more of it. Penguin.

McLaren, P. (1998). Revolutionary pedagogy in post‐revolutionary times: Rethinking the political economy of critical education. Educational theory, 48(4), 431-462.

Mead, M. (1975). Children's play style: potentialities and limitations of its use as a cultural indicator. Anthropological Quarterly, 48(3), 157-181.

Neruda, P. (2001). Libro de las preguntas: Copper Canyon Press.

Newberg, A., & Waldman, M. R. (2009). How God changes your brain. New York:

Ballantine.

Unwell Brain: WW Norton & Company.

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological

Activity of the Cerebral Cortex (translated by G. V. Anrep). London: Oxford

University Press.

Plaza, S. M. (2012). Truth, Beauty, and Goodness Reframed. Educating for the Virtues in the Twenty-First Century. International Journal of Educational Psychology:

IJEP, 1(1), 70-72.

Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning:

Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement.

Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory, 2, 64-99.

Schiller, F. (1902). Aesthetical and philosophical essays (Vol. 8). PF Collier.

Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind (Vol. 296). New York: Guilford Press Siegel, D. J. (2008). The mindful brain: The neurobiology of well-being: Sounds True.

Siegel, D. J. (2015). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to

shape who we are: Guilford Publications.

Soon, C. S., Brass, M., Heinze, H.-J., & Haynes, J.-D. (2008). Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain. Nature neuroscience, 11(5), 543-545.

Soon, C. S., He, A. H., Bode, S., & Haynes, J.-D. (2013). Predicting free choices for abstract intentions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 6217-6222.

Stein, M. (1983). In midlife: A Jungian perspective. Spring Pubns.

Stein, M. (2004). Transformation: Emergence of the self: Texas A&M University Press.

Stein, M. (2006). The principle of individuation: Toward the development of human

consciousness. Chiron Publications.

Steiner, R. (1927). Truth, beauty and goodness. Anthroposophic Publishing Company.

Steiner, R. (1982). Balance in teaching: Four lectures to teachers Stuttgart,

September 16-22, 1920: Mercury Press.

Steiner, R. (1995). Intuitive thinking as a spiritual path: A philosophy of freedom:

SteinerBooks.

University of Chicago Research Press

Suits, B. (2014). The Grasshopper-: Games, Life and Utopia: Broadview Press.

Szarkowski, J. (2007). The photographer's eye: Museum of modern art.

TATE. (2017). Art & artists:Francis Bacon.

Tibaldi, M. (2011). Pratica dell'Immaginazione Attiva: Dialogare con l'inconscio e

vivere meglio: La lepre.

Wölflin, H. (1950). Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of

Style in Later Art: Dover.

Wink, J. (2005). Critical pedagogy: Notes from the real world: Pearson/Allyn &

Bacon New York, NY.

Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational

Psychologist, 47(4), 302-314.

Zaidel, D. W. (2010). Art and brain: insights from neuropsychology, biology and evolution. Journal of Anatomy, 216(2), 177-183.

Zeki, S. (2001). Artistic creativity and the brain. Science, 293(5527), 51-52.

Zeki, S. (2002). Neural Concept Formation & Art Dante, Michelangelo, Wagner Something, and indeed the ultimate thing, must be left over for the mind to do.

Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9(3), 53-76.

Zeki, S., & Nash, J. (1999). Inner vision: An exploration of art and the brain (Vol.

415): Oxford University Press Oxford.

Zeki, S., Watson, J., Lueck, C., Friston, K. J., Kennard, C., & Frackowiak, R. (1991).

A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex.

Journal of neuroscience, 11(3), 641-649.

Zeki, S., Watson, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. (1993). Going beyond the information given: the relation of illusory visual motion to brain activity. Proceedings of

the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 252(1335), 215-222.

王至元、陳華中(譯)(1887)。藝術原理(原作者:Robin George, Collingwood)。

臺北市:五洲出版社。

王詠琳、陳慧盈、黃培宜(2012)。浮於世:法蘭西斯.培根特展(附光碟)。高 雄:高雄市立美術館。

王燕飛、韓書妍(譯)(2016)。更大的訊息:與大衛.霍克尼跨世紀的藝術對話

(原作者:Martin Gayford)。臺北市:積木文化股份有限公司。(原著出 版年:2016)。

王豐彬(譯)(2004)。人際關係與大腦的奧秘(原作者:Siegel, Daniel J.) 。 臺北市:洪葉文化事業有限公司。(原著出版年:1999)。

石世明(譯)(2012)。禪修的療癒力量: 達賴喇嘛與西方科學大師的對話(原作 者:Kabat-Zinn, J., Davidson, R. J.,& Houshmand, Z.)。臺中市:晨星。

(原著出版年:2011)。

石朝穎(2006)。藝術哲學與美學的詮釋問題。新北市:人本自然。

任悅(2015a)。1416 攝影辭典。中國北京:中國攝影出版社。

朱元鴻(2003)。巴什拉的科學戰爭,或兩個文化的法國例外。「邏輯、方法論與 科學哲學學術研討會」發表之論文, 臺北市。

朱元鴻(2003)。巴什拉的科學戰爭,或兩個文化的法國例外。「邏輯、方法論與 科學哲學學術研討會」發表之論文, 臺北市。