第四章 孟加拉、馬來西亞、泰國及印尼之羅興亞難民政策
第二節 馬來西亞：羅興亞難民心中理想的庇護國
Bazar 的「特克納夫保護區」(Teknaf Game Reserve)計畫，33更在 2017 年 2 月宣布將居住在該保護區內的羅興亞難民遷徙到孟加拉灣的 Thengar Char
33 Mohammed Salim Uddin and Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan, “Comparing the Impacts of Local People and Rohingya Refugees on Teknaf Game Reserve,” in Jefferson Fox, Bryan R.
Bushley, Sugato Dutt and Shimona A.Quazi (eds.), 2007, Making Conservation Work: Linking Rural Livelihoods and Protected Areas in Bangladesh, Honolulu:,Ease-West Center and Nishorgo Program of the Bangladesh Forest Department, pp. 149-75.
34 Shaikh Azizur Rahman and Agencies, 2 February 2017, “Plan to Move Rohingya to Remote Island Prompts Fears on Human Catastrophe,” The Guardian，檢索日期：2017 年 2 月 10 日。
35 Aman Ullah, 23 February 2017, “Bangladesh Policy on Rohingya Refugees,”
http://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/23/bangladesh-policy-on-rohingya-refugees/，檢索日 期：2017 年 2 月 28 日。
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36 “Malaysia Position on Refugees stem Economic Migrants,” The Irrawaddy, 9 March 2007，
檢索日期：2017 年 2 月 11 日。
37 “Living in Limbo : Burmese Rohingyas in Malaysia,” Human Rights Watch, August 2000, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/malaysia/maybr008-01.htm#P359_74637，檢索日期：
2017 年 2 月 11 日。
38 “Trapped in a Circle of Flight: Stateless Rohingya in Malaysia,” Equal Rights Trust, January 2010. p.6.
39 “Undocumented Migrants and Refugees in Malaysia: Raids, Detention and Discrimination,”
Suara Rakyat Malaysia( SUARAM ), March 2008. pp.11-12; Amarjit Kaur, 2007, “Refugees and Refugee Policy in Malaysia,” UNEAC Asia Papers No.18:77-90.
40 IMM13 是依據馬來西亞 1963 年移民法第 11 條規定簽發(Regulation 11 of the Immigration Regulation 1963)，屬一年效期的社交簽證(social visit)，持有 IMM 13 簽證者可合法工 作、居留及就學，須每年更新。“Immigration by Passed State Govt in Issuing the IMM13,”
Daily Express, 6 December 2014; “IMM13 Documents Not Issued to Illegal Immigrants, Says Nazri” Free Malaysia Today, 10 October 2011,
http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2011/10/10/imm13-documents-not-issued-‧
政部長 Datuk Seri Hisham-muddin Tun Hussein 曾在 2010 年 2 月提議發給經 聯合國難民署登記難民可合法居留馬來西亞，但無工作權的身分證件，然而to-illegal-immigrants-says-nazri/ ，檢索日期：2017 年 2 月 10 日。
41 “Suaram Concerned over issuance of IMM 13 for Rohingyas in Malaysia,” Kaladan News, 1 September 2006,
http://kaladanpress.org/index.php/news/26-news-2006/september-2006/113-suaram-concerned -over-issuance-of-imm-13-for-rohingyas-in-malaysia.html,，檢索日期：2017 年 2 月 10 日。
42 Chris Lewa, June 2008, “Asia’s New Boat People,” Forced Migration Review 30:40-2.
43 依據馬來西亞移民法 Immigration Act of 1959/1963 Section 6(3)規定，違反入境規定者將 處一萬馬幣罰鍰，有期徒刑五年及鞭刑。另為強化警察及移民機關執法依據，馬來西亞 政府分別於 1997 年及 2002 年修改移民法，並加派執法人員於公共場所盤查及搜捕未持 有效證件的非法入境者。Amarjit Kaur, 2007, pp.81-2.
44 “Malaysia May Allow Burmese Muslim to Work,” The Sail, 24 February 2010,
https://thesail.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/malaysia-may-allow-burmese-refugees-to-work/，
檢索日期：2017 年 2 月 10 日。
45 Şenay Özden, 2013, ”Syrian Refugees in Turkey,” MPC Research Report 2013/05, pp.5-6.
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46 “Rohingyas in Malaysia: the Long Wait- Malaysia’s Rohingya Get Little Help from the Government, ” The Economist, 15 June 2015.
47 Stuart Grudgings, “ Exclusive: Trafficking Abuse of Myanmar Rohingya Spreads to Malaysia, ” Reuters, 5 Mar 2014; Felcon Rebecca,16 March 2014, “Human Trafficking Exposed in Malaysia,” https://borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-exposed-malaysia/，檢索 日期：2017 年 2 月 10 日。
48 Manuel Mogato, “Malaysia Urges Burma to Stem Anti-Muslim Violence,” The Irrawaddy, 1 July 2013.
49 Joe Cochrane, 20 May 2015, “Indonesia and Malaysia Agree to Care for Stranded Migrants,”
The New York Times.
50 Beh Lih Yi, 30 August 2016, “Trapped Legally in Malaysia, Rohingya Migrants in Limbo,”
The Wire,
https://thewire.in/62659/trapped-as-illegal-migrants-in-malaysia-rohingya-in-limbo/，檢索日
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(compassion fatigue)，52 龐大的難民人數更影響泰國的難民政策。然自 1970 年代起，泰國前總理 Prem Tinsulanonda 公開表示不願接納滯留泰緬邊境的 羅興亞難民，並將就非法入境的羅興亞難民進行逮捕及驅逐，自由之家 (Freedom House)曾公開譴責驅離羅興亞難民的行徑違反人道精神；53 而相 對於泰緬邊境收容數十萬名躲避戰火的緬甸卡倫及卡倫尼難民，羅興亞人容 留難民營人數十分稀少。與受緬甸軍政府迫害的「緬甸民主陣線聯盟」
(Myanmar’s National League for Democracy, MNLD)相比較，泰國政府視「緬 甸民主陣線聯盟」(MNLD )具「學生」身分並同意聯合國難民署進行難民登 記，羅興亞難民卻被泰國政府視為「暫時失所者」，且不允許聯合國難民署
期：2017 年 2 月 11 日。
51 Melissa Goh, 2 February 2017, “Rohingya Refugees to Be Allowed to Work in Malaysia from March,” Channel News Asia.
52 Roger J. LeMaster and Barnaby Zall, 1983 “Compassion Faigue: The Expansion of Refugee Admissions to the United States,” Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 6(2): 449.
53 “Freedom in the World 2010-Thailan,” Freedom House, 1 June 2010 ,
http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=printdoc&docid=4c1a1e9a2d，檢索 日期：2017 年 2 月 11 日。