• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 AIFTA 的制度性發展及其評估

第三節 後 FTA 時期之發展

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40%,並且,AIFTA 的 CTC 規範以六位數的目次轉換為門檻,東協與日、韓、

澳紐協定皆要求四位數的節次(Heading)轉換。24

三、其他貨品貿易整合規範

除了關稅貿易障礙的減免、原產地規則之外,AIFTA 貨品貿易協定也對防 衛措施的使用、關務程序的實施進行規範。在防衛措施方面,為防止協定生效後,

進口驟增對締約國國內產業造成嚴重損害,AIFTA 貨品貿易協定設有防衛措施 條款。其賦予締約國在貨品自由化之過渡期,在特定情況下,採取防衛措施的權 利。25在關務方面,有鑑於關務程序對促進及其便捷化之重要作用,締約國在與 關務有關之條款中,同意盡力以可預測、一致、透明的方式實施其關務程序。除 了關務資訊的透明化,締約國亦應盡力簡化關務程序,並使其符合國際標準的規 範。26

第三節 後 FTA 時期之發展

有別於傳統的 FTA,AIFTA 是一全面性的經濟合作協定。除了貨品貿易的 自由化,AIFTA 架構協定,也表列出若干具有合作潛力的領域。例如,服務業 貿易與投資,非關稅措施、關務合作、科學與技術、交通與基礎建設、人力資源 發展、私部門聯繫以及人民交流等。這些經濟領域的合作,也都在 AIFTA 架構 協定、貨品貿易協定簽署後,有所進展。其中,服務業貿易暨投資談判,已成為 時下經濟合作倡議,不可或缺的一部分,而基礎建設發展、科學技術合作則是東 協─印度經貿關係中具有高度潛力的領域;因此,以下將就上述三領域雙邊合作        

24 Rules of Origins for AIFTA;史惠慈等,《東協對外洽簽 FTA 之策略及對我國在東協市場之影 響》,頁49。

25所謂過渡期指,始於協定生效之日,止於貨品關稅減讓完成後五年內,其實施期間最多可長達

四年。其可採取之措施包括,暫停更進一步產品關稅減讓,或在不超過最惠國稅率的範圍內,增

加該產品的稅率等。關於AIFTA 防衛措施之規定,請參照,AIFTA 貨品貿易協定第十章,防衛

措施。Article 10 of 2009 ASEAN-India Agreement on Trade in Good.

26關於AIFTA 關務程序之規定,請參照,AIFTA 貨品貿易協定第十四章,關務措施。Article 14 of 2009 ASEAN-India Agreement on Trade in Good.

27 Dilasha Seth, “India-ASEAN Falters Just Before Finalization over Services Pact,” Economic Times, 19 Jul. 2013, at <http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-19/news/40681419_1_10-m ember-asean-asean-countries-indian-professionals > (accessed on 2014/01/15); Puja Mehra, “Cabinet Nod for FTA IN Trade and Services with ASEAN,” The Hindu, 20 Dec. 2013. at < http://www.thehindu.

com/news/national/cabinet-nod-for-fta-in-trade-and-services-with-asean/article5480191.ece> (accessed on 2014/01/15)

28 Laalitha Hunt, “India Keen to Enter ASEAN Services Sector,” The Star, 9 Sept. 2009, at < http//

ww.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2009%2f9%2f12%2fbusiness%2f4693049&sec=business>

(accessed on 2014/01/15)

29 Debashis Chakraborty, Pritam Banerjee and Dipankar Sengupta, “The Trajectory of the Indo-ASEAN Trade: FTA and Beyond,” p. 159.

30 Laalitha Hunt, “India Keen to Enter ASEAN Services Sector.”

31 Novan Iman Santosa, ”Service Sector Hurdles may Block Expanding ASEAN-India FTA,” The Jakarta Post, 21 Nov. 2012. at < http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/21/service-sector- hurdles-may-block-expanding-asean-india-fta.html> (accessed on 2014/01/15)

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在東協方面,總的來說,東協由於中產階級人口快速成長,對於醫療、金融 等專業服務的需求快速上升,成為相當有潛力的服務業市場。尤其,新、馬正處 於轉型為知識經濟體的重要階段,具有發達知識外包服務、相似企業文化以及豐 沛英語人才的印度,與其形成相當大程度的互補性。32然而,由於各國經濟發展、

服務業部門發展的情況不一,因此在對印度的談判上,立場並不一致。就開放模 式而言,部分東協國家反對模式一、四貿易的自由化。與印度同樣擁有豐沛英語 人才的菲律賓,對於開放後,必須與印度競爭商業外包服務市場,感到憂慮。菲、

泰、越、尼也擔心自然人移動的開放將衝擊其國內勞動市場。33就產業部門而言,

新、馬、泰等較先進經濟體,希望爭取保險、銀行等金融服務的開放;而泰、菲、

越則對印度在醫療保健、電信、資訊科技等產業的人力資源優勢,充滿疑慮。就 投資而言,東協主張應兼顧投資的便捷化、促進、保護與自由化,然而,印度對 此有所保留,主張應將重心放在投資的便捷化與促進上。34

2009 年東協、印度展開服務業貿易暨投資協定談判,雙方確立以要求與回 應(request-offer)為主要的談判模式,並分別以正面表列、負面表列的方式來規範 服務業貿易、投資的自由化承諾。35首次爭議便由此而生。東協認為,東協十國 應對印度的要求進行獨立回應(separate offer),但印度給予東協的回應應是統一 的(composite offer)。然而,印度則希望對於東協十國進行獨立的回應,否則印度 的議價能力將有所減損,難以從較先進之東協國家處,爭取較好的回應。36

       

32 Debashis Chakraborty and Dipankar Sengupta, “Integration Experience and Trade Performance of the Indo-ASEAN FTA.”

33 Debashis Chakraborty, Pritam Banerjee and Dipankar Sengupta, “The Trajectory of the Indo-ASEAN Trade,” pp. 160-161.

34 Novan Iman Santosa, ”Service Sector Hurdles may Block Expanding ASEAN-India FTA.”

35 Amiti Sen, “India Seeks Demand List From ASEAN Nations,” Economic Times, 14 Dec. 2009. at <

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/news/27665067_1_asean-member-countries-services-and-investments-chartered-accountancy-and-medicine> (accessed on 2014/01/15)

36 Amiti Sen, “Goods Pact in Hand, ASEAN Goes Slow on Services Deal,” Economic Times, 21 Apr.

2010, at < http://www.bilaterals.org/?goods-pact-in-hand-asean-goes-slow&lang=en > (accessed on 2014/01/15); Debashis Chakraborty, Pritam Banerjee and Dipankar Sengupta, “The Trajectory of the Indo-ASEAN Trade,” pp. 159-160.

(Independent Professional Services, IPS) 、 履 約 服 務 人 士 (Contractual Service Suppliers, CSS)的開放,均應對專業能力、數目進行規範與限制。38

在東協十國中,尼、泰、越、菲等國皆對東協─印度服務業貿易的開放有所

38 Amiti Sen, “Goods Pact in Hand, ASEAN Goes Slow on Services Deal,” ; Devjyot Ghoshal,

“Services Sector Deal with ASEAN Stuck,” Business Standard, 17 Nov. 2011. at < http://

www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/services-sector-deal-with-asean-bloc-stuck-111111 700018_1.html >(accessed on 2014/01/16)

39 “Fear of Indian Pros Holding up Services Deal: Malaysia,” Economic Times, 3 Mar. 2011, at < http:

//articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-03/news/28650660_1_services-and-investment-agree ment-india-asean-10-nation-bloc > (accessed on 2014/01/16); Amiti Sen, “Philippines Refuse to Open up its Services Market to Indian Professionals,” Economic Times, 17 Aug. 2011, at < http://articles.ec onomictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/news/29896687_1_asean-members-asean-countries-asean-ec onomic-ministers-india-consultations> (accessed on 2014/01/17) ; Debashis Chakraborty, Pritam Banerjee and Dipankar Sengupta, “The Trajectory of the Indo-ASEAN Trade,” pp. 160-161.

40 Nayanima Basu, “Sharma to Push ASEAN on Services Deal this Week,” Business Standard, 10 Aug.

2011, at < http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sharma-to-push-asean-on-servic es-deal-this-week-111081000044_1.html > (accessed on 2014/01/17); Debashis Chakraborty, Pritam Banerjee and Dipankar Sengupta, “The Trajectory of the Indo-ASEAN Trade,” pp. 160-161.

41 Nayanima Basu, “Sharma to Push ASEAN on Services Deal this Week.”

42 “India-ASEAN Services Deal Hits Roadblock,” Business Standard, 15 Dec. 2010, at < http://www.

business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-asean-services-deal-hits-roadblock-110121500103 _1.html> (accessed on 2014/01/17)

43 “India Pushing for Services Pacts with Individual ASEAN Members,” MINT, 3 Jan. 3 2011 at

<India Pushing for Services Pacts with Individual ASEAN Members> (accessed on 2014/01/17);

Nayanima Basu, “Sharma to Push ASEAN on Services Deal this Week.”

44 Liou, “India’s Approach to Asian Economic Integration,” p. 167.

45 Linda Yulisman, “ASEAN, India Conclude FTA Talks on Services, Investment,” Jakarta Post, 20 Dec. 2012, at < http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/12/20/asean-india-conclude-fta-talks- services-investment.html > (accessed on 2014/01/17)

46 “India-ASEAN Trade Pact on Services by Year-end,” Business Standard, 7 Oct. 2013, at

<http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-asean-trade-pact-on-services-by-year-end-1 13100700697_1.html> (accessed on 2014/01/17); Puja Mehra, “Cabinet Nod for FTA IN Trade and Services with ASEAN.”

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雖然 AIFTA 的服務業貿易暨投資談判,最後在中國大陸─東協關係的連動影 響完成談判,並未破局,然而印度未來的 FTA 談判策略卻因為這次艱難的談判 經驗產生巨大改變,為避免重蹈 AIFTA 服務業貿易濟投資談判之覆轍,印度已 宣布,未來之 FTA 談判採取全無或全有(everything or nothing)的一次到位的模 式,而不再使用循序漸進的模式。47

貳、其他經濟合作 一、基礎建設發展合作

印度境內的交通、能源基礎設施的發展相當落後,而東協地區企業則在營造 建設領域具有豐沛的資金、技術與經驗,雙方在基礎建設發展合作上,具有強烈 互補性。舉例而言,馬國營造相關企業便看準印度基礎建設市場,積極與印度發 展合夥關係,企圖以此確保在印度基礎建設市場中的佔有率。48對印度而言,這 有助其取得發展基礎建設所需的資金、技術和經驗,對馬國而言,將可望保全其 企業在印度境內基礎建設計畫的占有率,不受激烈國際競爭衝擊。

除了印度境內的基礎建設以外,印度也與東協合作進行跨區域的基礎建設計 畫,其中包括,公路、鐵路、港口等。目前最重要的計畫是,連接Tamu、Kalemyo 和Kalewa 三大城市、總長 160 公里的印緬友誼公路。在 Kaladan 複合運輸計畫 (Multimodal Transit Transport Project)下,印度參與了緬甸 Sittwe 港口設施的升級 工程。2005 年,在湄公恆河合作計畫下,印度與其東協夥伴討論建立連接印度 Moreh、緬甸 Bagan、泰國 Maw Sot,總長 1360 公里的三邊高速公路。其他由東 協、印度協力進行的基礎建設計畫,包括,緬甸的Rhi-Tidim、Rhi-Falam 路段,

緬甸南端 Dawei 深水港,Dawei-Kachanaburi 道路,Tamu-Kalay-Segyi 鐵路,

       

47 Liou, “India’s Approach to Asian Economic Integration,” pp. 170-171.

48 Mohamed Ariff, Lim Chze Cheen, “ASEAN-India FTA: Issues and Prospects,” in Nagesh Kumar, Rahul Sen, Mukul G Asher eds., India-ASEAN Economic Relations: Meeting the Challenges of Globalization(Singapore: ISEAS, 2006), p.79.

Segyi-Chungu-Myohaung 鐵路等。在討論中的計畫則包括,Yagoon 至 Mandalay 貨車聯繫,印度出資連接Moreh 至 Madalay 的光纖管線。49

49 Debashis Chakraborty and Dipankar Sengupta, “Integration Experience and Trade Performance of the Indo-ASEAN FTA,” pp. 230-231.

50 “ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity,” ASEAN Official Website, 30 Nov.

2004, at < http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-india-partnership-for-peace-progress-and-shared -prosperity-2> (accessed on 2014/01/17); “Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity,” ASEAN Official Website, 30 Nov. 2004, at < http://www.asean.org/news/

item/plan-of-action-to-implement-the-asean-india-partnership-for-peace-progress-and-shared-prosperit y-2010-2015 > (accessed on 2014/01/17)

51 “ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations,” ASEAN Website at < http://www.asean.org/news

/item/asean-india-dialogue-relations > (accessed on 2014/01/17); “ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity”; “Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity” ; “Executive Report on the Progress in the Implementation of the Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity,”

Ministry of External Affairs, India, 10 Oct. 2013, at < http://fsi.mea.gov.in/bilateral-document

s.htm?dtl/22312/Executive+report+on+the+progress+in+the+implementation+of+the+plan+of+action+

to+implement+the+ASEANIndia+partnership+for+peace+progress+and+shared+prosperity >

(accessed on 2014/01/17)

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也在架構協定簽署後有所長足。