第五章 結論
第三節 未來研究方向的建議
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
會鴻溝變得更為分裂。但經過了中程階段至今，台灣社會已經逐漸發展出跨越藍 綠與族群界線的共同國家認同感。因此，此時已可考慮修法與修憲的必要性，而 憲改工程適合在這個階段進行。至於與統獨層次有關的兩岸政治協商與談判，或 者是與國家定位有關的公民投票，都適合在這個階段進行。
在遠程策略中，本文主張，設計適當的權力劃分民主制度，更進一步地保 障個人權利，並且設法延續由審議式民主所培養出的「相互尊重」與「人道關懷 他人」的德行。
第三節 未來研究方向的建議
有鑑於目前台灣的政治制度，不但無法解決當前台灣民主的困境，多數決 制度下贏者全拿的邏輯，反而還有可能使得原有的社會分歧被激化，意圖超克台 灣當前的民主困境，有必要另闢蹊徑。
因此，首先，本論文的主要目的就是從文獻中既有的可能緩解分裂社會中 族群衝突的各種制度方案中，選擇一種適合於台灣脈絡下的新制度。在建構近程 的 解 決 方 案 中 ， 選 擇 了 結 合 協 合 式 民 主 與 審 議 式 民 主 的 策 略 ， 有 鑑 於 Lijphart(1982: 175)曾指出，世界上並沒有單一的協合式民主設計藍圖，因此下一 步首要的研究方向，就是要參考過去其他國家(特別是北愛爾蘭與南非)的經驗，
去設計符合台灣當前國情的協合式民主制度(例如：規劃行政部門閣員的分配、
立法部門代表的比例性、選舉制度的改革、否決權行使的範圍、文化層面的自主 等)。總之，這絕對是一項龐大的制度規劃工程。
其次，由於修正型的協合式民主能夠完全滿足「互惠性」與「公開性」這 兩項審議式民主的規範性原則。協合式民主與審議式民主兩者必然有相當的重疊 範圍，這個重疊的範圍是個值得進一步探討的問題。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
附錄 實行協合式民主有利條件的不同版本之比較
Lijphart(1968b: 25-30)：
一、次文化區塊間隙界線分明。
二、次文化區塊間的權力多重平衡。
三、外在威脅。
四、相對低的決策責任。
五、溫和的民族主義。
六、大眾對大聯合政府的治理持正面態度。
Lijphart(1969: 216-222)：
一、權力多重平衡。
二、外在威脅。
三、相對低的決策責任。
四、間隙界線分明。
五、實行協合式民主的時間長短。
六、次文化區塊內部的政治凝聚力。
七、充分表達了次文化區塊的利益。
八、政府由菁英聯合治理受到廣泛的認同。
Lihphart(1977: 53-103)：
一、各區塊間權力多重平衡
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
二、多黨體系 三、國家規模小 四、多元化程度
五、區塊之間的間隙有相互交叉之處 六、區塊隔離與聯邦制
七、菁英和解的傳統 八、代議制政黨體系 九、跨區塊的共同效忠感
Lijphart(1985: 119-128)與 Lijphart(1996: 262-263)：
一、沒有一個區塊的人口佔絕對多數 二、每一個區塊的大小幾乎接近相同 三、區塊數目小
四、人口規模不宜過大
五、外在威脅有助於促進內部團結 六、具有跨越區塊的共同效忠感
七、各個別區塊的社經狀況並無重大差異 八、各個別區塊具有地域性
九、社會上已有妥協與和解的傳統
Schreckener(2002: 211-217)：
一、各區塊間保持相對平衡(意即已經沒有一個區塊的人口佔絕對多數)。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
二、各個別區塊的社經狀況並無重大差異。
三、各個別區塊具有地域性。
四、具有跨越區塊的共同效忠感。
五、區塊間的分歧有相互交叉之處。
六、溫和多元對應於國民陣線(極右派)。
七、各區塊皆有影響舉足輕重的菁英。
八、尊重現狀。
九、妥協與相互瞭解的傳統。
十、區塊全面參與。
十一、內部妥協對應於外部壓力。
註： 林慶維(1997)也曾彙整出實行協合式民主的八個有利條件，並指出台灣若 實行協合式民主，成功的可能性相當高。然而，他只參考了 Lijphart 早期的 部分資料，而且也未使用 Lijphart(1985: 120)的表格。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
參考書目
一、英文文獻
Addis, Adeno. 2009. “Deliberative Democracy in Severely Fractured Societies”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 16(1): 59-83.
Anderson, Christopher, and Christine Guillory. 1997. “Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 66-82.
Anderson Perry，王超華譯，2004，〈南中國海上的藍與綠〉，《台灣社會研究》第 55 期，頁 225-242。
Andeweg, Ruby B. 2000. “Consociational Democracy”, Annual Review Political Science 2000(3): 509-536.
Austin, John L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Azmanova, Albena. 2010. “Deliberative Conflict and ‘The Better Argument’
Mystique”. The Good Society 19(1): 48-54.
Baber, Walter F. and Robert V. Bartlett. 2005. Deliberative Environmental Politics:
Democracy and Ecological Rationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bachtiger, Andre, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Simon Niemeyer. 2007. “Deliberative Democracy: An Introduction”, Swiss Political Science Review 13(4): 485-496.
Bachtiger, Andre, Susumu Shikano, Seraina Pedrini, and Mirjam Ryser. 2009.
“Measuring Deliberation 2.0: Standards, Discourse Types, and Sequenzialization”, Paper Presented at the ECPR General Conference, Potsdam, September 10-12.
Bachtiger, Andre, Seraina Pedrini, and Mirjam Ryser. 2010. “Analyzing Political Process: Deliberative Standards, Discourse Types, and Sequenzilization”, Paper Presented at the International Conference on Democracy as Idea and Practice, Oslo, January 14-15.
Bachtiger, Andre, Simon Niemeyer, Michael Neblo, Marco R. Steenbergen and Jurg Steiner. 2010. “Disentangling Diversity in Deliberative Democracy: Competing Theories, Their Blind Sports and Complementarities”, Journal of Political Philosophy 18(1): 32-63.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Bantas, Hercules. 2010. Deliberative Democracy Essentials. Epub version published by Smashwords.
Basu, Sammy. 1999. “Dialogue Ethics and the Virtue of Human”, Journal of Political Philosophy 7(4): 378-403.
Becker, Howard 著，郭姿吟、呂錦媛譯，2009，《這才是做研究的王道》，台北：
群學。
Bessette, Joseph M. 1980. “Deliberative Democracy: The Majoritarian Principle in Republic Government”, in Robert A. Goldwin and William A. Shambra, eds., How Democratic is the Constitution? Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute, 102-116.
Black, Julia. 2000. “ Proceduralizing Regulation: Part I”. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 21(4): 507-614.
Black, Laura W. 2009. “Listening to the City: Difference, Identity, and Storytelling in Online Deliberation Groups”, Journal of Public Deliberation 5(1): Article 4.
Black, Laura W., Stephanie Burkhalter, John Gastil, and Jennifer Stromer-Galley.
2011. “Methods for Analyzing Group Deliberation”, in Erik P. Bucy and R.
Lance Holbert, eds., The Sourcebook for Political Communication Research:
Methods, Measures, and Analytical Techniques. New York: Routledge.
Pp323-345.
Bohman, James. 1996. Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity and Democracy.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bohman, James. 1998. “Survey Article: the Coming of Age of Deliberative Democracy”, Journal of Political Philosophy 6(4):400-425.
Burkhalter, Stephanie, John Gastil, and Todd Kelshaw. 2002. “A Conceptual Definition and Theoretical Model of Public Deliberation in Small Face-to-Face Groups”, Communication Theory 12(4): 398-422.
Chambers, Simone. 2001. “Constitutional Referendums and Democratic Deliberation”, in Matthew Mendelsohn and Andrew Parkin, eds., Referendum Democracy:
Citizens, Elites and Deliberation in Referendum Campaigns. New York:
Palgrave. 231-255.
Chambers, Simone. 2003. “Deliberative Democratic Theory”, Annual Review Political Science 6: 307-326.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Chen, Dung-sheng and Kuoming Lin.(陳東升、林國明) 2006. “ The Prospects of Deliberative Democracy in Taiwan”, in Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, ed., Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared.
Taipei: Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica.
Pp.289-304.
Choudhry, Sujit. 2008. “Bridging Comparative Politics and Comparative Constitutional Law: Constitutional Design in Divided Societies”, in Sujit Choudhry, ed., Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation? New York: Oxford University Press.
Chu, Yun-Han(朱雲漢) 1996. “Taiwan’s Unique Challenge”. Journal of Democracy 7(3): 69-82.
Chu, Yun-Han, Larry Diamond, and Doh Chull Shin. 2001. “Halting Progress in Korea and Taiwan.” Journal of Democracy 12(1): 122-136.
Clancy, Mary-Alice C. 2010. Peace Without Consensus: Power Sharing Politics in Northern Ireland. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy”, in Alan P. Hamlin and Philip Pettit, eds., The Good Polity. Oxford: Blackwell. Pp-17-34.
Conniff, Michael L. 1999. “Brazil’s Populism Republic and Beyond.” In Michael L.
Conniff (Ed.), Populism in Latin America Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press. Pp.43-62.
Craig, Stephen, Richard Niemi, and Glenn Silver. 1990. “ Political Efficacy and Trust:
A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items.” Political Behavior 12(3): 289-314.
Cronin, Thomas E. 1989. Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall. Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Daalder, Hans. 1974. “The Consociational Democracy Theme”, World Politics 20(4):
604-621.
Dahl, Robert. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert A. 1997. “Development and Democratic Culture.” In Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu(朱雲漢), and Hung-mao Tien(田弘茂) (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies Themes and Perspectives.
Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Pp. 34-39.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Dahl, Robert. 1999. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dahlberg, Lincoln. 2001. “Computer-Mediated Communication and the Public Sphere:
A Critical Analysis”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 7(1):
October.
Drake, Anna, and Allison McCulloch. 2009. “Inclusion, Voice and Loudness:
Institutional Design in Divided Societies”, paper presented at the 2009 Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meetings. Ottawa: Canada.
May 27-29.
Drake, Anna, and Allison McCulloch. 2011. “ Deliberative Consociationalism in Deeply Divided Societies”. Contemporary Political Theory 10(3): 372-392.
Dryzek, John S. 2000. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dryzek, John S. and Christian List. 2003. “Social Choice Theory and Deliberative Democracy: A Reconciliation”, British Journal of Political Science 33(1): 1-28.
Dryzek, John S. 2005. “ Handle with Care: The Deadly Hermeneutics of Deliberative Instrumentation”. Acta Politica 40(2): 197-211.
Dryzek, John. S. 2005. “Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternative to Agonism and Analgesia”, Political Theory 33(2): 218-242.
Dryzek, John S. 2006. Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World. Cambridge UK: Polity Press.
Dryzek, John S. and Simon J. Niemeyer. 2006. “Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals”, American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 634-649.
Dryzek, John S. 2008. “The Empirical Turn in Deliberative Democracy”, paper presented at the Theory and Practice of Deliberative Democracy Workshop.
Canberra: Australian National University, February 7-8.
Dryzek, John S. and Patrick Dunleary. 2009. Theories of the Democratic State.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dryzek, John S. 2009. “ The Australian Citizens’ Parliament: A World First”. Journal of Public Deliberation 5(1): 1-7.
Dryzek, John S. 2010. Foundations and Frontiers of Deliberative Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dutwin, David. 2003. “The Character of Deliberation: Equality, Argument, and the
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Formation of Public Opinion”, International Journal of Public Opinion Research 15(3): 239-264.
Dworkin, Ronald 著，司馬學文譯，2007，《人權與民主生活》，台北：韋伯文化。
Easton, David. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(3): 435-457.
Elster, Jon. ed. 1998. Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Elstub, Stephen. 2010. “ The Third Generation of Deliberative Democracy”.
Political Studies Review 8(3): 291-307.
Fan, Yun(范雲). 2005. “Storytelling and Democracy: A Preliminary Analysis of an Ethnic Dialogue Workshop.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Deliberative Democracy, Taipei, Taiwan, August 29-30.
Fishkin, James S. 2002. “Deliberative Democracy”, in Robert L. Simmon, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
221-238.
Fishkin, James S. 2009. When People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fishkin, James S., Robert C. Lushin, Ian O’Flynn, and David Russell. 2009.
“Deliberating Across Deep Divides”, paper presented at the 5th General Conference of European Consortium of Political Research, Potsdam, September 10-12.
Fukuyama, Francis 著，李永熾譯，1993，《歷史之終結與最後一人》，台北：時報。
Gamson, William. 1968. Power and Discontent. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Gastil, John, and Laura W. Black. 2008. “Public Deliberation as the Organizing Principle of Political Communication Research”, Journal of Public Deliberation 4(1): Article 3.
Gastil, John. 2009. “The Spirit and Practice of Deliberative Democracy”, Deliberativo 112: 69-73.
Gellner, Ernest 著，黃俊龍譯，2001，《國族與國族主義》，台北：聯經。
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Giddens, Anthony 著，趙旭東、方文譯，2003，《現代性與自我認同：晚期現代的 自我與社會》，台北：左岸。
Goodin, Robert E. 2005. “Sequencing Deliberative Moments”, Acta Politica 40(2) 182-196.
Goodin, Robert E. 2008. Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice After the Deliberative Turn. New York: Oxford University Press.
Grice, H. Paul. 1975. “Logic and Conversation”, in Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman, eds., The Logic of Grammar. Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing Co.
Pp64-75.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gutmann, Amy and Dennis Thompson. 1998. Democracy and Disagreement.
Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 2002 “Deliberative Democracy Beyond Process”, Journal of Political Philosophy 10(2): 153-174.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 2004. Why Deliberative Democracy?
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Habermas, Jurgen. 1990[1983]. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Translated by Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen.
Habermas, Jurgen. 1991[1962]. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:
An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
Translated by Thomas Burger and Frederick Lawrence.
Habermas, Jurgen. 1996[1992]. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Laws and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Translated by William Rehg.
Habermas, Jurgen. 2005. “Concluding Comments on Empirical Approaches to Deliberative Politics”, Acta Politica 40(3): 384-392.
Habermas, Jurgen. 2006. “Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research”, Communication Theory 16(4): 411-426.
Hao, Zhidong, 2010. Whiter Taiwan and Mainland China: National Identity, the
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
State, and Intellectuals. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Hardin, Russell. 1998. “Trust in Government.” In Trust and Governance, eds. Valerie Braithwaite and Margaret Levi. New York: Russell sage.
Hardin, Russell. 1999. “Do We Want Trust in Government?” In Democracy and Trust, ed. Mark Warren. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hardin, Russell. 1999. “Do we want trust in government?” in Mark E. Warren ed., Democracy and Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.22-41.
Harel-Shalev, Ayelet. 2010. The Challenge of Sustaining Democracy in Deeply Divided Societies: Citizenship, Rights, and Ethnic Conflicts in India and Israel. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
Harris, Peter, and Benjamin Reilly, eds. 1998. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict:
Options for Negotiations. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Harrist, Steve, and Scott Gelfand. 2005. “Life Story Dialogue and the Ideal Speech Situation”, Theory and Psychology 15(2): 225-246.
Hartz-Karp, Janette. 2007. “Understanding Deliberativeness: Bridging Theory and Practice”, International Journal of Public Participation 1(2): 1-23.
He, Baogang.(何包鋼) 2001. “The National Identity Problem and Democratization:
Rustow’s Theory of Sequence”, Opposition and Government 36(1): 97-199.
He, Baogang.(何包鋼) 2002. “Civil Society and Democracy”, in April Carter and Geoffrey Stokes, eds., Democratic Theory Today: Challenges for the 21st Centry. Cambridge: Polity Press. Pp.203-227.
He, Baogang. 2010. “ A Deliberative Approach to the Tibet Autonomy Issue:
Promoting Mutual Trust Through Dialogue”. Asian Survey 50(4): 709-734.
Held, David. 2006. Models of Democracy, 3rd edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pp.11-28.
Hetherington, Marc. 1998. “The Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Political Science Review 92(4): 791-821.
Hetherington, Marc. 2005. Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Horowitz, Donald L. 1990. “Ethnic Conflict Management for Policymakers”, in Joseph Montville, ed. Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies.
Lexington: Lexington Books. Pp115-130.
Horowitz, Donald L. 1993. “Democracy in Divided Societies”. Journal of Democracy 4(4): 18-38.
Horowitz, Donald L. 2008. ”Conciliatory Institutions and Constitutional Processes in Post Conflict States”, William and Mary Law Review 49(4): 1213-1248.
Horowitz, Joel (1999). “Populism and its Legacies in Argentina.” In Michael L.
Conniff (Ed.), Populism in Latin America. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press. Pp.22-42.
Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng(謝復生). 2005. “Ethnicity, National Identity, and Domestic Politics in Taiwan”, Journal of Asian and African Studies 40(1/2): 13-28.
Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng(謝復生). 2006. “Institutional Design for a Mildly Divided Society: The Case of Taiwan”, Issues and Studies 42(1): 81-102.
Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng(謝復生). 2008. “Democracy in a Mildly Divided Society”, Philip Paolino and James Meernik, eds., Democratization in Taiwan:
Challenges in Transformation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Pp11-24.
Huang, Li-Li(黃囇莉). 2010. “Taiwanese Consciousness vs. Chinese Consciousness:
The National Identity and the Dilemma of Polarizing Society in Taiwan”, Societal and Political Psychology International Review 1(1): 119-131.
Huang, Tong-Yi(黃東益). 2005. “Managing Political Clearages Through Deliberative Democracy in Taiwan”. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Deliberative Democracy, Taipei, Taiwan, August 29-30.
Huckfeldt, Robert. 1983. “The Social Contexts of Ethnic Politics: Ethnic Loyalties, Political Loyalties, and Social Support.” American Politics Quarterly 11(2):
91-123.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, UK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Huntington, Samuel P.著，劉軍寧譯，1994，《第三波：二十世紀末的民主化浪潮》，
Huntington, Samuel P.著，劉軍寧譯，1994，《第三波：二十世紀末的民主化浪潮》，