第七章 結論與展望
7.2 未來的研究議題
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
‐ 146 ‐
7.2 未來的研究議題
本文以客語「過」構式為主要研究對象，具體從語料庫、認知及構式解析語法化 分析以及藉由語音實驗，呈現「過」構式的多樣。事實上本文仍有許多不足之處；
其一，透過語言使用的觀念重新探索從上到下或從下到上的構式階層，以及探討 構式之間在認知概念、語義與結構是否為一對一，還是一對多的關係，即是否一 個認知概念對應一組構式。然後，「過」的連接詞用法以跨句為語言單位，如何 利用本文的框架，聯繫「過」構式與連接詞用法的關係，並且是否能運用構式及 階層的觀念處理語用及篇章的議題。最後，「過」構式的歷時演變是共時研究的 缺口，若能併入歷時的分析，將會讓構式的演變分析趨於完整。
每一套理論都會有缺點與侷限性，本文希望能提供一個具有宏觀的研究框架，
不但能呈現清楚的分類，而且也能作為其他趨向詞或詞類的研究方式，更期待未 來涉及心理詞庫與句法語義處理的研究領域。未來具體的研究方向包括：
一、參考早期客語文獻，如《啟蒙淺學》或《醫界客話讀本》叢書，以觀察構式 在歷時的演變，並呈現構式階層與語法化路徑的完整態樣 (patterns)。
二、運用本文語料庫的語用及篇章標記，釐清連接詞用法的分佈與情況。
三、鑑於第六章的語音實驗結果之討論，將會加以檢討各種影響實驗的因素，以 及試圖開發語音弱化實驗的可能方法。
四、本文的研究框架應用於其他的趨向詞如「上」、「下」、「到」、「入」(進) 等等，以測試和檢驗理論框架的實用性。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
‐ 147 ‐
‧
165-172。王錦慧，2002，〈談趨向補語「來」與「去」的產生〉，《新竹師院學報》，第15 期，
吳福祥，1996，《敦煌變文語法研究》。Changsha, Yuelu Shushe。
吳福祥，1998，〈重談「動+了+賓」格式的來源和完成體助詞「了」的產生〉，
‧
張雙慶，1996，〈香港粵語動詞的體〉，張雙慶主編，《動詞的體》，頁143-160。
香港：中文大學中國文化研究所吳多泰中國語文研究中心。
‧
‧
Ahrens, K. & C.-R. Huang. 2002. Time passing is motion. Language and Linguistics 3(3): 491-519.
Ansaldo, U. & L. Lim. 2004. Phonetic absence as syntactic prominence:
Grammaticalization in isolating tonal languages. In F. Olga, N. Muriel & P.
Harry, eds., Up and Down the Cline: The Nature of Grammaticalization, 345-362. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Boersma, P. & D. Weenink. 2017. Praat (Version 6.0.31) [Software]. Latest version available for download from www.praat.org.
Bybee, J. 2003. Mechanisms of change in grammaticization: The role of frequency. In B. D. Joseph & R. D. Janda, eds., The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 602-623. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub..
Bybee, J. 2010. Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, J., W. Pagliuca, et al. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and
modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Campbell, L. 2001. What's wrong with grammaticalization. Language sciences 23: 113-161.
Chao, Y. R. (趙元任). 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. (《中國話的文法》，丁 邦新譯。香港：中文大學出版社。)
Chappell, H. 1992. Towards a typology of aspect in Sinitic languages. Zhongguo
Jingnei Yuyan ji Yuyanxue [Journal of Chinese Languages and Linguistics] 1:
67-106 (Taipei Academia Sinica).
‧
Croft, W. 2001. Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological
Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Croft, W. 2007. Construction grammar. In D. Geeraerts & H. Cuyckens, eds., The
Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, 463-508. New York: Oxford
University Press.Croft, W. & D. A. Cruse. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Darwin, Charles. 1859 (2005). On the origin of species. New York: Penguin Books.
Duanmu, S. 2007. The phonology of standard Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fillmore, C. J. 1968. The case for case. In E. Bach & R. T. Harms, eds., Universals in
Linguistc Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehard & Winston.
Fillmore, C. J. 1988. The mechanisms of 'Construction Grammar'. In S. Axmaker, A.
Jaisser & H. Singmaster, eds., Berkeley Linguistics Society 14: General session
and parasession on Grammaticalization, 35-55. Berkeley, CA, Berkeley
Linguistics Society.Francis, E. J. & L. A. Michaelis. 2003. Mismatch: A crucible for linguistic theory. In E. J. Francis & L. A. Michaelis., eds., Mismatch: Form-function incongruity
and the architecture of grammar, 1-27. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publ.
Fried, M. 2008. Constructions and constructs: Mapping a diachronic process. In A.
Bergs & G. Diewald. Berlin, eds., Constructions and Language Change, 47-79.
Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Goldberg, A. E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument
structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, A. E. 2003. Constructions: A new theoretical approach to language. Trends
in Cognitive Sciences 7: 219-224.
Goldberg, A. E. 2006. Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language.
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, A. E. & R. Jackendoff. 2004. The English resultative as a family of constructions. Language 80(3): 523-568.
Grabe, E. & E. L. Low 2002. Durational Variability in Speech and the Rhythm Class Hypothesis. In C. Gussenhoven & N. Warner, eds., Papers in Laboratory
Phonology 7, 515-546. Berlin: Mouton.
Haspelmath, M. 2004. On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization. In F. Olga, N. Muriel & P. Harry, eds., Up and Down the
Cline: The Nature of Grammaticalization, 17-44. Amsterdam & Philadelphia:
John Benjamins.
‧
Heine, B. 1993. Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heine, B., C. Ulrike, et al. 1997. Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hopper, P. J. & S. A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse.
Language 56(2): 251-299.
Hopper, P. J. & E. C. Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge & New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Huang, S.-m. & S. C.-y. Hsieh. 2008. Grammaticalization of directional complements in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 9(1): 49-68.
Hudson, R. A. 2007. Language networks: The new word grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hurford, J. R. 2003. The Language mosaic and its evolution. In M. H. Christiansen &
S. Kirby, eds., Language evolution, 16-37. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Israel, M. 1996. The way constructions grow. In A. E. Goldberg, ed., Conceptual
Structure, Discourse and Language, 217-230. Stanford: CSLI Publ.
Jackendoff, R. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge &
Mass.: MIT Press.
Jackendoff, R. 1990. Semantic structures. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Johnson, M. 1987. The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination,
and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ladefoged, P. 2006. A Course in Phonetics. Australia, Boston & Mass.: Thomson, Wadsworth.
Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things. What categories reveal about the
mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lamarre, C. 2007. The linguistic encoding of motion events in Chinese: with reference to cross-dialectal variation. In C. Lamarre & T. Ohori, eds., Typological Studies
of the Linguistic Expression of Motion Events. 1, 3-33. Tokyo: Center for
Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences at the University of Tokyo.Lamarre, C. 2008. The linguistic categorization of deictic direction in Chinese: with reference to Japanese. In D. Xu, ed, Space in languages of China:
Cross-linguistic, synchronic and diachronic perspectives, 69-98. Dordrecht: Springer
Netherlands.Lamarre, C. 2009. The typological of Sinitic directionals. Workshop on Chinese Directionals: History and Dialectal Variations, in conjunction with the 6th
‧
Cross-Strait Conference on Chinese Historical Grammar, Taipei, Academia Sinica.
Lamarre, C. 2009. The Typological of Sinitic directionals. Workshop on Chinese Directionals: History and Dialectal Variation, in conjunction with the 6th Cross-Strait Conference on Chinese Historical Grammar. Academia Sinica.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of cognitive grammar, Vol. I: Theoretical
Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1991. Foundations of cognitive grammar, Vol 2: Descriptive
Application. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1992. Prepositions as grammatical(izing) elements. Leuvenese
Bijdragen 81: 287-309.
Lehmann, C. 1992. Word order change by grammaticalization. In M. Gerritsen & D.
Stein, eds., Internal and external factors in syntactic change, 395-416. Berlin:
Mouton.
Lin, Y.-H. 2007. The sounds of Chinese. Cambridge, U.K & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Liu, Y.-F. & S.-C. Tseng. 2009. Linguistic patterns detected through a prosodic segmentation in spontaneous Taiwan Mandarin speech. In Shu-Chuan Tseng, ed., Linguistic Patterns in Spontaneous Speech, 147-166. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
Lobanov, B. M. 1970. Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different speakers.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2): 606-608.
Mandler, J. 1992. How to build a baby: II Conceptual primitives. Psychological Review 99: 587-604.
Mermelstein, P. 1975. Automatic segmentation of speech into syllabic units. Journal of
the Acoustical Society of America 58(4): 880-883.
Myers, J. & Y. Li. 2009. Lexical frequency effects in Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction. Journal of Phonetics 37(2): 212-230.
Núñez, R. E., B. A. Motz, et al. 2006. Time after time: The psychological reality of the ego- and time-reference-point distinction in metaphorical construals of time.
Metaphor and Symbol 21(3): 133-146.
Newmeyer, F. J. 2001. Deconstructing grammaticalization. Language Sciences 23:
187-229.
Newmeyer, F. J. 2003. What can the field of Linguistics tell us about the origins of language? In M. H. Christiansen & S. Kirby, eds., Language evolution, 58-76.
Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
‧
Noël, D. 2007. Diachronic construction grammar and grammaticalization theory.
Functions of Language 14: 177-202.
Peyraube, A. 2006. Motion events in Chinese: A diachronic study of directional complements. In M. Hickmann & S. Robert, eds., Space in languages:
Linguistic systems and cognitive categories. Philadelphia: Benjamins: 121-135.
Pinker, S. 1989. The learnability and acquisition of the Dative alternation in English.
Language 65(2): 203-257.
Pinker, S. & P. Bloom. 1990. Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and
brain sciences 13: 707-784.
Shen, X. S. 1990. The prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shen, X. S. 1993. Relative duration as a perceptual cue to stress in Mandarin. Language
and Speech 36(4): 415-433.
Smirnova, E. 2015. Constructionalization and constructional change: The role of context in the development of constructions. In J. h. Barðdal, E. Smirnova, L.
Sommerer & S. Gildea, eds., Diachronic construction grammar, 81-106.
Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Stefanowitsch, A. & T. G. Stefan. 2003. Collostructions: Investigating the interaction of words and constructions. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8(2):
209-243.
Tai, J. Y. 1989. Toward a cognition-based functional grammar of Chinese. In J. H.-Y. Tai & F. Hsueh. Kalamazoo, eds., Functionalism and Chinese grammar, 186-226. MI: Chinese Language Teachers Association.
Talmy, L. 1983. How language structure space. In H. Pick & L. Acredelo, eds., Spatial
orientation: Theory, research and application, 225-320. New York: Plenum.
Talmy, L. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical form. In T.
Shopen, ed., Language typology and syntactic description 3: Grammatical
categories and the lexicon, 57-149. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Talmy, L. 2007. Lexical typologies. In T. Shopen, ed., Language Typology and
Syntactic Description 3, grammatical categories and the lexicon, 166-168.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Traugott, E. C. 2003. Constructions in grammaticalization. In B. D. Joseph & R. D.
Janda, eds., The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 624-647. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Traugott, E. C. 2008. Grammaticalication, constructions and the incremental development of language: Suggestions from the development of degree modifiers in English. In R. Eckardt, G. Jäger and T. Veenstra, eds., Variation,
‧
selection, development
－Probing the evolutionary model of language change,
219-250. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Traugott, E. C. 2008. The grammaticalization of NP of NP constructions. In A. Bergs
& G. Diewald, eds., Constructions and language change, 21-43. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Traugott, E. C. 2015. Towards a coherent account of grammatical constructionalization.
In J. h. Barðdal, E. Smirnova, L. Sommerer & S. Gildea, eds., Diachronic
construction grammar, 51-79. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.Traugott, E. C. & G. Trousdale. 2010. Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization:
How do they intersect? In E. C. Traugott & G. Trousdale, eds., Gradience,
Gradualness and Grammaticalization, 19-44. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Traugott, E. C. & G. Trousdale. 2013. Constructionalization and constructional
changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trousdale, G. 2008. Constructions in grammaticalization and lexicalization: Evidence from the history of a composite predicate construction in English. In G.
Trousdale & N. Gisborne, eds., Constructional approaches to English
Grammar, 33-67. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Trousdale, G. 2010. Issues in constructional approaches to grammaticalization in English. In K. Stathi, G. Elke & E. König, eds., Grammaticalization: Current
views and issues, 51-72. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Tseng, S.-C. 2010. Directional complements in Taiwan Mandarin natural speech.
Language and Linguistics 11(3): 469-501.
Tseng, S.-C. 2013. Lexical coverage in Taiwan Mandarin Conversation. Computational
linguistics & Chinese language processing 18(1): 1-18.
Tyler, John R. 2002. Cognitive Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tyler, A. & V. Evans. 2001. Reconsidering prepositional polysemy networks: The case of over. Language 77(4): 724-765.
Vennemann, T. 1974. Topics, subjects and word order: From SXV to SVX via TVX.
In J. M. Anderson & C. Jones, eds., Historical linguistics I, 339-376. North Holland: Amsterdam.
Wang, L. F.-m. 2002. From a motion verb to an aspect marker: A study of Guo in Mandarin Chinese. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics 28(2): 57-84.
Wu, H.-C. 2003. A case study on the grammaticalization of GUO in Mandarin Chinese--Polysemy of the motion verb with respect to semantic changes. Language and
Linguistics 4(4): 857-885.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
‐ 157 ‐
Xu, Y. 1997. Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics 25: 61-83.
Yiu, C. Y.-m. 2013. Directional verbs in Cantonese: A typological and historical study.
Language and Linguistics 14(3): 511-569.
Yu, N. 1998. The contemporary theory of metaphor: A perspective from Chinese.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.