所有格關係理論：布希亞《物體系》研究

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(1)國立臺灣師範大學美術學系（美術理論組）碩士論文 Department of Fine Arts, National Taiwan Normal University Master Thesis. 所有格關係理論：布希亞《物體系》研究 The Theory of the Possessive Case Relation: A Study of Jean Baudrillard’s The System of Objects. 邱廷浩 Ting-Hao Chiou 指導教授：陳瑞文教授 Advisor: Prof. Zuei-Wen Chen 中華民國 107 年 1 月 January, 2018.

(2) 謝辭 Il y a un spectacle plus grand que la mer, c’est le ciel ; il y a un spectacle plus grand que le ciel, c’est l’intérieur de l’âme. ──Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, “Une tempête sous un crâne” 有一種比海更廣闊的景象，是天空；有一種比天空更宏壯的景象，那是人類內在的心靈。 ──維克多•雨果，《悲慘世界》，〈腦海中的風暴〉這篇論文於布希亞逝世第 10 週年開始，完成於《物體系》出版第 50 週年。或許這只是我與其的一個巧合，卻是我生命中一個重要的轉捩點。走過了文本分析，經過馬克思與黑格爾，歸結到了語法學與量子力學；在比天高、比海深的浩瀚思想場域當中，經過了一翻努力與掙扎──可以這麼說吧──總算有了一點小成果。「做研究是孤獨的！」在初嘗碩士生活滋味時，老師便如此提醒我，直到完成這篇論文，老師依然對我說著這句話。在即將升大四的暑假，確定了走上理論研究的道路，至今已值四年，對這句話的體悟也愈來愈透徹。碩士生涯十分難熬，卻也萬分充實：兩份工作之餘，要兼顧英、法語言門檻以及期刊論文發表、文本閱讀與論文書寫，在在考驗著我對於時間、精神、體能與耐力的分配及掌控。對理論與思想場域的探尋，並沒有所謂的標準答案；因此研究初期，我十分徬徨，面對一個全然未知的事物，如何鼓起勇氣，去認識、去觸碰，我想這是我開始論文寫作這一年半來最大的收穫。在過程當中，首要感謝指導教授陳瑞文老師從不間斷地鞭策與提點，與老師每週固定的會談，除了讓我的進度持續往前之外，也讓我能夠快速地進入研究的狀態。對於論文寫作的技巧，是我面臨最大的挑戰，老師也不厭其煩地提示。每次會談完總是滿載而歸、充滿動力，更體認到研究程序的嚴謹與閱讀書寫的踏實。感謝白適銘老師，在研究所階段不斷地給我許多想法與研究的刺激，對於藝術史學方法的實踐，以及對當代藝術觀看的敏感視角，皆是我必須持續不斷學習的目標。感謝姜麗華老師，在論文大綱考試與最後學位考試時給了許多寶貴意見，謝謝老師十分仔細地閱讀，並細心地提醒了我很多當初沒有注意到的小細節。感謝廖仁義老師，在論文最後階段所給的刺激與鼓勵，犀利地指出了這篇論文缺乏與力有未 i.

(3) 逮之處，讓我在論文全面性、統整性的思考上能更加深入。感謝賴嘉玲老師，在碩一時便帶領我們認識布希亞的著作，這可說是最初激發我興趣的原點。感謝林志明老師，這本書的翻譯文字通順易讀，還有許多老師翻譯時所加的註解，讓我在閱讀、理解與文獻搜尋上皆有莫大的幫助。感謝師大法語中心的老師 Constance 與 Boris，在不到一年半的學習過程當中，紮實的教學方式與內容為我的法語奠下了基礎，讓我後來的學習能夠平穩順利。這一路上，也要感謝許多陪伴與支持。特別感謝是學長也是好友的仲賢，無論是在生活上、寫作上、研究上，總是與我相互打氣，相互扶持，對於學校外面的社會與學術界的現實，總會一起分享與努力，希望我們都能夠朝著自己的夢想而持續努力向前。同時，也要謝謝大學時期與研究所時期的許多好友，為這看似孤獨的研究旅程增添了許多樂趣與溫馨，雖無法一一點明，但都銘記在心。感謝朱銘美術館研究部的以珞、品慧、夢帆、柏涵，在我駐館研究時期給予我的幫助與指導，對我在理論實踐、藝術品的觀看與藝術家的脈絡等研究上有莫大的助益。也謝謝永貞、予翔、榆萱、馨月，在我回美術館當助理時的相互幫忙，讓我在美術館學到很多東西。謝謝寶慧學姊，在小園工作三到四年的這段時間，很快樂也很充實，是一個非常特別與難忘的回憶。特別感謝我的家人們，儘管對於我在臺北的學習歷程與忙碌生活無所知之，卻依然全力的支持與鼓勵，使我在研究、生活上無後顧之憂。最後，感謝尚•布希亞 ──《物體系》的作者──沒有布希亞，就不會有這篇論文。，儘管洋洋灑灑地寫了近二十萬字，但我對於社會、哲學理論的認識，或是對於布希亞思想的認識，可能連皮毛業餘都算不上；只希望這個對於當代理論有理解欲望的一個小小的、謙卑的心靈，能夠在這片學海當中，繼續探索下去──這篇論文不會是終點，而會是一個熱情的起點。如今這一切的一切，於半年前的我或許完全無法料想得到，衷心地感謝所有的老師、前輩、朋友與家人在這些年來的陪伴、支持、肯定與鼓勵；僅將這篇論文，獻給您們。. 廷浩誌於 2018 年 2 月，花蓮. ii.

(4) 中文摘要本論文主要研究對象是布希亞《物體系》一書，企圖揭開《物體系》文本中布希亞特殊的「所有格關係」思考方式。本研究內容共分成四個部分，分別針對《物體系》文本的四個章節進行深入地分析與探討：第一部分，對應的是《物體系》第一章〈功能性系統或客觀論述〉，從中發現了布希亞於其中實踐了人類與物品之間「間接」的所有格關係；第二部分，是針對《物體系》第二章〈非功能物系統或主觀論述〉的分析，文本中顯示了人類主動投射情感予物並建立「主觀情感」的所有格關係；第三部分《物體系》的〈後設及功能失調體系：新奇的小發明和機器人〉中，布希亞描繪了物品技術層面的意識形態問題，指出人與物品之間不斷生產「精神強迫的所有格關係」；第四部分，指向了《物體系》最後一章〈物品及消費的社會－意識形態體系〉，內容揭示了現代文化社會體系其實就是建立在「否定所有格關係」的創造與彌補的循環中。研究亦發現，布希亞的《物體系》，其主要對於物品的關注焦點在於「功能性」這一層特殊意義，是對於物品知識上十分特殊的思考模式；此外，布希亞在書中所示範的這些所有格關係建立程序，雖表面上指向了消費社會的文化體系，卻在在體現了布希亞對於結構主義符號學、馬克思主義或傳統哲學思想理論的超越，是一個極富創造力、獨特非常的物品社會認識模式。. 關鍵詞：布希亞、物體系、所有格關係、符號、功能、消費. iii.

(5) Abstract The main object of this thesis is The System of Objects, by Jean Baudrillard. This thesis aims to reveal the special way to think about ‘the possessive case relation’ in Baudrillard’s work. There are four main parts, which research and analyse deeply four chapters in The System of Objects. First of all, that Baudrillard practiced the “Indirect Possessive Case Relation” between men and objects in the first part matches the first chapter “The Functional System, or Objective Discourse” of The System of Objects. The second part is related to the second chapter “The Non-Functional System, or Subjective Discourse”, which shows that people project the subjective emotions to the objects actively and establish the “Possessive Case Relation of the Subjective Emotion”. “The Metafunctional and Dysfunctional System Gadgets and Robots” in The System of Objects corresponds to the third part. Furthermore, Baudrillard illustrated the ideological issues of the technique of the objects, indicating that human beings produce the “Possessive Case Relation of the Obsessive Neurosis” with the objects. The forth part points to the fourth chapter “The Socio-Ideological System of Objects and Their Consumption” in The System of Objects, which reveals that the modern cultural social system is based upon the circle of creation and revamp of the “Negative Possessive Case Relation”. The research also discovers that Baudrillard mainly focused on the specific meanings of “Functionality” of objects in The System of Objects, which is an unusual mind-set on the knowledge of objects. In addition, Baudrillard demonstrated these processes of the possessive case relation. Though Baudrillard directed the cultural system of the consumption society, he reflected his transcendence to structuralism, semiotics, Marxism and traditional philosophical theories, which shows that Baudrillard’s theory is a supremely creative and unique mode of knowledge to the society of objects.. Keywords: Jean Baudrillard, The System of Objects, possessive case relation, sign, function, consumption. iv.

(6) 目錄 i. 謝辭中文摘要. iii. 英文摘要. iv. 目錄. v. 表目錄. viii. 圖目錄. ix. 第一章緒論. 1. 第一節研究動機與目的 ·················································································1 第二節研究架構與方法 ·················································································5 研究架構 ·····························································································5 研究方法論與過程 ·················································································6 第三節文獻回顧 ·························································································16 布希亞著作與學術背景 ··········································································17 臺灣地區布希亞相關研究成果分析 ···························································20 中國地區布希亞相關研究成果分析 ···························································25 布希亞相關研究文獻舉隅及分析 ······························································32 第四節研究限制與發展 ················································································40. 第二章勾勒「間接」的所有格關係. 41. 第一節擺設：功能的斷裂 ·············································································42 前言··································································································42 物的轉變邏輯 ······················································································43 物的轉變歷程──符號化 ·······································································50 擺設人的介入 ······················································································56 小結··································································································62 第二節氣氛：象徵結構的崩解 ·······································································64 前言··································································································64 外部氣氛 ····························································································65 內部氣氛 ····························································································70 氣氛的抽象性 ······················································································74 v.

(7) 小結··································································································79 第三節結論 ·······························································································80. 第三章投射「主觀情感」的所有格關係. 83. 第一節古物：時間符號 ················································································84 前言··································································································84 古物的特性：反功能 ·············································································84 古物神話學 ·························································································90 古物的社會學 ······················································································97 小結································································································ 103 第二節收藏：投射作用體系 ········································································ 104 前言································································································ 104 物的「另一個向度」 ··········································································· 105 收藏物的普遍價值 ·············································································· 111 心理價值：死亡與變態 ········································································ 116 主體的自我論述 ················································································· 120 小結································································································ 125 第三節結論 ····························································································· 127. 第四章生產「精神強迫」的所有格關係. 131. 前言································································································ 131 功能超越 ·························································································· 132 功能演化 I ──玩意兒········································································· 139 功能演化 II ──機器人········································································ 144 功能世界 ·························································································· 150 結論································································································ 157. 第五章彌補「否定」的所有格關係. 161. 第一節物的關係與差異 ·············································································· 162 前言································································································ 162 關係································································································ 162 差異································································································ 171 小結································································································ 177 第二節現代消費模式 ················································································· 179 前言································································································ 179 欲望滿足模式 ···················································································· 180 vi.

(8) 社會整合 ·························································································· 186 小結································································································ 191 第三節廣告──意識形態附生物 ·································································· 192 前言································································································ 192 廣告的消費意識化程序 ········································································ 194 消費體系的意識──群眾效應 ······························································· 202 小結································································································ 210 第四節結論 ····························································································· 212. 第六章結論：所有格關係的認識模態. 215. 《物體系》文本中的所有格關係特徵 ······················································ 215 所有格關係模式 ················································································· 217 後現代批判路徑 ················································································· 224 傳統形上學的超越 ·············································································· 228 「物的體系」之外 ·············································································· 232. 參考文獻. 237. 中文文獻 ·························································································· 237 外文文獻 ·························································································· 239 網路資源 ·························································································· 239. 附錄. 241. 布希亞的著作 ···················································································· 241 布希亞著作之中文譯本 ········································································ 243 布希亞著作之英文譯本 ········································································ 244 臺灣地區布希亞相關研究成果 ······························································· 246 中國地區布希亞相關研究成果 ······························································· 250. vii.

(9) 表目錄表 1 布希亞著作之中文及英文翻譯狀況 .............................................................................................. 18 表 2 臺灣地區布希亞的相關文獻研究分類與數量統計 ...................................................................... 20 表 3 臺灣地區布希亞思想的應用與實踐相關研究成果 ...................................................................... 21 表 4 臺灣地區媒介與媒體理論相關研究成果 ...................................................................................... 22 表 5 臺灣地區消費文化理論相關研究成果 .......................................................................................... 23 表 6 臺灣地區布希亞脈絡研究相關研究成果 ...................................................................................... 24 表 7 臺灣地區藝術與攝影思想相關研究成果 ...................................................................................... 24 表 8 中國地區布希亞的相關文獻研究分類與數量統計 ...................................................................... 25 表 9 中國地區布希亞消費文化理論相關研究成果 .............................................................................. 27 表 10 中國地區布希亞脈絡研究相關研究成果 .................................................................................... 29 表 11 中國地區布希亞媒介與媒體理論相關研究成果 ........................................................................ 30 表 12 中國地區布希亞藝術與攝影思想相關研究成果 ........................................................................ 31 表 13 中、英、法語法之所有格關係表 .............................................................................................. 216. viii.

(10) 圖目錄圖1. 研究初期預設之研究程序 ............................................................................................................. 7. 圖2. 論文整體研究程序示意圖 ........................................................................................................... 13. 圖3. 王君瑜，《布希亞的現代社會與象徵交換理論－以《象徵交換與死亡》為例》論文結構圖 .......................................................................................................................................................... 33. 圖4. 朱元鴻，〈「只有那不是藝術的才還能是藝術」：關於布希亞的時態造作〉論文結構圖 ...... 35. 圖5. 符號意旨系統構成 ....................................................................................................................... 37. 圖6. Object 的三重涵義結構................................................................................................................ 37. 圖7. William Hogarth, The Strode Family, 1738, Oil On Canvas, Tate, London. ................................. 45. 圖8. Carl Larsson, Cosy Corner, 1894, Watercolour, Paper, National Museum, Sweden. .................... 45. 圖9. 布希亞對「轉變」的思考方式 ................................................................................................... 48. 圖 10. William Hogarth, Marriage A-La-Mode: 2, The Tête À Tête, 1743, National Gallery, London. ... 54. 圖 11. Carl Larsson, Skamvrån, 1894, Watercolour, Paper, National Museum, Sweden. ......................... 54. 圖 12 符號化歷程示意圖 ........................................................................................................................ 55 圖 13 布希亞的思維路徑－人與物的關係示意圖 ................................................................................ 61 圖 14 布希亞的擺設觀念之思維路徑 .................................................................................................... 63 圖 15 色彩轉變階段圖 ............................................................................................................................ 67 圖 16 「間接所有格關係」思考路徑 .................................................................................................... 80 圖 17 布希亞「古物神話學」的思考方式 ............................................................................................ 96 圖 18 〈邊緣物──古物〉的內部書寫組織架構圖 ............................................................................ 97 圖 19 布希亞古物社會學的思考方式 .................................................................................................. 102 圖 20 布希亞對古物的思考概念圖 ...................................................................................................... 103 圖 21 布希亞的時間概念示意圖 .......................................................................................................... 115 圖 22 布希亞對收藏的思考方式 .......................................................................................................... 125 圖 23 「主觀情感的所有格關係」建構程序 ...................................................................................... 129. ix.

(11) 圖 24 功能超越的思考路徑圖 .............................................................................................................. 133 圖 25 布希亞對於玩意兒之思考方式 .................................................................................................. 140 圖 26 布希亞對於機器人之思考方式 .................................................................................................. 145 圖 27 布希亞對於功能世界之思考方式 .............................................................................................. 151 圖 28 「精神強迫的所有格關係」思考路徑 ...................................................................................... 157 圖 29 布希亞模範與系列的關係思考路徑 .......................................................................................... 163 圖 30 系列物與模範物之間的關係流動 .............................................................................................. 164 圖 31 模範／系列中對物品種類的分類 .............................................................................................. 165 圖 32 模範與系列的差異－布希亞思考路徑圖 .................................................................................. 171 圖 33 物品之間的差異與關係示意圖 .................................................................................................. 178 圖 34 布希亞對於信用貸款的思考路徑 .............................................................................................. 180 圖 35 信貸系統中的時間差異 .............................................................................................................. 181 圖 36 信貸體系中上層意識系統的循環 .............................................................................................. 187 圖 37 布希亞對於信貸體系的思考方式 .............................................................................................. 191 圖 38 廣告的演變路徑 .......................................................................................................................... 194 圖 39 群眾效應模式 .............................................................................................................................. 202 圖 40 布希亞對於廣告的思維路徑 ...................................................................................................... 210 圖 41 「否定」的所有格關係路徑程序 .............................................................................................. 213 圖 42 所有格關係論的思考路徑 .......................................................................................................... 217 圖 43 四種所有格關係的循環系統示意圖 .......................................................................................... 220 圖 44 物品的函數化程序示意圖 .......................................................................................................... 221 圖 45 布希亞《物體系》之思想譜系 .................................................................................................. 224. x.

(12) 第一章. 緒論. 第一節研究動機與目的《物體系》（Le Système des Objets，1968）是尚•布希亞1（Jean Baudrillard， 1929-2007）的第一本學術著作；這本書既可視為其思想的起點，也可作為其理論的定位座標。此書所揭露的是一個物品符號詭譎多變的世界，以具有批判、反省、甚至諷刺的筆觸分析了後工業時代下消費文化社會當中的人類、物體、符號以及意識形態。在閱讀文本的過程中，細思布希亞論證之分析與敘述，發現這整個世界，距離《物體系》的觀察與書寫雖經過了半個世紀有餘，布希亞當初的詮釋推論依然適用，甚至仍十分適切（帶有一種預言性與解釋性），足可見其觀察與洞見的精澈之處。然筆者亦發現，目前中文學術界對於布希亞《物體系》的研究，絕大部分都圍繞著幾個關鍵字：符號學、羅蘭•巴特（Roland Barthes，1915-1980）的《流行體系》（Système de la Mode，1967）、馬克思主義等；研究成果雖然豐富，但幾乎沒有人聚焦在討論布希亞企圖解決的「人與物之間的如何建立關係連結」問題，而這個議題卻正是《物體系》當中最關鍵且最核心的部分。對於這個關係鍵結問題，也是我初讀《物體系》所留下的深刻懸問，亦是對於《物體系》產生研究動機的開始。國內外許多研究共同指出，《物體系》是布希亞在符號學上的典型嘗試、是對於羅蘭•巴特《流行體系》的致敬之作、是對馬克思主義的補充：甘恩2明確指出，關於布希亞著作有一點必須特別指名，它主要還是集中於物品和文化物品（符號和物品的融合）問題。布希亞對物品觀念的建構與他. 1. 本研究有部分文獻引自中國的研究成果，因外語翻譯的緣故，中國地區譯為波德里亞、鮑德里亞等；而臺灣地區翻譯為布希亞或布西亞。為統一名稱與格式，本論文一律使用「布希亞」（但引用之書目與篇章名稱則保留原翻譯名詞）；此外，同樣為了論文格式的統一，在引用中國地區的文獻時，亦將轉化其標點符號為臺灣地區標點符號的用法。. 2. 甘恩（Mike Gane，1943-）為英國著名社會理論學者，對於法國當代思潮有深入理解；其研究布希亞相關著作有 Baudrillard's Bestiary: Baudrillard and Culture (1991), Jean Baudrillard: in Radical Uncertainty (2000)等。 1.

(13) 的社會與文化進化的概念相關，這是極其重要的。顯然布希亞的著作是受馬克思主義對商品的分析所鼓舞。3 幾乎毫無疑問，巴特關於時尚系統的工作為布希亞早期的著作提供了模式。凱爾納也正確地提出，布希亞早期著作以一種客體符號學為馬克思主義的分析作了補充──這是一個重要的富有意義的貢獻。4 無可否認地，《物體系》的確與結構主義符號學有著密切的關係；而筆者認為，相對於符號學的本意與應用主要在於對現象、語言的「詮釋」，《物體系》當中的符號學卻僅僅只是作為一個物品轉變的階段論證，以及物品與人建立起關係的程序之一。此外，相對於巴特關注流行風尚體系的符號意義結構，布希亞則更深入地探討整個日常生活的物體世界以及人類社會結構的關係表達。筆者發現，布希亞在符號學上的真正運用，在於實踐了物品之間、物人之間甚至人際之間的關係論辯；換句話說，布希亞在《物體系》當中對於符號學意義的操作，已經超越了傳統結構主義符號學的應用範疇。布希亞指出，《物體系》的主要目的，在於探討日常生活與物品系統之間的不一致，在於研究「人類究竟透過何種程序和物產生關聯，以及由此而來的人的行為及人際關係系統」。5（物 2）6這個部分，可說是《物體系》最原初也最重要的問題意識，若無法揭開布希亞對此的書寫還有思考方式，僅止步於對布希亞符號學理論的操作程序，勢必無法更深入地理解《物體系》的理論意涵或是隱藏於其中更關鍵的意義與企圖。而筆者認為，布希亞論證這個關鍵問題時，人與物品之間的關係其實就類似於語法學中「所有格」（英：possessive case）7的概念。. 3. 高亞春，《符號與象徵─波德里亞消費社會批判理論研究》（北京：人民出版社，2007），頁 60。. 4. Douglas Kellner 編，陳維震、陳明達、王峰譯，《波德里亞：批判性的讀本》（南京：江蘇人民出版社，2005），頁 40-41。. 5. “[...] des processus par lesquels les gens entrent en relation avec eux et de la systématique des conduits et des relations humaines qui en résulte.” (SO 9). 6. 本論文內文之中文摘錄皆出自《物體系》中譯本，為行文方便與統一，簡稱以「物」；而註腳則為法文原文，簡稱以「SO」。. 7. 本論文有許多的原文註解，但因主要參考對象為法文原著，因此在本論文中，若非特別註明，即為法文；若是原文或註解為英文，則註明「英：」（人名或其他專有名詞則不另加註語言別）。 2.

(14) 「所有格」是語法學上的一個專有詞彙，這個文法術語所代表的意義即是描述一個「從屬」的概念。8一般來說，所有格自身為形容詞屬性，功能與一般的形容詞無異，即作為修飾名詞（或代名詞）的唯一目的。然而，所有格的特殊之處，在於其將意義指向了一個「關係結構」，將其所修飾的名詞，帶領至一個主客體從屬關係的層面上。例如：「我的車（英：my car）」、「你的朋友（英：your friend）」、「公民的權利（英：citizens’ rights）」，這些所有格的名詞組，都指涉了顯而易見的關係鏈結。所有格的特性之一，在於將流動的、抽象的關係「固著」，如前面的例句中，所有格將客體「車（英：car）」限定在一個主體「我（英：I）」上，顯示了「我（英：I）」與「車（英：car）」的單向關係，是「我（英：I）」擁有了「車（英： car）」（而非「車（英：car）」擁有「我（英：I）」）。為何可以說《物體系》是「所有格關係理論」的體現呢？其實在文本當中完全沒有出現「所有格」相關的詞彙；與之比較有關係的，可以說是在文本第二章中，布希亞所論述的「擁有」（procéder）的概念。事實上，布希亞在文本中有大量特殊的思考方式，值得一一去深入理解與探討；筆者藉由閱讀、理解與研究所指出的「所有格關係理念」並非是布希亞欲藉由《物體系》給出的「答案」，而是筆者希望藉由此獨特的關係模式來詮釋布希亞思考當中物與人、人與人之間的關係。這個對於物品特徵分析的認識，無可否認地，是當代社會不可或缺的關注對象之一：幾乎所有的人、事都與物品有關，而物品所扮演的角色為何？它們與人類的生活之間又有什麼重要的互動性？筆者認為，布希亞的《物體系》為此提供了一個特殊的詮釋與觀察，因為它不單只有針對物品的種種特性做出解釋，而是將視角放在一個客觀「觀察者」的角度，是圍繞在物品而來的分析。其從家庭環境中的物品出發，一直到物品的技術、文明的社會學檢討，以及人類在這些現象當中的推進力與作用力，這是一個明確的現代主義，布希亞傾力關注於日常生活中的標誌與符號，致力於論證這個劃時代的轉變與結果，從而形成一種殊異的思考特質。因此，帶著好奇、與挑戰的心情確立了想要更進一步地理解其內容的研究目標，筆者希望回歸一種科學的、客觀的認識文本的方式展開此研究。布希亞對於《物體系》章節的鋪排方式以及命名非常有意思：〈功能性系統或客觀論述〉（Le Système. 8. 所有格又稱為屬格（英：genitive case），在中文語境中，其實沒有「所有格」的語法詞彙，亦沒有相關的限定用法，大都是約定成俗的使用習慣；因此，為了明確地表達布希亞這個特殊的所有格關係概念，本文使用的「所有格」概念將以英文語境的概念為主，法文語境中的概念為輔；中文的借用，只是為了翻譯、說明與呈現英、法語境當中的概念，再以此做為一種工具，來詮釋布希亞的「所有格」相關概念。 3.