第六章、 結論與建議
第二節、 建議與發展
不論面對 Bourdieu 深厚的社會學理論，或是十九世紀寫實主義到印象派藝 術的複雜變化，本論文都僅是窺見眾多微小議題的開端。感謝指導教授與口試委 員的指正，點出本文的不足及往後可繼續發展的方向。茲將可發展的議題陳列於 下：
（一）空間地域（鄉村與城市）對藝術發展的影響：空間對十九世紀的藝術來說 是重要的命題，包括 Linda Nochlin 的《寫實主義》或 T.J. Clark 處理《現 代生活的畫像》都曾碰觸到寫實主義到印象派主義在繪畫題材上的空間變 化。筆者認為，此問題如若用於比較寫實主義畫家與印象派主義畫家這兩 個不同群體的出身與慣習，或許能夠更有效地解釋印象派與商業愈趨緊密 的關聯。
（二）寫實主義時期（十九世紀中葉）的藝術場域與社會關係網絡：寫實主義的 發展時期（約 1840 至 1870 年）同為 Bourdieu 探討文學場域自主化的時 期，本論文尚未完善處理庫爾貝與其他藝術家、作家之間的關係和位置採 取。未來若刻劃出當時的文化生產者分布的關係（如同 Bourdieu 為文學 場所分析的圖表）將有助於比較其與印象派時期的型態分布變化。
（三）促成藝術場域自主化的其他社會條件：十九世紀不僅是資本社會發展興盛 的時期，連帶的印刷、攝影、工業、科學技術都使藝術世界發生極大的質 變。相對於物質層面的進步成果，Bourdieu 的觀點仍聚焦於社會和市場結 構的層次。筆者相信，把物質層次納入自主化議題的考量，將可以深化探 討藝術家技術革新與下層結構的關係。
128
129
130
131 1999 〈從實體到關係──Pierre Bourdieu
實作理論之探討〉
蕭旭智 國立清華大學社會 研究所碩士論文 2004 “Museums in Motion” Chia-Ling
Lai
UK : Lancaster University Ph.D.
thesis in Sociology 2004 〈布爾迪厄藝術社會學之研究〉 張禎松 國立嘉義大學碩士
132
（Les Héritiers. Les Etudiants et la
Culture）
133
de la Science et Réflexivité）
梁亞紅，
134
表三、Bourdieu 的文化著作
Bourdieu 的文化著作
年代 書目或篇名資料1965 Pierre Boudieu et al., Un art moyen, essai sur les usage sociaux de la
photographie (Paris: Minuit,1965. New rev.edn 1970), with Luc Boltanski,
Robert Castel, Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Dominique Schnapper.English trans.: Shaun Whiteside, trans., Photography: A Middle-Brow Art (Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).《中 等藝術：攝影的社會用途》
1966 Pierre Bourdieu, Alain Darbel and Dominique Schnapper, L’amour de
l’art, Les musées d’art et leur public (Paris: Minuit,1966, new agum. edn, L’amour de l’art, Les musées d’art européens et leur public, 1969).
English trans.: Caroline Beattie and Nick Merriman, trans., The Love of
Art: European Museums and their Public (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
《藝術之愛：歐洲博物館與其公眾》
1966 “Champ intellectuel et project createur,” Les temps modernes, Problemes
du structuralisme 246 (November 1966): 865-906. English trans.: Sian
France, trans., “Intellectual field and creative project,” Social ScienceInformation 8: 2 (April 1969): 89-119. Also in Michael F. D. Young, ed., Knowledge and Control: New Directions for the Sociology of Education
(London: Collier-Macmillan, 1971), 161-188.〈知識分子的場域與創造計畫〉
1967 “Sociology and Philosophy in France since 1945: Death and Resurrection of a Philosophy without Subject,” Social Research 34: 1 (Spring 1967):
162-212, with Jean-Claude Passeron.
〈1945 年後法國的社會與哲學：無主體的哲學之死亡與復興〉
1967 Pierre Bourdieu, trans., Afterword to E. Panofsky, Architecture gothique et
pensée scolastique (Paris: Minuit, 1967, new augm. edn, 1970), 133-167.
潘諾夫斯基《哥德式建築與經院思想》後記
1969 “Sociologie de la perception esthétique,” in Les sciences humaines et
l’œuvre d’art (Brussels: La connaissance S.A., 1969), 161-176, 251-254.
〈感知美學的社會學〉
1970 Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, La réproduction. É léments
135
pour une théorie du système d’enseignement (Paris, Minuit, 1970). English
trans.: Richard Nice, trans., Reproduction in Education, Society andCulture (London and Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage Productions, 1977).
《再製：一種教育系統理論的要點》
1971 “Champ du pouvoir, champ intellectuel et habitus de classe,” Scolies,
Cahiers de recherches de l’ École normale supérieure 1 (1971) : 7-26.
〈權力場域、知識分子場域與階級慣習〉
1971 “Une interprétation de la théorie de la religion selon Max Weber,” Archives
européennes de sociologie 12: 1 (1971): 3-21. English trans. (new rev. and
modif. version): Chris Turner, trans., “Legitimation and Structured Interests in Weber’s Sociology of Religion,” in Max Weber, Rationalityand Modernity, ed. Sam Whimster and Scott Lash (London: Allen ＆
Unwin, 1987), 119-136.（法）〈有關馬克思‧韋伯宗教理論的詮釋〉/（英）〈韋伯宗教社會學 中的合法性與結構利益〉
1971 “Disposition esthétique et compétence artistique,” Les temps modernes 295 (February 1979): 1345-1378.
〈美學秉性與藝術能力〉
1972
Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique, précédé de trois études d’ethnologie kabyle (Geneva: Droz, 1972). English trans.: 162-189 “The Three Forms
of Theoretical Knowledge,” Social Science Information 12: 1 (1973): 53-80; also Richard Nice, trans., Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1977).
《實作理論綱要》
1974 “Les fractions de la classe dominante et les modes d’appropriation des œuvres d’art,” Information sur les sciences sociales 13: 3 (June 1974): 7-32.
〈統治階級的組成與藝術作品挪用的模式〉
1975 “Le couturier et sa griffe. Contribution à une théorie de la magie,” Actes
de la recherche en sciences sociales 1 (January 1975): 7-36, with Yvette
Delsaut.〈設計師和他的標籤：魔法理論的貢獻〉
1975 “L’invention de la vie d’artiste,” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 2 (March 1975): 67-94. English trans.: Erec R. Koch trans.: “The Invention
136
of the Artist’s Life,” Yale French Studies 73 (1987): 75-103.
〈藝術生活的創造〉
1975 “Le fétichisme de la langue,” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 4 (July 1975): 2-32, with Luc Boltanski.
〈語言的拜物教〉
1975 “La critique du discours lettré,” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 5-6 (November 1975): 4-8.
〈文化論述的批判〉
1979
La distinction, Critique sociale du jugement (Paris: Minuit, 1979, new edn
augm.with an introduction, 1982). English trans.: Richard Nice trans.,Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge:
Mass.: Harvard, 1984).
《區分：品味判斷的社會批判》
1980
Le sens pratique (Paris: Minuit, 1980). English trans.: Richard Nice trans., The Logic of Practice (Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1990).《實踐感》
1980
Questions de sociologie (Paris: Minuit, 1980).
《社會學的問題》
Collège de France, 1982).
《關於課程的課程》；《就職演講》
1982
Ce que parler veut dire, L’ économie des échanges linguistiques (Paris:
Fayard, 1982). English trans (rev. And augm.): Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson trans., Language and Symbolic Power, ed. John Thompson, (Cambridge: Polity Press; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1991).
《這意味著說話，語言交換的經濟》，英譯：《語言和象徵權力》
1983 Kathleen McLaughlin trans., “The Philosophical Establishment,” in
Philosophy in France Today, ed. Alan Montefiore (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1983), 1-8.137
〈哲學的建立〉
1983 “Vous avez dit ‘populaire’? ” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 46 (March 1983): 98-105.
〈你是說「人」？〉
1984
Homo academicus (Paris: Minuit, 1984). English trans.: Peter Collier
trans., Homo Academicus, with a preface to the English Edition (xi-xxvi), (Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989).《學術人》
1984 “Le hit-parade des intellectuels français, ou qui sera juge de la légitimité de juges? ” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 52-53 (June 1984):
5-20.
1984 “Le Champ littéraire, Préables critiques et principes de méthode, ”
Lendemains (Berlin and Cologne) 9: 36 (1984): 5-20.
〈文學場域，批評的先決條件和方法原則〉
1985 Channa Newman trans., “The Genesis of the Concepts of Habitus and Field,” Sociocriticism (Pittsburgh, Pa. and Montpellier), Theories and Perspectives II, no.2 (December 1985), 11-24.
〈慣習與場域概念的生成〉
1987
Choses dites (Paris: Minuit, 1987). English trans.: Matthew Adamson
trans., In Other Words (Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1990).《所述之言》
1991 “Le champ littéraire,” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 89 (September 1991): 4-46.
〈文學場域〉
1992 Bourdieu and Loïc J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
《反思社會學導引》
1992
Les règles de l’art. genèse et structure du champ littéraire (Paris: Seuil,
1992). English trans.: The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the literaryfield, trans. Susan Emanuel. (UK: Polity Press, 1996).
《藝術的法則：文學場域的生成與結構》
1993
The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature, ed. Randal
Johnson. (Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 1993).138
《文化生產場域》
2013 Pascale Casanova et al. ed., Manet, une revolution symbolique (Paris:
Raisons d’agir/Seuil, 2013).
《馬內：象徵革命》
表四、外文研究
作者 書目或篇名資料
Paul DiMaggio “Review essay: On Pierre Bourdieu,” American Journal
of Sociology 84: 6 (1979): 1460-74.
Michèle Lamont &
Annette Lareau
“Cultural Capital: Allusions, Gaps and Glissandos in Recent Theoretical Developments,” Sociological Theory 6 (fall, 1988): 153-68.
Rogers Brubaker “Review of Pierre Bourdieu, Choses Dites,”
Contemporary Sociology 18: 5 (1989), 783-84.
David Gartman “Culture as Class Symbolization or Mass Reification? A Critique of Bourdieu’s Distinction,” American Journal of
Sociology 97: 2 (Sep., 1991): 421-447.
Craig Calhoun, Edward LiPuma and Moishe Postone ed.
Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, UK: Polity Press, 1993.
Gordon Fyfe “A Trojan Horse at the Tate: theorizing the museum as agency and structure” in Sharon Macdonald and Gordon Fyfe ed., Theorizing Museums : Representing Identity and
Diversity in a Changing World, Cambridge, Mass. :
Blackwell, 1996Bridget Fowler
Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Theory: Critical Investigations, London: Sage, 1997.
David Swartz
Culture and Power: the Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.中譯《文化與權力：布爾迪厄的社會學》
Derek Robbins
Pierre Bourdieu and Culture, London: Sage, 2000.
139
Bridget Flower ed.
Reading Bourdieu on Society and Culture, UK:
Blackwell, 2000.
Lisa Adkins and Beverly Skeggs
Feminism After Bourdieu, UK: Blackwell, 2004.
Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy
Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts, UK: Berg,
2007.Michael Grenfell ed.
Pierre Bourdieu : key concepts, UK: Acumen, 2008.
140
141
論文圖版
【圖 1】Manet, Le Buveur d’absinthe, 1859. Oil on canvas, 180.5 × 105.6 cm, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.
【圖 2】Manet, Le Chanteur espagnol, 1860. Oil on canvas, 147.3 × 114.3 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
【圖 3】Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe, 1862-63. Oil on canvas, 207 × 265 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
142
【圖 4】Manet, Olympia, 1863. Oil on canvas, 130.5 cm × 190 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
【圖 5】Courbet, After Dinner at Ornans, 1849. Oil on canvas, 195 cm × 257 cm, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, France.
143
【圖 6】Courbet, A Burial at Ornans, 1849-50. Oil on canvas, 315 × 668 cm. Museé d’Orsay, Paris.
【圖 7】Courbet, Sculptor, 1845. Oil on canvas, 55 × 47 cm. Private collection.
【圖 8】Courbet, Self-Portrait with Black Dog, 1844. Oil on canvas, 46.3 × 55.5 cm. Musée du Petit-Palais, France.
144
【圖 9】Courbet, Portrait of Charles Baudelaire, 1848. Oil on canvas, 53 × 61 cm. Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France.
【圖 10】Courbet, The Stonebreakers (Doubs), 1849-50. Oil on canvas, 190 × 300 cm. Formerly Gemälde-galerie, Dresden (destroyed).
【圖 11】Courbet, The Peasants of Flagey Returning from the Fair, 1850-1855.
Oil on canvas, 208.5 × 275 cm. Musée des Beaux-Arts et d’Archéologie, Besançon, France.
145
【圖 12】Courbet, The Painter’s studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Artistic and Moral Life, 1855. Oil on canvas, 361 × 598 cm. Museé d’Orsay, Paris.
【圖 13】Manet, Vue de l’Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867, 1867. Oil on canvas, 108 × 196 cm. National Gallery, Norway, Oslo.
146
【圖 14】Manet, La Musique aux Tuileries, 1862. Oil on canvas, 76.2 × 118.1 cm. The Hugh Lane in Dublin and National Gallery in London.
【圖 15】Manet, Self-Portrait with Palette, 1878-79. Oil on canvas, 83 × 67 cm. Franck Giraud Collection.
【圖 16】Manet, Portrait of Stéphane Mallarmé, 1876. Oil on canvas, 27.5 × 36 cm. Museé d’Orsay, Paris.
147
【圖 17】Manet, Portrait of Emile Zola, 1868. Oil on canvas, 146.5 × 114 cm. Museé d’Orsay, Paris.
【圖 18】Manet,Un bar aux Folies Bergère, 1881-82. Oil on canvas, 96
× 130 cm. Courtauld Institute of Art, London.
148
149
參考文獻
一、西文書目
Adkins, Lisa. and Beverly Skeggs, Feminism After Bourdieu, UK: Blackwell, 2004.
Boime, Albert. The Academy and French Painting in the Nineteenth Century. London:
Phaidon, 1971.
Boudieu, Pierre et al. Un art moyen, essai sur les usage sociaux de la photographie.
Paris: Minuit, 1965. New rev.edn 1970, with Luc Boltanski, Robert Castel, Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Dominique Schnapper. English trans.: Shaun Whiteside, trans. Photography: A Middle-Brow Art. Cambridge: Polity Press;
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Boudieu, Pierre. and Jean-Claude Passeron. “Sociology and Philosophy in France since 1945: Death and Resurrection of a Philosophy without Subject.” Social
Research 34 : 1, Spring 1967, 162-212.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Champ intellectuel et project createur.” Les temps modernes,
Problemes du structuralisme 246, November 1966, 865-906. English trans.:
Sian France, trans. “Intellectual field and creative project.” Social Science
Information 8 : 2, April 1969, 89-119. Also in Michael F. D. Young, ed.
Knowledge and Control: New Directions for the Sociology of Education.
London: Collier-Macmillan, 1971, 161-188.
Boudieu, Pierre. Alain Darbel and Dominique Schnapper. L’amour de l’art, Les
musées d’art et leur public. Paris: Minuit,1966, new agum. edn, L’amour de l’art, Les musées d’art européens et leur public, 1969. English trans.: Caroline
Beattie and Nick Merriman, trans. The Love of Art: European Museums andtheir Public. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Bourdieu, Pierre trans. Afterword to E. Panofsky. Architecture gothique et pensée
scolastique. Paris: Minuit, 1967, new augm. edn, 1970, 133-167.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Sociologie de la perception esthétique.” in Les sciences humaines et
l’œuvre d’art. Brussels: La connaissance S.A., 1969, 161-176, 251-254.
Boudieu, Pierre. and Jean-Claude Passeron. La réproduction. É léments pour une
théorie du système d’enseignement. Paris, Minuit, 1970. English trans.:
Richard Nice, trans. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London
150
and Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage Productions, 1977.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Une interprétation de la théorie de la religion selon Max Weber.”
Archives européennes de sociologie 12 : 1 (1971): 3-21. English trans. (new
rev. and modif. version): Chris Turner, trans. “Legitimation and Structured Interests in Weber’s Sociology of Religion.” in Max Weber, Rationality andModernity, ed. Sam Whimster and Scott Lash. London: Allen＆Unwin, 1987,
119-36.Bourdieu, Pierre. “Champ du pouvoir, champ intellectuel et habitus de classe.”
Scolies, Cahiers de recherches de l’ École normale supérieure 1, 1971 : 7-26.
Boudieu, Pierre. Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique, précédé de trois études
d’ethnologie kabyle. Geneva: Droz, 1972. English trans.: 162-189, “The Three
Forms of Theoretical Knowledge.” Social Science Information 12:1, 1973, 53-80; also Richard Nice, trans. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Les fractions de la classe dominante et les modes d’appropriation des œuvres d’art.” Information sur les sciences sociales 13:3, June 1974, 7-32.
Boudieu, Pierre. “La critique du discours lettré.” Actes de la recherche en sciences
sociales 5-6, November 1975, 4-8.
Boudieu, Pierre. and Luc Boltanski. “Le fétichisme de la langue.” Actes de la
recherche en sciences sociales 4, July 1975, 2-32.
Boudieu, Pierre and Yvette Delsaut. “Le couturier et sa griffe. Contribution à une théorie de la magie.” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 1, January 1975, 7-36.
Boudieu, Pierre. “L’invention de la vie d’artiste.” Actes de la recherche en sciences
sociales 2, March 1975, 67-94. English trans. Erec R. Koch trans. “The
Invention of the Artist’s Life.” Yale French Studies 73, 1987, 75-103.Boudieu, Pierre. “Disposition esthétique et compétence artistique.” Les temps
modernes 295, February 1979, 1345-1378.
Boudieu, Pierre. La distinction, Critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Minuit, 1979, new edn augm. with an introduction, 1982. English trans.: Richard Nice trans.
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge: Mass.:
Harvard, 1984.
Boudieu, Pierre. Le sens pratique. Paris: Minuit, 1980. English trans.: Richard Nice
151
trans. The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Boudieu, Pierre. Questions de sociologie. Paris: Minuit, 1980.
Boudieu, Pierre. and Yvette Delsaut. “Pour une sociologie de la perception.” Actes de
la recherché en sciences sociales 40, November 1981, 3-9.
Boudieu, Pierre. Ce que parler veut dire, L’ économie des échanges linguistiques.
Paris: Fayard, 1982. English trans (rev. And augm.): Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson trans. Language and Symbolic Power. ed. John Thompson.
Cambridge: Polity Press; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1991.
Boudieu, Pierre. Leçon sur la leçon. Paris: Minuit, 1982. Leçon inaugurale 90. Paris:
Collège de France, 1982.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Philosophical Establishment.” Kathleen McLaughlin trans., in
Philosophy in France Today, ed. Alan Montefiore. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1983, 1-8.Boudieu, Pierre. “Vous avez dit ‘populaire’? ” Actes de la recherche en sciences
sociales 46, March 1983, 98-105.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Le Champ littéraire, Préables critiques et principes de méthode.”
Lendemains 9, no.36, 1984, 5-20.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Le hit-parade des intellectuels français, ou qui sera juge de la légitimité de juges? ” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 52-53, June 1984, 5-20.
Boudieu, Pierre. Homo academicus. Paris: Minuit, 1984. English trans.: Peter Collier trans., Homo Academicus, with a preface to the English Edition (xi-xxvi).
Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Genesis of the Concepts of Habitus and Field.” Channa Newman trans. Sociocriticism, Theories and Perspectives II 2, December 1985, 11-24.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Choses dites. Paris: Minuit, 1987. English trans.: Matthew Adamson trans. In Other Words. Cambridge: Polity Press; Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1990.
Boudieu, Pierre. “Le champ littéraire.” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 89, September 1991, 4-46.
152
Boudieu, Pierre. and Loïc J. D. Wacquant. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Boudieu, Pierre. Les règles de l’art. genèse et structure du champ littéraire. Paris:
Seuil, 1992. English trans.: The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the
literary field, trans. Susan Emanuel. UK: Polity Press, 1996.
Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. ed.
Randal Johnson. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 1993.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Hans Haacke. Free Exchange. Oxford: Polity Press, 1995.
Bourdieu, Pierre. The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. trans.
Susan Emanuel. Oxford, UK: Polity Press, 1996.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Sketch for a self-analysis. trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge, UK:
Polity Press, 2007.
Bourdieu, Pierre et al. Manet: une révolution symbolique. Paris : Raisons d’agir/Seuil, 2013.
Bowness, Alan. “Manet and Mallarmé.” Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol.
62, No. 293, Edouard Manet (Apr. - Jun., 1967), 213-221, 234.
Brubaker, Rogers. “Review of Pierre Bourdieu, Choses Dites.” Contemporary
Sociology 18: 5, 1989, 783-784.
Calhoun, Craig., Edward LiPuma and Moishe Postone ed. Bourdieu: Critical
Perspectives. UK: Polity Press, 1993.
Casanova, Pascale et al. ed. Manet, une revolution symbolique. Paris: Raisons d’agir/Seuil, 2013.
Certeau, Michel de. The Practice of Everyday Life. US: University of California Press, 1984.
Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate. Letters of Gustave Courbet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate. Nineteenth-Century European Art. London: Pearson Education, 2012.
Clark, T.J.. Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution. London:
Thames and Hudson, 1982.
Clark, T.J.. The Painting of Modern Life : Paris in the Art of Manet and his
153
Followers. US: Thames and Hudson, 1984.
Deleuze, Gilles. and Félix Guattari. A thousand plateaus: capitalism and
schizophrenia. translated and foreword by Brian Massumi, London: University
of Minnesota Press Minneapolis, 1987.DiMaggio, Paul. “Review essay: On Pierre Bourdieu.” American Journal of Sociology 84: 6, 1979, 1460-1474.
Eisenman, Stephen F. and Thomas Crow et al., Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical
History (London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1995).
Fowler, Bridget. Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Theory: Critical Investigations.
London: Sage Publications, 1997.
Fowler, Bridget. ed., Reading Bourdieu on Society and Culture, UK: Blackwell, 2000.
Fried, Michael. Courbet’s Realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Fried, Micheal. Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of
Diderot. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
Fyfe, Gordon. “A Trojan Horse at the Tate: theorizing the museum as agency and structure” in Sharon Macdonald and Gordon Fyfe ed., Theorizing Museums :
Representing Identity and Diversity in a Changing World, Cambridge, Mass. :
Blackwell, 1996.Gartman, David. “Culture as Class Symbolization or Mass Reification? A Critique of Bourdieu’s Distinction.” American Journal of Sociology 97:2, Sep., 1991, 421-447.
Grenfell, Michael. ed. Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts. UK: Acumen, 2008.
Grenfell, Michael. and Cheryl Hardy, Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts, UK: Berg, 2007.
Harris, Jonathan. The New Art History: a Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2001.
Lamont, Michèle & Annette Lareau. “Cultural Capital: Allusions, Gaps and
Glissandos in Recent Theoretical Developments.” Sociological Theory 6, fall, 1988, 153-168.
Lai, Chia-Ling, “Museums in Motion”. UK: Lancaster University, Ph.D. Thesis in Sociology, 2004.
Mack, Gerstle. Gustave Courbet. New York: Da Capo Press, 1989.
Mainardi, Patricia. Art and Politics of the Second Empire: the Universal Expositions
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of 1855 and 1867. US: Yale University Press, 1989.
Mainardi, Patricia. The End of the Salon: Art and the State in the Early Third
Republic. New York, USA: University of Cambridge, 1994.
Nochlin, Linda. Courbet. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. Press, 2007.
Nochlin, Linda. Realism and Tradition in Art, 1848-1900: Sources and Documents.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
Pollock, Griselda. Differencing the Canon: Feminist Desire and the writing of Art
Histories. London: Routledge, 1999.
Robbins, Derek. Bourdieu and Culture. London: Sage, 2000.
Schapiro, Meyer. “Courbet and Popular Imagery: An Essay on Realism and Naïveté.”
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Sloane, J.C.. French Painting between the Past and the Present: Artists, Critics and
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Swartz, David. Culture and Power: the Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago:
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Zolberg, Vera L.. Constructing a Sociology of the Arts. US: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
二、中文書目
François Cachin 原著，《馬內：「我畫我看到的！」（Manet: j’ai fait ce que j’ai vu）》，李瑞媛譯，台北：時報文化，2001。
方董平，〈文化資本的理論與實踐研究〉，廣西：廣西師範大學文藝學碩士論
方董平，〈文化資本的理論與實踐研究〉，廣西：廣西師範大學文藝學碩士論