• 沒有找到結果。

我國近期投資條約下的國家規制權限評析

5. 投資條約對合理規制措施之規範

5.4 我國近期投資條約下的國家規制權限評析

我國在這兩年,於雙邊投資條約的簽署上大有斬獲。接連與日本、中國大陸,簽署 了雙邊投資條約,以提供雙方投資人更好的投資環境。其中日本為我國第二大貿易夥伴,

32 ASEAN investment agreement, Annex II.

(“3. The determination of whether an action or series of actions by a Member State, in a specific fact situation, constitutes an expropriation of the type referred to in sub-paragraph 2(b), requires a case by-case, fact-based inquiry that considers, among other factors:

(a) the economic impact of the government action, although the fact that an action or series of actions by a Member State has an adverse effect on the economic value of an investment, standing alone, does not establish that such an expropriation has occurred;

(b) whether the government action breaches the government’s prior binding written commitment to the investor whether by contract, license or other legal document; and (c) the character of the government action, including, its objective and whether the action is disproportionate to the public purpose referred to in Article 14(1).

4. Non-discriminatory measures of a Member State that are designed and applied to protect legitimate public welfare objectives, such as public health, safety and the environment, do not constitute an expropriation of the type referred to in sub-paragraph 2(b).”)

33 COMESA investment agreement, art.20.

(“Consistent with the right of states to regulate and the customary international law principles on police powers, bona fide regulatory measures taken by a Member State that are designed and applied to protect or enhance legitimate public welfare objectives, such as public health, safety and the environment, shall not constitute an indirect expropriation under this Article”)

73

亦為我國外資與技術的重要來源;34而中國大陸則更是我國境外投資額度最高之地區,35 本節將集中討論這兩個協議的徵收保障條款,並以上述分析所得,對這兩個協議的內容,

進行評析。

5.4.1 台日投資協議(Taiwan-Japan Investment Arrangements)

5.4.2 徵收保障條款

台日雙邊投資協議第 12 條,相關規定如下:

「1.不得對締約雙方之投資人所為之投資,採取徵收或是任何等同徵收之措施(下稱

「間接徵收」),除非滿足下列要件:

(a)出於公共目的

(b)以非歧視性的方式為之

(c)依據第 4 項至第 6 項,提供即時、充分並且有效之補償 (d)依據第 5 條之正當法律程序為之

2.第一項之間接徵收指單一或是一系列之公權力行為,其產生之效果等同於徵收,

但是並未涉及財產權之移轉或是直接剝奪。

3.判斷締約雙方採取的單一或是一系列行為,是否構成間接徵收時,必須以個案 事實為基礎加以判斷,並考量包括如下的因素:

(a)該行為對投資造成的經濟衝擊,但是單憑政府措施對投資造成負面影響,

不能認定措施構成間接徵收。

(b)該行為是否違背投資人基於其投資之合理期待以及其違背程度 (c)該行為的性質;以及

(d)該行為之目的,包括該行為是否出於正當公共目的,包括保護公共福利、

安全、健康以及環境保護。

34 經濟部投資業務處投資業務處,全球經貿布局策略下的台日投資協議,頁 1 (2011)

http://www.moea.gov.tw/TJI/main/content/wHandMenuFile.ashx?menu_id=3601

35 經濟部投資業務處投資業務處,中國大陸投資環境簡介,頁 15 (2012)

http://www.dois.moea.gov.tw/content/pdf/OK-101-78%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8101.9.10.pdf

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36 Arrangement Between The Association of East Asian Relations And The Interchange Association For The Mutual Cooperation On The Liberalization, Promotion And Protection of Investment, Japan-Taiwan, Art.12, Sep.22, 2011.

(“Article 12

1.Expropriation or any measure equivalent to expropriation (hereinafter referred to as “indirect expropriation”) shall not be taken with respect to investments of investors of either Side, except:

(a) for a public purpose;

(b) in a non-discriminatory manner;

(c) upon payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation pursuant to paragraphs 4 through 6; and

(d) in accordance with due process of law and Article 5.

2. Indirect expropriation referred to in paragraph 1 refers to an action or a series of actions by the authorities, which has an effect equivalent to expropriation without formal transfer of title or outright seizure.

3. The determination of whether an action or a series of actions by the authorities of either Side, in a specific fact situation, constitutes an indirect expropriation requires a case-by-case, fact-based inquiry that considers, among other factors:

(a) the economic impact of the action, although the fact that such action by the authorities has an adverse effect on the economic value of an investment, standing alone, does not establish that an indirect expropriation has occurred;

(b) the extent to which the action interferes with distinct, reasonable expectations arising out of investment;

(c) the character of the action; and

(d) the objectives of the action, including whether such action is taken for legitimate public objectives, such as protecting the public welfare, safety and health, and protecting and preserving the environment.

…“)

37 CAMPBELL MCLACHLAN, ET AL., INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION: SUBSTANTIVE

PRINCIPLES 286 (2008); ANDREW NEWCOMBE & LLUIS PARADELL, LAW AND PRACTICE OF

INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT TREATIES:STANDARDS OF TREATMENT 338-40(2009).

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涵蓋的範圍也相當廣泛,故應不致造成保護範圍不足的問題。38

而另一個不同之處在於,台日投資協議中,並沒有明示雙方的規制措施,原則上不 會構成徵收。但是如前所述,此一條文的作用只是重申地主國的規制權限。雖然或有強 調應判斷上應考量地主國行為的公共目的之用,然而此一要素在條文規定的參考要素清 單中已經列入,在台日投資協議中也將「行為的性質」與「行為的目的」列入區分合理 規制權限跟徵收的要素中。此外,台日投資條約也與新型投資條約相同,明示在區分合 理規制措施與徵收時,不採以措施造成之損害為單一要素的判斷方式,加入了「該行為 對投資造成的經濟衝擊,但是單憑政府措施對投資造成負面影響,不能認定措施構成間 接徵收。」之要求,對雙方的規制權限提供較好的保障以及確定性。

5.4.4 海峽兩岸投資保障協議

5.4.4.1 徵收保障條款

在海峽兩岸投資保障協議第七條中,規定了徵收相關規範,

「一、除符合下列所有條件外,一方不得對另一方投資人在該一方的投資或收益採 取徵收(包括直接徵收和間接徵收):

(一) 基於公共目的;

(二) 依照一方規定及正當程序;

(三) 非歧視性且非任意的;

(四) 依據本條第四款給予補償。

二、間接徵收指效果等同於直接徵收的措施。確定一項或一系列措施是否構成間接 徵收應以事實為依據逐案評估,並應考慮以下因素:

(一) 該措施對投資的經濟影響,但僅對投資的經濟價值有負面影響,不足以推斷 構成間接徵收;

(二) 該措施在範圍或適用上對另一方投資人及其投資的歧視程度;

(三) 該措施對另一方投資人明顯、合理的投資期待的干預程度;

38 Id.

76

(四) 該措施的採取是否出於善意並以公共利益為目的,且措施和目的之間是否符 合比例原則。

三、雙方為保護公眾健康與安全、環境等正當公共福利所採取的非歧視性管制措施,

不構成間接徵收。

……」

5.4.4.2 條款評析

兩岸投保協議第 7 條的徵收保障條款,與台日投資協議相似,都採取新型投資條約 的規範方式。在第 7 條一開始,兩岸投保協議即言明徵收保障範圍包括直接與間接徵收。

第 7 條第 2 款,進一步定義間接徵收為效果等同於直接徵收的措施。

條文首先強調間接徵收的判斷必須依據個案的事實認定,並明文表示間接徵收可以 由單一或是許多不同的行為構成,故保護範圍包括逐步徵收(creeping expropriation)的樣 態。第 2 款下並列 4 目考量因素,包括措施對投資的經濟影響、範圍與適用上對他方投 資人的歧視程度、對投資人的投資期待之干預程度、以及措施的施行是否為善意並以公 共利益為目的,以及比例原則的考量。同條第 3 款並將一般規制措施排除徵收規範適用 範圍之外。

此種規範方式亦見於我國與日本所訂之台日投資保障協議, 條約文字較中國大陸 與他國的投資協定要更為精緻詳盡。在中國大陸與他國締結的投資協定與其雙邊投資協 定範本中,徵收保障部分規定較為簡單,只有禁止徵收或是透過與徵收類似(similar)或 等同(equivalent)之措施影響外國投資人之投資,並未對間接徵收之內容與其應考量事項 定義,通常亦未排除一般規制措施。

此種規範方式亦見於我國與日本所訂之台日投資保障協議,39條約文字較中國大陸

39 參見台日投保協議第十二條第三款規定:「…3. The determination of whether an action or a series of actions by the authorities of either Side, in a specific fact situation, constitutes an indirect expropriation requires a case-by-case, fact-based inquiry that considers, among other factors:

(a) the economic impact of the action, although the fact that such action by the authorities has an adverse effect on the economic value of an investment, standing alone, does not establish that an indirect expropriation has occurred;

(b) the extent to which the action interferes with distinct, reasonable expectations arising out

77

與他國的投資協定要更為精緻詳盡。在中國大陸與他國締結的投資協定與其雙邊投資協 定範本中,徵收保障部分規定較為簡單,只有禁止徵收或是透過與徵收類似(similar)或 等同(equivalent)之措施影響外國投資人之投資,並未對間接徵收之內容與其應考量事項 定義,通常亦未排除一般規制措施。40

兩岸投保協議的徵收保障規範方式與前述美國、加拿大雙邊投資協定範本頗為類似。

從規範的文字上可見,本協議與台日投資協議相同,都明示要求不能單以措施的效果加 以判斷,且要求必須考量投資人的合理期待。比較不同的是,將措施的歧視性與以及比 例原則加入區分合理規制措施跟間接徵收的要素中。並且在第 3 款也表示,「雙方為保 護公眾健康與安全、環境等正當公共福利所採取的非歧視性管制措施,不構成間接徵 收。」,應可認為除了重申國家的規制權限外,也表示考量時應將施行措施的目的納入 考量之中,保留了兩岸政府施行政策之空間。41