務(non-admitted insurance)之法規。
（一）一般業務經營之規範
264 關於外州保險業的定義，可參照紐約州保險法的定義：See N.Y. ISC. LAW § 107(21): "Foreign insurer"
means any insurer incorporated or organized under the laws of any state, as herein defined, other than this state.
265 關於外國保險業的定義，可參照紐約州保險法的定義：See N.Y. ISC. LAW § 107(5): "Alien insurer" means any insurer incorporated or organized under the laws of any foreign nation, or of any province or territory not included under the definition of foreign insurer.
266 See N.Y. ISC. LAW § 1106 (b) (1) “Before issuing any new or renewal license to any foreign or alien insurer, the superintendent may require satisfactory proof, either in the insurer's charter or by an agreement evidenced by a duly certified resolution of its board of directors, or otherwise as the superintendent may require, that such insurer will not engage in any insurance business in contravention of the provisions of this section or not authorized by its charter.”
267 See N.Y. ISC. LAW § 1106 (a) “Before issuing a license to do business, except by way of a renewal license, to any foreign or alien insurer the superintendent in addition to the requirement set forth in subsection (b) hereof: (1) shall require it to submit for filing a certified copy of its charter, and of its by-laws, if any, currently in force, and such other documents necessary to show the kinds of business which it is empowered to do, and a full statement, subscribed and affirmed as true under the penalties of perjury by two officers or responsible representatives in such manner as the superintendent shall prescribe, showing its assets, liabilities and financial condition; and (2) may require a full statement of its income, disbursements, business done, and other facts required to be shown in its annual statement; and (3) may either make an examination of the insurer's affairs at its principal office within the United States, or accept a report of an examination made by the insurance department or other
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N.Y. ISC. LAW § 2117(a)
No person, firm, association or corporation shall in this state act as agent for any insurer or health maintenance organization which is not licensed or authorized to do an insurance or health maintenance organization business in this state, in the doing of any insurance or health maintenance organization business in this state or in soliciting, negotiating or effectuating any insurance, health maintenance organization or annuity contract or shall in this state act as insurance broker in soliciting, negotiating or in any way effectuating any insurance, health maintenance organization or annuity contract of, or in placing risks with, any such insurer or health maintenance organization, or shall in this state in any way or manner aid any such insurer or health maintenance organization in effecting any insurance, health maintenance organization or annuity contract.
對於違反此一限制的法律效果可分為兩個層面：一是對於此行為的處罰，一 則是對於當此未經授權之國外保險人失卻清償能力時，保險代理人之責任:
1、對於為未經授權之外國保險人招攬安排業務之處罰
首先，對於為未經授權之外國保險人招攬安排業務，許多州直接將此規定為重罪 (felony)，帶有罰金與刑罰之規定。以 Florida 州為例，其在保險法 626.901 條禁止 任何人不得直接或間接代表、幫助未經授權之保險人，或為其從事招攬行為。268 並隨後在 626.902 條規定，該州任何有執行業務資格的保險代理人如果故意代理
insurance supervisory official of any other state or of any government outside the United States.
268 Florida Insurance Law § 626.901 (1) No person shall, from offices or by personnel or facilities located in this state, or in any other state or country, directly or indirectly act as agent for, or otherwise represent or aid on behalf of another, any insurer not then authorized to transact such insurance in this state in: (a) The
solicitation, negotiation, procurement, or effectuation of insurance or annuity contracts, or renewals thereof; (b) The dissemination of information as to coverage or rates; (c) The forwarding of applications; (d) The delivery of policies or contracts; (e) The inspection of risks; (f) The fixing of rates; (g) The investigation or adjustment of claims or losses; or (h) The collection or forwarding of premiums; or in any other manner represent or assist such an insurer in the transaction of insurance with respect to subjects of insurance resident, located, or to be performed in this state. If the property or risk is located in any other state, then, subject to the provisions of subsection (4), insurance may only be written with or placed in an insurer authorized to do such business in such state or in an insurer with which a licensed insurance broker of such state may lawfully place such insurance.
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或幫助前述未經授權之保險人，將屬於第三級之重罪。269 行為人將受到以下處 罰：
a.五年以下之監禁(a term of imprisonment not exceeding 5 years)。270
b. 5,000 元以下之罰金($5,000, when the conviction is of a felony of the third degree)。271 c.對於習慣性的重罪違犯者，更有加重處罰之特別規定。例如將監禁延長為十年 以下(for a term of years not exceeding 10)。272
2、未經授權之國外保險人失卻清償能力時，保險代理人之責任
再者，如果被保險人，因為投保此類未經授權之國外保險人失去清償能力而受有 損失，保險經紀人更必須為此負責，即使此清償能力之失卻是在之後發生亦同。
換言之，保險經紀人或代理人，將被視為此未經授權之國外保險人之保證人。被 保險人不因此負有調查保險人清償能力之義務，此保險代理人也不會因不知此未 經授權之國外保險人清償能力有問題而可免責。273 許多州更直接將此成文法 化，規定保險代理人就未經認可保險人未能支付的額度，必須對被保險人負責。
如 Arizona 即規定：
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 20-402 (b)
If an insurer transacting business in violation of section 20-401.01 fails to pay any claim or loss within the provisions of the insurance contract, any person who acted directly or indirectly as an insurance producer for or otherwise represented or aided the insurer in the solicitation, negotiation, procurement or effectuation of the insurance contract or renewal of the contract is liable to the insured for the full amount of the claim or loss in the manner provided by the provisions of the insurance contract.
同樣的，德州保險法也有類似之規定：
269 Florida Insurance Law § 626.902.
270 Florida Insurance Law § 775.082.
271 Florida Insurance Law § 775.083. 同樣的，對於從事不當招攬的再保險中介人，也有處罰的規定。紐約州 保險法 2102 條即訂有 5,000 以下的罰金。See N.Y. ISC. LAW § 2012 “…Any person, firm, association or corporation who or which acts as a reinsurance intermediary in violation of paragraph one hereof shall, in addition to other penalties prescribed by law, be subject to a penalty not to exceed five thousand dollars for each transaction.”
272 Florida Insurance Law § 775.084.
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Tex. Ins Code Ann. § 101.201 (a)
An insurance contract effective in this state and entered into by an unauthorized insurer is unenforceable by the insurer. A person who in any manner assisted directly or indirectly in the procurement of the contract is liable to the insured for the full amount of a claim or loss under the terms of the contract if the unauthorized insurer fails to pay the claim or loss.
綜上分析美國法對於保險經紀人，對於安排業務給未經許可之外國保險公司 之處罰可說相當嚴厲。除了一定的罰金與監禁，更有常業之加重處罰。萬一該保 險人失去清償能力，保險經紀人更被視為保證人，必須對此負責。
（二）未經許可保險業務之規範
關於未經許可保險業務之規範，NAIC 於 1975 年即訂頒有「未經許可保險模 範法」(Non-admitted Insurance Model Act)。該模範法第 4 條 B 項雖明文規定：「任 何人不得與未經許可保險人進行保險交易或在本州內直接或間接代理、代表未經 許可保險人或以未經許可保險人名義從事保險之招攬、協商或訂約或續約，或提 供要保書、交付保單或契約或風險評估書，或釐定費率，或賠款之調查或理算，
或保費之收取或轉交，或以其他方式協助保險交易。」但該模範法進一步規定下 列情形不受該條項之限制：
1、獨立訂定保險契約之被保險人
依該模範法第 4 條 E 項前段之規定，依第 6 條規定獨立訂定保險契約之被保險 人，不受第 4 條 B 項之限制274。
2、單純提供諮詢意見之保險代理人或經紀人
依該模範法第 4 條 E 項後段之規定，本條規定不適用於在本州經合法取得營業執
273 Hartman & Daniels v. Hollowell, 102 N.W. 524 (1905).
274 Section 4E 1st paragraph: Section 4B or 4D shall not apply to a person in regard to an insured who independently procures insurance as provided under Section 6.
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照，但依據書面合意，其收取費用僅在單純就已生效或協商中之保險契約之保險 給付或有利或不利之處提供諮詢意見或服務，而未直接或間接以被保險人名義參 與招攬、協商或訂約之保險代理人或經紀人。275
3、實質合法安排特定保險類型之人
依該模範法第 4 條 F 項之規定，本條規定不適用於實質上合於本州保險法規安排 下列保險之人：
（1）第 5 條所規定之剩餘保險（Surplus lines insurance）。
（2）依本州保險法規定，保險人不需取得營業許可即可經營之交易。
（3）再保險。
（4）從事州際間或外州商業之鐵路或空運之財產或設施、水險及運送保險。
（5）於保單簽發時，所承保之財產、風險或曝險不在本州境內或在本州境內實 現，且經合法在境外招攬、簽約或遞交之保單，於保單簽發後之交易。
至於所謂「剩餘保險」，依該模範法第 5 條 A 項（3）款前段之規定，係指全 部保險金額或險種無法自本州許可經營保險業務之保險人獲得之保險。依據同條 項款後段之規定，剩餘業務得向合格剩餘業務保險人投保，但須事先以適當方法 向經許可在本州經營業務之保險人查詢。276